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Kotaki T, Kanai Y, Onishi M, Minami S, Chen Z, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Kobayashi T. Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6. J Virol 2024; 98:e0076224. [PMID: 38837379 PMCID: PMC11265344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00762-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in infants. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, vaccine-derived infections have been reported, which warrants development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines. A single-round infectious virus is a promising vaccine platform; however, this platform has not been studied extensively in the context of rotavirus. Here, we aimed to develop a single-round infectious rotavirus by impairing the function of the viral intermediate capsid protein VP6. Recombinant rotaviruses harboring mutations in VP6 were rescued using a reverse genetics system. Mutations were targeted at VP6 residues involved in virion assembly. Although the VP6-mutated rotavirus expressed viral proteins, it did not produce progeny virions in wild-type cells; however, the virus did produce progeny virions in VP6-expressing cells. This indicates that the VP6-mutated rotavirus is a single-round infectious rotavirus. Insertion of a foreign gene, and replacement of the VP7 gene segment with that of human rotavirus clinical isolates, was successful. No infectious virions were detected in mice infected with the single-round infectious rotavirus. Immunizing mice with the single-round infectious rotavirus induced neutralizing antibody titers as high as those induced by wild-type rotavirus. Taken together, the data suggest that this single-round infectious rotavirus has potential as a safe and effective rotavirus vaccine. This system is also applicable for generation of safe and orally administrable viral vectors.IMPORTANCERotavirus, a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, causes an annual estimated 128,500 infant deaths worldwide. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, they are replicable and may cause vaccine-derived infections. Thus, development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is important. In this study, we report the development of a single-round infectious rotavirus that can replicate only in cells expressing viral VP6 protein. We demonstrated that (1) the single-round infectious rotavirus did not replicate in wild-type cells or in mice; (2) insertion of foreign genes and replacement of the outer capsid gene were possible; and (3) it was as immunogenic as the wild-type virus. Thus, the mutated virus shows promise as a next-generation rotavirus vaccine. The system is also applicable to orally administrable viral vectors, facilitating development of vaccines against other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Onishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zelin Chen
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A. Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Ossio A, Flores-Rodríguez F, Heredia N, García S, Merino-Mascorro JA. Foodborne Viruses and Somatic Coliphages Occurrence in Fresh Produce at Retail from Northern Mexico. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:109-119. [PMID: 38198031 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne disease outbreaks linked to consumption of vegetables have been often attributed to human enteric viruses, such as Norovirus (NoV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RoV). Information about the occurrence of these viruses is scarce in many fresh-producing countries. Viral contamination detection of indicators, such as somatic coliphages, could indirectly reflect the presence of viral pathogens, being a valuable tool for better viral risk assessment in food industry. This study aimed to establish the occurrence and correlation of foodborne viruses and somatic coliphages in leafy greens in northern Mexico. A total of 320 vegetable samples were collected, resulting in 80 composite rinses, 40 of lettuce and 40 of parsley. Somatic coliphages were determined using the EPA 1602 method, while foodborne viruses (HAV, RoV, NoV GI, and GII) were determined by qPCR. The occurrence of RoV was 22.5% (9/40, mean 2.11 log gc/g) in lettuce and 20% (8/40, mean 1.91 log gc/g) in parsley. NoV and HAV were not detected in any samples. Somatic coliphages were present in all lettuce and parsley samples, with mean levels of 1.85 log PFU/100 ml and 2.28 log PFU/100 ml, respectively. Spearman analysis established the correlation of somatic coliphages and genomic copies of RoV, resulting in an r2 value of - 0.026 in lettuce and 0.349 in parsley. Although NoV or HAV were undetected in the samples, the presence of RoV is a matter of concern as leafy greens are usually eaten raw, which poses a potential risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Ossio
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Santos García
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Jose Angel Merino-Mascorro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
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Hoque SA, Saito H, Akino W, Kotaki T, Okitsu S, Onda Y, Kobayashi T, Hossian T, Khamrin P, Motomura K, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. The Emergence and Widespread Circulation of Enteric Viruses Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Wastewater-Based Evidence. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:342-354. [PMID: 37898959 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence shed light on the importance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) during the pandemic, when the patients rarely visited the clinics despite the fact that the infections were still prevalent in the community as before. The abundance of infections in the community poses a constant threat of the emergence of new epidemic strains. Herein, we investigated enteric viruses in raw sewage water (SW) from Japan's Tohoku region and compared them to those from the Kansai region to better understand the circulating strains and their distribution across communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Raw SW was collected between 2019 and 2022, concentrated by polyethylene-glycol-precipitation method, and investigated for major AGE viruses by RT-PCR. Sequence-based analyses were used to assess genotypes and evolutionary relationships. The most commonly detected enteric virus was rotavirus A (RVA) at 63.8%, followed by astrovirus (AstV) at 61.1%, norovirus (NoV) GII and adenovirus (AdV) at 33.3%, sapovirus (SV) at 25.0%, enterovirus (EV) at 19.4%, and NoV GI at 13.9%. The highest prevalence (46.0%) was found in the spring. Importantly, enteric viruses did not decline during the pandemic. Rather, several strains like NoV GII.2, DS-1-like human G3 (equine) RVA, MLB1 AstV, and different F41 HAdV emerged throughout the pandemic and spread widely over the Tohoku and Kansai regions. Tohoku's detection rate remained lower than that of the Kansai area (36 vs 58%). This study provides evidence for the emergence and spread of enteric viruses during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectual Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Wakako Akino
