1
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Xu H, Yang XL, Liu Y, Xia YG, Song HL. Towards bio-utilization and energy recovery potential exploration of membrane foulant from membrane bioreactor by using microbial fuel cell-centered technology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129580. [PMID: 37506943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of membrane foulant is expected to push forward the developments of membrane bioreactor (MBR). In this study, the combination of microbial fuel cell (MFC) with bio-electrochemical enhanced hydrolysis process was proposed, and three systems were conducted to utilize the membrane foulant and simultaneously harvest electricity. Polysaccharides (PS), proteins (PN) and humic acid (HA) concentration variations and the fluorescent compound changes in different chambers revealed the biodegradability of membrane foulant. Optimized HRT improved the hydrolysis of membrane foulant while allowing MFC to utilize the biodegradable components efficiently. MFC-MFC system had the highest voltage and satisfactory effluent quality at HRT of 1 d. Microbial community structure analysis indicated that Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes were the majority phyla and network analysis further revealed that Proteobacteria played a key role in membrane foulant utilization. This study suggests that MFC hybrid systems has potential application for synchronous membrane foulant reuse and energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Dongnan Daxue Road 2, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Dongnan Daxue Road 2, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Dongnan Daxue Road 2, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yang-Guang Xia
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Dongnan Daxue Road 2, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hai-Liang Song
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Godinho O, Klimek D, Jackiewicz A, Guedes B, Almeida E, Calisto R, Vitorino IR, Santos JDN, González I, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Calusinska M, Quinteira S, Lage OM. Stieleria tagensis sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Planctomycetota isolated from Tagus River in Portugal. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:1209-1225. [PMID: 37737556 PMCID: PMC10541342 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain was isolated from a brackish water sample of Tagus river, Alcochete, Portugal and was designated TO1_6T. It forms light pink colonies on M13 medium supplemented with N-acetylglucosamine. Cells are pear-shaped to spherical, form rosettes and divide by budding. Strain TO1_6T presents a mesophilic and neutrophilic profile, with optimum growth at 20 to 25 °C and pH 7.0 to 7.5, and vitamin supplementation is not required to promote its growth. The genome of the novel isolate is 7.77 Mbp in size and has a DNA G + C content of 56.3%. Based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence, this strain is affiliated with the phylum Planctomycetota. Further taxonomic characterization using additional phylogenetic markers, namely rpoB gene sequence (encoding the β-subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase), as well as Percentage of conserved proteins, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity, suggest the affiliation of strain TO1_6T to the genus Stieleria, a recently described taxon in the family Pirellulaceae, order Pirellulales and class Planctomycetia. Based on the genotypic, phylogenetic and physiological characterization, we here describe a new species represented by the type strain TO1_6T (= CECT 30432T, = LMG 32465T), for which the name Stieleria tagensis sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofélia Godinho
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Dominika Klimek
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Rue du Brill 41, 4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- The Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, FSTM, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l'Université, 4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Adrianna Jackiewicz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Guedes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rita Calisto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Inês Rosado Vitorino
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José Diogo Neves Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ignacio González
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Fundación MEDINA, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Calusinska
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Rue du Brill 41, 4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sandra Quinteira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS/CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL., Avenida Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Olga Maria Lage
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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3
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Zungu PV, Kosgey K, Kumari S, Bux F. Effects of antimicrobials in anammox mediated systems: critical review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:1551-1564. [PMID: 36178823 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anammox-mediated systems are thought to be cost-effective and efficient technologies for removing nitrogen from wastewater by converting nitrite and ammonium into dinitrogen gas. However, there are inhibitory substances that reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of these processes, preventing their widespread application. Antimicrobial agents are among these substances that have been observed to inhibit anammox-mediated processes. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of various antimicrobials on the anammox-based systems with emphasis on the effects in different reactor configurations, sludge types and microbial population of anammox-based systems. In addition, this review also discusses the mechanisms by which nitrifying bacteria are inhibited by the antimicrobials. Gaps in knowledge based on this review as well as future research needs have also been suggested. This review gives a better knowledge of antimicrobial effects on anammox-based systems and provides some guidance on the type of system to use to treat antimicrobial-containing wastewater using anammox-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumza Vuyokazi Zungu
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Kiprotich Kosgey
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa E-mail:
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4
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Wang S, Li J, Wang C, Ma J, Li Z, Zheng Z, Zhang J. Reaction of the anammox granules to various antibiotics and operating the anammox coupled denitrifying reactor for oxytetracycline wastetwater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126756. [PMID: 35077812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) basedtechnology has been considered as an economic and efficient way to remove nitrogen. However, the anammox bacteria could be strongly inhibited by antibiotics. In present research, inhibiting properties of oxytetracycline, penicillin and polymyxin sulfate upon the anammox activity were investigated through batch experiment. The results implied that anammox activity was significantly inhibited by oxytetracycline and polymyxin sulfate. The non-competitive inhibiting model showed that the inhibiting constants (Ki) of oxytetracycline and polymyxin sulfate were 188.5 and 17.7 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the anammox process was not suppressed while the concentration of penicillin reached 3000 mg/L. In long-run experiment, the influent oxytetracycline concentration of the anammox coupled denitrifying reactor was operated at 20 mg/L. It was observed that the anammox performance completely deteriorated, while the NO2--N removing efficiency reached 15.8%. The obtained findings could provide important instruction for the treatment of antibiotic contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - ChangWen Wang
- School of Urban and Architectural Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Municipal Engineering Professional Design Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhaoming Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wastewater Treatment Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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5
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Li J, Gao F, Chen X, Zhang Y, Dong H. Insights into nitrogen removal from seawater-based wastewater through marine anammox bacteria under ampicillin stress: Microbial community evolution and genetic response. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127597. [PMID: 34782200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global spread of ampicillin (AMP) in the aquatic environment have attracted much attention recently. Marine anammox bacteria (MAB) have potentials in saline wastewater treatment due to their good salt tolerance. However, to date, the effect resulting from AMP on MAB is still unknown. Herein, the effect of AMP on MAB, involving microbial community evolution and genetic response, was investigated for the first time. A lab-scale reactor inoculated by MAB sludge was operated under saline condition (35 g/L) and AMP stress of different gradients. Within 200 cycles, nitrogen removal performance was monitored and sludge samples were withdrawn for high-throughput sequencing analyses and qPCR. The results confirmed that the nitrogen removal capacity of MAB declined with increasing AMP dosage, and almost collapsed at 300 mg/L AMP. The total nitrogen removal rate and specific anammox activity finally dropped to 0.17 kg N m-3 d-1 and 101.86 mg N g-1VSS d-1, respectively. Pseudoalteromonas (38.13%) dominated the reactor on Cycle 190, which formed a new symbiosis with MAB. And the emergence of oleophilic bacteria such as Colwellia (2.53%) was also observed. Moreover, antibiotic resistance genes were detected with increased abundance and diversity, indicating the AMP dosing significantly promoted microbial community evolution and genetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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6
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Ovung A, Jamir N, Bhattacharyya J. Lysozyme binding with sulfa group of antibiotics: comparative binding thermodynamics and computational study. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:702-712. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aben Ovung
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima Dimapur India
| | - Nungshioba Jamir
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima Dimapur India
| | - Jhimli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima Dimapur India
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7
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Gamoń F, Cema G, Ziembińska-Buczyńska A. The influence of antibiotics on the anammox process - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:8074-8090. [PMID: 34845633 PMCID: PMC8776664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is one of the most promising processes for the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. It is more effective, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than the conventional process currently in use for nitrogen removal. Unfortunately, anammox bacteria are sensitive to various substances, including heavy metals and organic matter commonly found in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of these deleterious substances, antibiotics are recognized to be important. For decades, the increasing consumption of antibiotics has led to the increased occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, including wastewater. One of the most important issues related to antibiotic pollution is the generation and transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we will discuss the effect of short- and long-term exposure of the anammox process to antibiotic pollutants; with a special focus on the activity of the anammox bacteria, biomass properties, community structures, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and combined effect of antibiotics with other substances commonly found in wastewater. Further, the defense mechanisms according to which bacteria adapt against antibiotic stress are speculated upon. This review aims to facilitate a better understanding of the influence of antibiotics and other co-pollutants on the anammox process and to highlight future avenues of research to target gaps in the knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Gamoń
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Cema
