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Zhu QZ, Elvert M, Meador TB, Schröder JM, Doeana KD, Becker KW, Elling FJ, Lipp JS, Heuer VB, Zabel M, Hinrichs KU. Comprehensive molecular-isotopic characterization of archaeal lipids in the Black Sea water column and underlying sediments. GEOBIOLOGY 2024; 22:e12589. [PMID: 38465505 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The Black Sea is a permanently anoxic, marine basin serving as model system for the deposition of organic-rich sediments in a highly stratified ocean. In such systems, archaeal lipids are widely used as paleoceanographic and biogeochemical proxies; however, the diverse planktonic and benthic sources as well as their potentially distinct diagenetic fate may complicate their application. To track the flux of archaeal lipids and to constrain their sources and turnover, we quantitatively examined the distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13 C) of intact polar lipids (IPLs) and core lipids (CLs) from the upper oxic water column into the underlying sediments, reaching deposits from the last glacial. The distribution of IPLs responded more sensitively to the geochemical zonation than the CLs, with the latter being governed by the deposition from the chemocline. The isotopic composition of archaeal lipids indicates CLs and IPLs in the deep anoxic water column have negligible influence on the sedimentary pool. Archaeol substitutes tetraether lipids as the most abundant IPL in the deep anoxic water column and the lacustrine methanic zone. Its elevated IPL/CL ratios and negative δ13 C values indicate active methane metabolism. Sedimentary CL- and IPL-crenarchaeol were exclusively derived from the water column, as indicated by non-variable δ13 C values that are identical to those in the chemocline and by the low BIT (branched isoprenoid tetraether index). By contrast, in situ production accounts on average for 22% of the sedimentary IPL-GDGT-0 (glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether) based on isotopic mass balance using the fermentation product lactate as an endmember for the dissolved substrate pool. Despite the structural similarity, glycosidic crenarchaeol appears to be more recalcitrant in comparison to its non-cycloalkylated counterpart GDGT-0, as indicated by its consistently higher IPL/CL ratio in sediments. The higher TEX86 , CCaT, and GDGT-2/-3 values in glacial sediments could plausibly result from selective turnover of archaeal lipids and/or an archaeal ecology shift during the transition from the glacial lacustrine to the Holocene marine setting. Our in-depth molecular-isotopic examination of archaeal core and intact polar lipids provided new constraints on the sources and fate of archaeal lipids and their applicability in paleoceanographic and biogeochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zeng Zhu
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Travis B Meador
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Biology Centre CAS, Soil and Water Research Infrastructure, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan M Schröder
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katiana D Doeana
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kevin W Becker
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Felix J Elling
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julius S Lipp
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Verena B Heuer
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Zabel
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Braasch-Turi MM, Koehn JT, Crans DC. Chemistry of Lipoquinones: Properties, Synthesis, and Membrane Location of Ubiquinones, Plastoquinones, and Menaquinones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12856. [PMID: 36361645 PMCID: PMC9656164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoquinones are the topic of this review and are a class of hydrophobic lipid molecules with key biological functions that are linked to their structure, properties, and location within a biological membrane. Ubiquinones, plastoquinones, and menaquinones vary regarding their quinone headgroup, isoprenoid sidechain, properties, and biological functions, including the shuttling of electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes within the electron transport chain. Lipoquinones are highly hydrophobic molecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in aqueous solution, causing obstacles in water-based assays that measure their chemical properties, enzyme activities and effects on cell growth. Little is known about the location and ultimately movement of lipoquinones in the membrane, and these properties are topics described in this review. Computational studies are particularly abundant in the recent years in this area, and there is far less experimental evidence to verify the often conflicting interpretations and conclusions that result from computational studies of very different membrane model systems. Some recent experimental studies have described using truncated lipoquinone derivatives, such as ubiquinone-2 (UQ-2) and menaquinone-2 (MK-2), to investigate their conformation, their location in the membrane, and their biological function. Truncated lipoquinone derivatives are soluble in water-based assays, and hence can serve as excellent analogs for study even though they are more mobile in the membrane than the longer chain counterparts. In this review, we will discuss the properties, location in the membrane, and syntheses of three main classes of lipoquinones including truncated derivatives. Our goal is to highlight the importance of bridging the gap between experimental and computational methods and to incorporate properties-focused considerations when proposing future studies relating to the function of lipoquinones in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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3
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Cai YJ, Liu ZA, Zhang S, Liu H, Nicol GW, Chen Z. Microbial community structure is stratified at the millimeter-scale across the soil-water interface. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:53. [PMID: 37938662 PMCID: PMC9723559 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil-water interfaces (SWI) are biogeochemical hotspots characterized by millimeter-scale redox gradients, indicating that parallel changes are also present in microbial community structure and activity. However, soil-based analyses of microbial community structure typically examine bulk samples and seldom consider variation at a scale relevant to changes in environmental conditions. Here we presented a study that aimed to describe millimeter-scale variance in both microbial community structure and physicochemical properties in a lab flooded soil. At this fine-scale resolution, the stratification of biogeochemical properties (e.g., redox potential, nitrate concentration) was consistent with the structure of the active microbial community with clear shifts in the relative abundance of transcriptionally active populations associated with changing redox conditions. Our results demonstrate that spatial scale should be carefully considered when investigating ecological mechanisms that influence soil microbial community structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Cai
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Geography & Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L697ZX, UK
| | - Zi-Ao Liu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Geography & Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L697ZX, UK
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Geography & Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L697ZX, UK
| | - Graeme W Nicol
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully cedex, France
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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4