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectual Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuko Onda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tania Hossian
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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Armas F, Chandra F, Lee WL, Gu X, Chen H, Xiao A, Leifels M, Wuertz S, Alm EJ, Thompson J. Contextualizing Wastewater-Based surveillance in the COVID-19 vaccination era. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107718. [PMID: 36584425 PMCID: PMC9783150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) offers a tool for cost-effective oversight of a population's infections. In the past two years, WBS has proven to be crucial for managing the pandemic across different geographical regions. However, the changing context of the pandemic due to high levels of COVID-19 vaccination warrants a closer examination of its implication towards SARS-CoV-2 WBS. Two main questions were raised: 1) Does vaccination cause shedding of viral signatures without infection? 2) Does vaccination affect the relationship between wastewater and clinical data? To answer, we review historical reports of shedding from viral vaccines in use prior to the COVID-19 pandemic including for polio, rotavirus, influenza and measles infection and provide a perspective on the implications of different COVID-19 vaccination strategies with regard to the potential shedding of viral signatures into the sewershed. Additionally, we reviewed studies that looked into the relationship between wastewater and clinical data and how vaccination campaigns could have affected the relationship. Finally, analyzing wastewater and clinical data from the Netherlands, we observed changes in the relationship concomitant with increasing vaccination coverage and switches in dominant variants of concern. First, that no vaccine-derived shedding is expected from the current commercial pipeline of COVID-19 vaccines that may confound interpretation of WBS data. Secondly, that breakthrough infections from vaccinated individuals contribute significantly to wastewater signals and must be interpreted in light of the changing dynamics of shedding from new variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Franciscus Chandra
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Amy Xiao
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Mats Leifels
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric J Alm
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Janelle Thompson
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Miura T, Kadoya SS, Takino H, Sano D, Akiba M. Temporal variations of human and animal Rotavirus A genotypes in surface water used for drinking water production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:912147. [PMID: 36016785 PMCID: PMC9395708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.912147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis among infants and children. In this study, nested PCR assays were developed to amplify partial regions of the VP7, VP4, and VP6 genes of Rotavirus A (RVA) for amplicon-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing to investigate RVA genotypes in environmental water samples. Eight sets of inner primers were first designed and screened for use in the nested PCR assays, and four sets of them could produce amplicons. Six sets of outer primers were then designed and combined with the four sets of inner primers that worked. The assays were evaluated for sensitivity using raw water samples collected from one drinking water treatment plant between April 2019 and March 2020 (Sample Set 1; N = 12) and seven DWTPs between 2018 and 2020 (Sample Set 2; N = 18). In total, 43 amplicons from Set 1 were sequenced and diverse sequences from human, porcine, bovine, equine, and feline RVA were observed. Human G8, G3, and G2 genotypes were obtained, with G8 predominant (relative abundance, 36–87%) in samples taken during the rotavirus epidemic season between April and June. Porcine G5, G11, and G4, and bovine G10 and G6 genotypes were also detected. VP4 sequence analysis revealed that the human P[8] genotype was present throughout the year, whereas P[4] and P[9] were present only in the epidemic season. The vaccine strains P[5] and P[8] (RotaTeq®) were also detected. Our approach enables the identification of prevalent human and animal RVA genotypes and their host species that potentially caused fecal contamination in water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takayuki Miura,
| | - Syun-suke Kadoya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takino
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michihiro Akiba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
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Hoque SA, Wakana A, Shimizu H, Takanashi S, Okitsu S, Anwar KS, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Okabe N, Ushijima H. Detection of Rotavirus Strains in Freshwater Clams in Japan. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:94-100. [PMID: 34981415 PMCID: PMC8722649 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish like clams and oysters, etc., are capable to bioaccumulate surrounding contaminants from waters into their digestive systems and posing serious threats of food poisoning. Detection of rotaviruses (RVs) in shellfish is of particular importance because RVs are prone to genome reassortment resulting in the emergence of new RV variants that may compromise vaccine safety. Herein, we have detected the wild-type RVs and Rotarix/RotaTeq vaccine strains in freshwater clams collected on the riverside, Kawasaki city, from July 2019 to January 2020 and correlated the detected genotypes with that of gastroenteritis cases of nearby clinics to understand the transmission of RVs in the environment. The wild-type RVs were detected in 62 (64.6%) out of 96 freshwater clams in every study month: July, September, November, and January that are considered as off-season for RV infections. The most frequent genotypes were G2 (42.9%), G8 (28.6%), G3 (14.3%), G1 (7.1%), and G10 (7.1%), which remained comparable with genotypic distribution found in the clinical samples over the last few years indicating that these RVs may accumulate in clams since a long time. However, G10 genotype was detected in clam but not in clinical samples suggesting the presence of asymptomatic infection or RVs could be carried out from a long distance. Importantly, vaccine strains, RotaTeq (1%) but not Rotarix (0%), were also detected in a clam. Attention must be paid to monitoring the potential transmission of wild-type and vaccine RV strains in the environment to prevent the emergence of new variants generated from genome reassortment with vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Azumi Wakana
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazi Selim Anwar
- Ad-Din Women Medical College Hospital (AWMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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