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Madeira CL, de Araújo JC. Inhibition of anammox activity by municipal and industrial wastewater pollutants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149449. [PMID: 34371406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of the anammox process for nitrogen removal has gained popularity across the world due to its low energy consumption and waste generation. Anammox reactors have been used to treat ammonium-rich effluents such as chemical, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, livestock, and coke oven wastewater. Recently, full-scale installations have been implemented for municipal wastewater treatment. The efficiency of biological processes is susceptible to inhibitory effects of pollutants present in wastewater. Considering the increasing number of emerging contaminants detected in wastewater, the impacts of the different types of pollutants on anammox bacteria must be understood. This review presents a compilation of the studies assessing the inhibitory effects of different wastewater pollutants towards anammox activity. The pollutants were classified as antibiotics, aromatics, azoles, surfactants, microplastics, organic solvents, humic substances, biodegradable organic matter, or metals and metallic nanoparticles. The interactions between the pollutants and anammox bacteria have been described, as well as the interactions between different pollutants leading to synergistic effects. We also reviewed the effects of pollutants on distinct species of anammox bacteria, and the main toxicity mechanisms leading to irreversible loss of anammox activity have been identified. Finally, we provided an analysis of strategies to overcome the inhibitory effects of wastewater pollutants on the nitrogen removal performance. We believe this review will contribute with essential information to assist the operation and design of anammox reactors treating different types of wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Madeira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Calábria de Araújo
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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9
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Akram M, Dietl A, Müller M, Barends TRM. Purification of the key enzyme complexes of the anammox pathway from DEMON sludge. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23428. [PMID: 33798263 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ("anammox") is a bacterial process in which nitrite and ammonium are converted into nitrogen gas and water, yielding energy for the cell. Anammox is an important branch of the global biological nitrogen cycle, being responsible for up to 50% of the yearly nitrogen removal from the oceans. Strikingly, the anammox process uniquely relies on the extremely reactive and toxic compound hydrazine as a free intermediate. Given its global importance and biochemical novelty, there is considerable interest in the enzymes at the heart of the anammox pathway. Unfortunately, obtaining these enzymes in sufficiently large amounts for biochemical and structural studies is problematic, given the slow growth of pure cultures of anammox bacteria when high cell densities are required. However, the anammox process is being applied in wastewater treatment to remove nitrogenous waste in processes like DEamMONification (DEMON). In plants using such processes, which rely on a combination of aerobic ammonia-oxidizers and anammox organisms, kilogram amounts of anammox bacteria-containing sludge are readily available. Here, we report a protein isolation protocol starting from anammox cells present in DEMON sludge from a wastewater treatment plan that readily yields pure preparations of key anammox proteins in the tens of milligrams, including hydrazine synthase HZS and hydrazine dehydrogenase (HDH), as well as hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). HDH and HAO were active and of sufficient quality for biochemical studies and for HAO, the crystal structure could be determined. The method presented here provides a viable way to obtain materials for the study of proteins not only from the central anammox metabolism but also for the study of other exciting aspects of anammox bacteria, such as for example, their unusual ladderane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Akram
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietl
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas R M Barends
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Ozumchelouei EJ, Hamidian AH, Zhang Y, Yang M. A critical review on the effects of antibiotics on anammox process in wastewater. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has recently become of significant interest due to its capability for cost-effective nitrogen elimination from wastewater. However, anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) are sensitive to environmental changes and toxic substances. In particular, the presence of antibiotics in wastewater, which is considered unfavorable to the anammox process, has become a growing concern. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of these inhibitors to acquire information on the applicability of the anammox process. Hence, this review summarizes our knowledge of the effects of commonly detected antibiotics in water matrices, including fluoroquinolone, macrolide, β-lactam, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamide, glycopeptide, and aminoglycoside, on the anammox process. According to the literature, the presence of antibiotics in wastewater could partially or completely inhibit anammox reactions, in which antibiotics targeting protein synthesis or DNA replication (excluding aminoglycoside) were the most effective against the AnAOB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Jafari Ozumchelouei
- School of Chemical Engineering , University College of Engineering, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Hamidian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources , University of Tehran , Karaj , Iran
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources , University of Tehran , Karaj , Iran
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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11
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Smeulders MJ, Peeters SH, van Alen T, de Bruijckere D, Nuijten GHL, op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, van Niftrik L. Nutrient Limitation Causes Differential Expression of Transport- and Metabolism Genes in the Compartmentalized Anammox Bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1959. [PMID: 32903544 PMCID: PMC7438415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria, members of the "Candidatus Brocadiaceae" family, play an important role in the nitrogen cycle and are estimated to be responsible for about half of the oceanic nitrogen loss to the atmosphere. Anammox bacteria combine ammonium with nitrite and produce dinitrogen gas via the intermediates nitric oxide and hydrazine (anammox reaction) while nitrate is formed as a by-product. These reactions take place in a specialized, membrane-enclosed compartment called the anammoxosome. Therefore, the substrates ammonium, nitrite and product nitrate have to cross the outer-, cytoplasmic-, and anammoxosome membranes to enter or exit the anammoxosome. The genomes of all anammox species harbor multiple copies of ammonium-, nitrite-, and nitrate transporter genes. Here we investigated how the distinct genes for ammonium-, nitrite-, and nitrate- transport were expressed during substrate limitation in membrane bioreactors. Transcriptome analysis of Kuenenia stuttgartiensis planktonic cells showed that four of the seven ammonium transporter homologs and two of the nine nitrite transporter homologs were significantly upregulated during ammonium-limited growth, while another ammonium transporter- and four nitrite transporter homologs were upregulated in nitrite limited growth conditions. The two nitrate transporters were expressed to similar levels in both conditions. In addition, genes encoding enzymes involved in the anammox reaction were differentially expressed, with those using nitrite as a substrate being upregulated under nitrite limited growth and those using ammonium as a substrate being upregulated during ammonium limitation. Taken together, these results give a first insight in the potential role of the multiple nutrient transporters in regulating transport of substrates and products in and out of the compartmentalized anammox cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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12
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Shaw DR, Ali M, Katuri KP, Gralnick JA, Reimann J, Mesman R, van Niftrik L, Jetten MSM, Saikaly PE. Extracellular electron transfer-dependent anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by anammox bacteria. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2058. [PMID: 32345973 PMCID: PMC7188810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria contribute significantly to the global nitrogen cycle and play a major role in sustainable wastewater treatment. Anammox bacteria convert ammonium (NH4+) to dinitrogen gas (N2) using intracellular electron acceptors such as nitrite (NO2−) or nitric oxide (NO). However, it is still unknown whether anammox bacteria have extracellular electron transfer (EET) capability with transfer of electrons to insoluble extracellular electron acceptors. Here we show that freshwater and marine anammox bacteria couple the oxidation of NH4+ with transfer of electrons to insoluble extracellular electron acceptors such as graphene oxide or electrodes in microbial electrolysis cells. 15N-labeling experiments revealed that NH4+ was oxidized to N2 via hydroxylamine (NH2OH) as intermediate, and comparative transcriptomics analysis revealed an alternative pathway for NH4+ oxidation with electrode as electron acceptor. Complete NH4+ oxidation to N2 without accumulation of NO2− and NO3− was achieved in EET-dependent anammox. These findings are promising in the context of implementing EET-dependent anammox process for energy-efficient treatment of nitrogen. Bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) produce half of the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere, but much of their physiology is still unknown. Here the authors show that anammox bacteria are capable of a novel mechanism of ammonium oxidation using extracellular electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Shaw
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna P Katuri
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeffrey A Gralnick
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Joachim Reimann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Mesman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal E Saikaly
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Zhang L, Okabe S. Ecological niche differentiation among anammox bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115468. [PMID: 31926373 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria can directly convert ammonium and nitrite to nitrogen gas anaerobically and were responsible for a substantial part of the fixed nitrogen loss and re-oxidation of nitrite to nitrate in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Although a wide variety of studies have been undertaken to investigate the abundance and biodiversity of anammox bacteria so far, ecological niche differentiation of anammox bacteria is still not fully understood. To assess their growth behavior and consequent population dynamics at a given environment, the Monod model is often used. Here, we summarize the Monod kinetic parameters such as the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) and the half-saturation constant for nitrite (KNO2-) and ammonium (KNH4+) of five known candidatus genera of anammox bacteria. We also discuss potential pivotal environmental factors and metabolic flexibility that influence the community compositions of anammox bacteria. Particularly biodiversity of the genus "Scalindua" might have been largely underestimated. Several anammox bacteria have been successfully enriched from various source of biomass. We reevaluate their enrichment methods and culture medium compositions to gain a clue of niche differentiation of anammox bacteria. Furthermore, we formulate the current issues that must be addressed. Overall this review re-emphasizes the importance of enrichment cultures (preferably pure cultures), physiological characterization and direct microbial competition studies using enrichment cultures in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
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14
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Ali M, Shaw DR, Saikaly PE. Application of an enrichment culture of the marine anammox bacterium "Ca. Scalindua sp. AMX11" for nitrogen removal under moderate salinity and in the presence of organic carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115345. [PMID: 31805498 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seawater can be directly used for toilet flushing in coastal areas to reduce our dependence on desalination and freshwater resources. The presence of high-salt content in the generated wastewater from seawater toilet flushing could limit the performance of conventional biological nitrogen removal processes. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is regarded as one of the most energy-efficient process for nitrogen removal from N-rich waste streams. In this study, we demonstrated the application of a novel marine anammox bacterium (Candidatus Scalindua sp. AMX11) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to treat moderate-saline (∼1.2% salinity) and N-rich organic (2 mM acetate) solution, prepared using real seawater. The MBR showed stable performance with nitrogen removal rate of 0.3 kg-N m-3 d-1 at >90% N-removal efficiency. Furthermore, results of 15N stable isotope experiments revealed that anammox bacteria was mainly responsible for respiratory ammonification through NO3- reduction to NH4+ via NO2-, and the by-products of respiratory ammonification were used as substrates by anammox bacteria. The dominant role of anammox bacteria in nitrogen removal under saline and organic conditions was further confirmed by genome-centric combined metagenomics and meta-transcriptomic approach. Taken together, these results highlight the potential application of marine anammox bacteria for treating saline wastewater generated from seawater toilet flushing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dario Rangel Shaw
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pascal E Saikaly
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Phanwilai S, Piyavorasakul S, Noophan PL, Daniels KD, Snyder SA. Inhibition of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria by addition of high and low concentrations of chloramphenicol and comparison of attached- and suspended-growth. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124570. [PMID: 31437629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of anammox activities was tested with two ranges of chloramphenicol (CAP) concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg L-1) and (100, 500, and 1000 μg L-1). In a short-term study, strong inhibition of activity was dependent of CAP concentration in both attached-growth (SBR-A) and suspended-growth (SBR-S) systems. The activities of attached-growth cultures at all CAP concentrations were reversible after 1 day, while activities for suspended-growth cultures were only gradually reversible dependent on the CAP concentrations. In long-term studies with daily additions of 6 mg L-1 CAP, the anammox activity on day 41 in SBR-A had decreased to 18% baseline (SAA reduced from 0.528 to 0.096 mg N mg-1 VSS d-1). More rapid reduction of anammox activity was observed in SBR-S, down to 17% baseline after only 27 days (SAA decreased from 0.576 to 0.096 mg N mg-1 VSS d-1). Inhibition was irreversible in both SBR-S and SBR-A after the long-term study. With lower CAP additions (100-1000 μg L-1), the activities in both reactors were stable during daily CAP addition for two weeks. Attached-growth cultures tended to be more tolerant of CAP addition than suspended-growth cultures. Both un-competitive and non-competitive models could be used to compare anammox activities with the higher CAP concentrations. The SAAmax [fx] (the maximum specific anammox activity) and hKi (the inhibition constant) of SBR-A were 0.48 mg N mg-1 VSS d-1 and 98.3 mg L-1, respectively. The SAAmax[fx] and Ki of SBR-S were 1.25 mg N mg-1 VSS d-1and 71.1 mg L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Phanwilai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Suratchana Piyavorasakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Lek Noophan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kevin D Daniels
- Hazen and Sawyer, Tempe, AZ, 85282, USA; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
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16
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Antibiotic susceptibility of marine Planctomycetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1273-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Du L, Cheng S, Hou Y, Sun X, Zhou D, Liu B. Influence of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM) on anammox bioreactors: Performance evaluation and bacterial community characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:84-92. [PMID: 30015002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The specific inhibitory effects of sulfonamides on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process remain unknown. This study investigated the inhibitory characteristics of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM) in two anammox bioreactors with NH4+-N (160 mg/L) and NO2--N (210 mg/L) in influent. Results indicate that anammox bacteria in both bioreactors adapted to low antibiotic concentrations (less than 3 mg/L). At concentrations between 5 and 7 mg/L, SDM inhibited the growth of anammox bacteria and resulted in a decrease of Candidatus Brocadia abundance from 2.57% to 0.39%. In contrast, at concentrations of 5-9 mg/L, SM inhibited the denitrification process more severely than SDM, resulting in higher accumulation of nitrite and nitrate. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the inhibitory effects of sulfonamides on the anammox process and to provide a reference for the stable operation of anammox bioreactors for the treatment of sulfonamide-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Shaoju Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Yuqian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Dechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
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18
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Rathnayake RMLD, Oshiki M, Ishii S, Segawa T, Satoh H, Okabe S. Experimental Evidence for in Situ Nitric Oxide Production in Anaerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Granules. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5744-5752. [PMID: 29678110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) emissions from anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)-based processes were reported previously, the NO production pathways are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the NO production pathways in anammox granules in detail by combining 15N-stable isotope tracer experiments with various inhibitors, microsensor measurements, and transcriptome analysis for key genes of NO2- reduction. NO was emitted from the anammox granules, which account for 0.07% of the N2 emission. 15N-stable isotope-tracer experiments indicated that most of the N2 was produced by anammox bacteria, whereas NO was produced from NO2- reduction by anammox and denitrifying bacteria. The NO emission rate was highest at pH 8.0 and accelerated by increasing NH4+ and NO2- concentrations in the culture media. The microsensor analyses showed the in situ NO production rate was highest in the outer layer of the anammox granule where anammox activity was also highest. The detected in situ NO concentrations of up to 2.7 μM were significantly above physiological thresholds known to affect a wide range of microorganisms present in wastewater. Hence, NO likely plays pivotal roles in the microbial interactions in anammox granules, which needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathnayake M L D Rathnayake
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya 20400 , Sri Lanka
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , North-13, West-8 , Sapporo 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Mamoru Oshiki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , North-13, West-8 , Sapporo 060-8628 , Japan
- Department of Civil Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College , 888 Nishikatakaimachi , Nagaoka , Niigata 940-8532 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , North-13, West-8 , Sapporo 060-8628 , Japan
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate , University of Minnesota , 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
- BioTechnology Institute , University of Minnesota , 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Takahiro Segawa
- Center for Life Science Research , University of Yamanashi , 1110, Shimokato , Chuo , Yamanashi 409-3898 , Japan
- Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center , National Institute of Polar Research , 10-3 Midori-cho , Tachikawa , Tokyo 190-8518 , Japan
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , North-13, West-8 , Sapporo 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hokkaido University , North-13, West-8 , Sapporo 060-8628 , Japan
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19
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Gonzalez-Martinez A, Muñoz-Palazon B, Rodriguez-Sanchez A, Gonzalez-Lopez J. New concepts in anammox processes for wastewater nitrogen removal: recent advances and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4847881. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Muñoz-Palazon
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramon y Cajal, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Gonzalez-Lopez
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramon y Cajal, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
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20
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Shi ZJ, Hu HY, Shen YY, Xu JJ, Shi ML, Jin RC. Long-term effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the granule-based anammox: Process performance and occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Chen QQ, Wu WD, Zhang ZZ, Xu JJ, Jin RC. Inhibitory effects of sulfamethoxazole on denitrifying granule properties: Short- and long-term tests. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 233:391-398. [PMID: 28288432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The broad-spectrum antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was chosen to assess its short- and long-term effects on denitrifying granules. The SMX concentration and pre-exposure time in batch testing influenced the denitrifying granule activity. In the continuous-flow experiments, no inhibitory effects on the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket performance were observed at SMX concentrations up to 100mgL-1, probably because of functional redundancy and long-term acclimation. The specific denitrifying activity first decreased to a minimum of 49.3% and then recovered to a level comparable to the initial level as the SMX concentration increased. The changing trend of the extracellular polymer content was consistent with the specific denitrifying activity throughout the process, and relatively high EPS loss ratios (maximum loss of 61.8%) were observed. Additionally, the diameter of the denitrifying granules monophonically increased to a final value of 35.0%. This research provided the application of denitrifying granules to treat wastewater that contained antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Wen-Di Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Zao-Zao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Jia-Jia Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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22
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Rivas-Marín E, Canosa I, Devos DP. Evolutionary Cell Biology of Division Mode in the Bacterial Planctomycetes- Verrucomicrobia- Chlamydiae Superphylum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1964. [PMID: 28018303 PMCID: PMC5147048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Chlamydiae (PVC) superphylum are exceptions to the otherwise dominant mode of division by binary fission, which is based on the interaction between the FtsZ protein and the peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis machinery. Some PVC bacteria are deprived of the FtsZ protein and were also thought to lack PG. How these bacteria divide is still one of the major mysteries of microbiology. The presence of PG has recently been revealed in Planctomycetes and Chlamydiae, and proteins related to PG synthesis have been shown to be implicated in the division process in Chlamydiae, providing important insights into PVC mechanisms of division. Here, we review the historical lack of observation of PG in PVC bacteria, its recent detection in two phyla and its involvement in chlamydial cell division. Based on the detection of PG-related proteins in PVC proteomes, we consider the possible evolution of the diverse division mechanisms in these bacteria. We conclude by summarizing what is known and what remains to be understood about the evolutionary cell biology of PVC division modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rivas-Marín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Canosa
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
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23
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Kartal B, Keltjens JT. Anammox Biochemistry: a Tale of Heme c Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:998-1011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Yin G, Hou L, Liu M, Zheng Y, Li X, Lin X, Gao J, Jiang X. Effects of thiamphenicol on nitrate reduction and N2O release in estuarine and coastal sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:265-272. [PMID: 27105162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate overload is an important driver of water pollution in most estuarine and coastal ecosystems, and thus nitrate reduction processes have attracted considerable attention. Antibiotics contamination is also an emerging environmental problem in estuarine and coastal regions as a result of growing production and usage of antibiotics. However, the effects of antibiotics on nitrate reduction remain unclear in these aquatic ecosystems. In this study, continuous-flow experiments were conducted to examine the effects of thiamphenicol (TAP, a common chloramphenicol antibiotic) on nitrate reduction and greenhouse gas N2O release. Functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation were also quantified to explore the microbial mechanisms of the TAP influence. Production of N2 were observed to be inhibited by TAP treatment, which implied the inhibition effect of TAP on nitrate reduction processes. As intermediate products of nitrogen transformation processes, nitrite and N2O were observed to accumulate during the incubation. Different TAP inhibition effects on related functional genes may be the microbial mechanism for the changes of nutrient fluxes, N2 fluxes and N2O release rates. These results indicate that the antibiotics residues in estuarine and coastal ecosystems may contribute to nitrate retention and N2O release, which could be a major factor responsible for eutrophication and greenhouse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Yin
- College of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- College of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- College of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xianbiao Lin
- College of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Juan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaofen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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25
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Oshiki M, Satoh H, Okabe S. Ecology and physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2784-96. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Oshiki
- Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Nagaoka College 888 Nishikatakaimachi Nagaoka Niigata 940‐0834 Japan
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University North 13, West‐8 Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐8628 Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University North 13, West‐8 Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐8628 Japan
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26
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Zhang ZZ, Zhang QQ, Xu JJ, Shi ZJ, Guo Q, Jiang XY, Wang HZ, Chen GH, Jin RC. Long-term effects of heavy metals and antibiotics on granule-based anammox process: granule property and performance evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2417-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Zhang ZZ, Zhang QQ, Guo Q, Chen QQ, Jiang XY, Jin RC. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria gain antibiotic resistance during long-term acclimatization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:756-764. [PMID: 26111629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three broad-spectrum antibiotics, amoxicillin (AMX), florfenicol (FF) and sulfamethazine (SMZ), that inhibit bacteria via different target sites, were selected to evaluate the acute toxicity and long-term effects on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) granules. The specific anammox activity (SAA) levels reduced by approximately half within the first 3 days in the presence of antibiotics but no nitrite accumulation was observed in continuous-flow experiments. However, the SAA levels and heme c content gradually recovered as the antibiotic concentrations increased. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) analysis suggested that anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria gradually developed a better survival strategy during long-term acclimatization, which reduced the antibiotic stress via increased EPS secretion that provided a protective 'cocoon.' In terms of nitrogen removal efficiency, anammox granules could resist 60 mg-AMX L(-1), 10 mg-FF L(-1) and 100 mg-SMZ L(-1). This study supported the feasibility of using anammox granules to treat antibiotic-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhe Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Qiong Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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28
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van Teeseling MCF, Mesman RJ, Kuru E, Espaillat A, Cava F, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze MS, Kartal B, van Niftrik L. Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6878. [PMID: 25962786 PMCID: PMC4432595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Planctomycetes are intriguing microorganisms that apparently lack peptidoglycan, a structure that controls the shape and integrity of almost all bacterial cells. Therefore, the planctomycetal cell envelope is considered exceptional and their cell plan uniquely compartmentalized. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) Planctomycetes play a key role in the global nitrogen cycle by releasing fixed nitrogen back to the atmosphere as N2. Here using a complementary array of state-of-the-art techniques including continuous culturing, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, peptidoglycan-specific probes and muropeptide analysis, we show that the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis contains peptidoglycan. On the basis of the thickness, composition and location of peptidoglycan in K. stuttgartiensis, we propose to redefine Planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria. Our results demonstrate that Planctomycetes are not an exception to the universal presence of peptidoglycan in bacteria. Planctomycetes are unusual bacteria with complex intracellular compartments and an apparent lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Here, van Teeseling et al. show that the cell wall of an anammox planctomycete does contain peptidoglycan, and propose to redefine planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Mesman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Erkin Kuru
- Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | - Boran Kartal
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands [2] Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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29
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Jeske O, Schüler M, Schumann P, Schneider A, Boedeker C, Jogler M, Bollschweiler D, Rohde M, Mayer C, Engelhardt H, Spring S, Jogler C. Planctomycetes do possess a peptidoglycan cell wall. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7116. [PMID: 25964217 PMCID: PMC4432640 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria contain a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, which is critical for
maintenance of shape and important for cell division. In contrast, Planctomycetes
have been proposed to produce a proteinaceous cell wall devoid of PG. The apparent
absence of PG has been used as an argument for the putative planctomycetal ancestry
of all bacterial lineages. Here we show, employing multiple bioinformatic methods,
that planctomycetal genomes encode proteins required for PG synthesis. Furthermore,
we biochemically demonstrate the presence of the sugar and the peptide components of
PG in Planctomycetes. In addition, light and electron microscopic experiments reveal
planctomycetal PG sacculi that are susceptible to lysozyme treatment. Finally,
cryo-electron tomography demonstrates that Planctomycetes possess a typical PG cell
wall and that their cellular architecture is thus more similar to that of other
Gram-negative bacteria. Our findings shed new light on the cellular architecture and
cell division of the maverick Planctomycetes. Planctomycetes appear to differ from all other bacteria in their
cellular organization and their apparent lack of a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. Here
Jeske et al. show that Planctomycetes do possess a typical PG cell wall and that
their cellular architecture resembles that of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Jeske
- Independent Junior Research Group Microbial Cell Biology and Genetics, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Margarete Schüler
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Peter Schumann
- Department of Microbiology, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Boedeker
- Independent Junior Research Group Microbial Cell Biology and Genetics, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Mareike Jogler
- Independent Junior Research Group Microbial Cell Biology and Genetics, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Daniel Bollschweiler
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Streptococci, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Harald Engelhardt
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Stefan Spring
- Department of Microbiology, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Christian Jogler
- Independent Junior Research Group Microbial Cell Biology and Genetics, Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
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30
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Hou L, Yin G, Liu M, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Gao J, Zong H, Yang Y, Gao L, Tong C. Effects of sulfamethazine on denitrification and the associated N2O release in estuarine and coastal sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:326-333. [PMID: 25525860 DOI: 10.1021/es504433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Denitrification is an important pathway of nitrogen removal and nitrous oxide (N2O) production in estuarine and coastal ecosystems, and plays a significant role in counteracting aquatic eutrophication induced by excessive nitrogen loads. Estuarine and coastal environments also suffer from increasing antibiotic contamination because of the growing production and usage of antibiotics. In this study, sediment slurry incubation experiments were conducted to determine the influence of sulfamethazine (SMT, a sulphonamide antibiotic) on denitrification and the associated N2O production. Genes important for denitrification and antibiotic resistance were quantified to investigate the microbial physiological mechanisms underlying SMT's effects on denitrification. SMT was observed to significantly inhibit denitrification rates, but increasing concentrations of SMT enhanced N2O release rates. The negative exponential relationships between denitrifying gene abundances and SMT concentrations showed that SMT reduced denitrification rates by restricting the growth of denitrifying bacteria, although the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene was detected during the incubation period. These results imply that the wide occurrence of residual antibiotics in estuarine and coastal ecosystems may influence eutrophication control, greenhouse effects, and atmospheric ozone depletion by inhibiting denitrification and stimulating the release of N2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
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31
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Ali M, Oshiki M, Awata T, Isobe K, Kimura Z, Yoshikawa H, Hira D, Kindaichi T, Satoh H, Fujii T, Okabe S. Physiological characterization of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium 'Candidatus Jettenia caeni'. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:2172-89. [PMID: 25367004 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, six candidate genera of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria have been identified, and numerous studies have been conducted to understand their ecophysiology. In this study, we examined the physiological characteristics of an anammox bacterium in the genus 'Candidatus Jettenia'. Planctomycete KSU-1 was found to be a mesophilic (20-42.5°C) and neutrophilic (pH 6.5-8.5) bacterium with a maximum growth rate of 0.0020 h(-1) . Planctomycete KSU-1 cells showed typical physiological and structural features of anammox bacteria; i.e. (29) N2 gas production by coupling of (15) NH4 (+) and (14) NO2 (-) , accumulation of hydrazine with the consumption of hydroxylamine and the presence of anammoxosome. In addition, the cells were capable of respiratory ammonification with oxidation of acetate. Notably, the cells contained menaquinone-7 as a dominant respiratory quinone. Proteomic analysis was performed to examine underlying core metabolisms, and high expressions of hydrazine synthase, hydrazine dehydrogenase, hydroxylamine dehydrogenase, nitrite/nitrate oxidoreductase and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase were detected. These proteins require iron or copper as a metal cofactor, and both were dominant in planctomycete KSU-1 cells. On the basis of these experimental results, we proposed the name 'Ca. Jettenia caeni' sp. nov. for the bacterial clade of the planctomycete KSU-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mamoru Oshiki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Nagaoka National College of Technology, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0834, Japan
| | - Takanori Awata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuo Isobe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Kimura
- Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hira
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kindaichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takao Fujii
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
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