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Quinones: More Than Electron Shuttles. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Bale NJ, Ding S, Hopmans EC, Arts MGI, Villanueva L, Boschman C, Haas AF, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Lipidomics of Environmental Microbial Communities. I: Visualization of Component Distributions Using Untargeted Analysis of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659302. [PMID: 34367080 PMCID: PMC8343106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, as one of the main building blocks of cells, can provide valuable information on microorganisms in the environment. Traditionally, gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to analyze environmental lipids. The resulting spectra were then processed through individual peak identification and comparison with previously published mass spectra. Here, we present an untargeted analysis of MS1 spectral data generated by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry of environmental microbial communities. Rather than attempting to relate each mass spectrum to a specific compound, we have treated each mass spectrum as a component, which can be clustered together with other components based on similarity in their abundance depth profiles through the water column. We present this untargeted data visualization method on lipids of suspended particles from the water column of the Black Sea, which included >14,000 components. These components form clusters that correspond with distinct microbial communities driven by the highly stratified water column. The clusters include both known and unknown compounds, predominantly lipids, demonstrating the value of this rapid approach to visualize component distributions and identify novel lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Su Ding
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Ellen C Hopmans
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Milou G I Arts
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine Boschman
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Andreas F Haas
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Ding S, Bale NJ, Hopmans EC, Villanueva L, Arts MGI, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Lipidomics of Environmental Microbial Communities. II: Characterization Using Molecular Networking and Information Theory. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659315. [PMID: 34322097 PMCID: PMC8311935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally diverse, specialized lipids are crucial components of microbial membranes and other organelles and play essential roles in ecological functioning. The detection of such lipids in the environment can reveal not only the occurrence of specific microbes but also the physicochemical conditions to which they are adapted to. Traditionally, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry allowed for the detection of lipids based on chromatographic separation and individual peak identification, resulting in a limited data acquisition and targeting of certain lipid groups. Here, we explored a comprehensive profiling of microbial lipids throughout the water column of a marine euxinic basin (Black Sea) using ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). An information theory framework combined with molecular networking based on the similarity of the mass spectra of lipids enabled us to capture lipidomic diversity and specificity in the environment, identify novel lipids, differentiate microbial sources within a lipid group, and discover potential biomarkers for biogeochemical processes. The workflow presented here allows microbial ecologists and biogeochemists to process quickly and efficiently vast amounts of lipidome data to understand microbial lipids characteristics in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ding
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Nicole J. Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Ellen C. Hopmans
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milou G. I. Arts
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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7
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Combined pigment and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals highly synchronized diel patterns of phenotypic light response across domains in the open oligotrophic ocean. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:520-533. [PMID: 33033374 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight is the most important environmental control on diel fluctuations in phytoplankton activity, and understanding diel microbial processes is essential to the study of oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Yet, little is known about the in situ temporal dynamics of phytoplankton metabolic activities and their coordination across different populations. We investigated diel orchestration of phytoplankton activity in photosynthesis, photoacclimation, and photoprotection by analyzing pigment and quinone distributions in combination with metatranscriptomes in surface waters of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We found diel cycles in pigment abundances resulting from the balance of their synthesis and consumption. These dynamics suggest that night represents a metabolic recovery phase, refilling cellular pigment stores, while photosystems are remodeled towards photoprotection during daytime. Transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis and pigment metabolism had synchronized diel expression patterns among all taxa, reflecting the driving force light imparts upon photosynthetic organisms in the ocean, while other environmental factors drive niche differentiation. For instance, observed decoupling of diel oscillations in transcripts and related pigments indicates that pigment abundances are modulated by environmental factors extending beyond gene expression/regulation reinforcing the need to combine metatranscriptomics with proteomics and metabolomics to fully understand the timing of these critical processes in situ.
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8
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Abby SS, Kazemzadeh K, Vragniau C, Pelosi L, Pierrel F. Advances in bacterial pathways for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148259. [PMID: 32663475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquinone is an important component of the electron transfer chains in proteobacteria and eukaryotes. The biosynthesis of ubiquinone requires multiple steps, most of which are common to bacteria and eukaryotes. Whereas the enzymes of the mitochondrial pathway that produces ubiquinone are highly similar across eukaryotes, recent results point to a rather high diversity of pathways in bacteria. This review focuses on ubiquinone in bacteria, highlighting newly discovered functions and detailing the proteins that are known to participate to its biosynthetic pathways. Novel results showing that ubiquinone can be produced by a pathway independent of dioxygen suggest that ubiquinone may participate to anaerobiosis, in addition to its well-established role for aerobiosis. We also discuss the supramolecular organization of ubiquinone biosynthesis proteins and we summarize the current understanding of the evolution of the ubiquinone pathways relative to those of other isoprenoid quinones like menaquinone and plastoquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Saphia Abby
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Katayoun Kazemzadeh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Vragniau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Pelosi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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9
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Becker KW, Collins JR, Durham BP, Groussman RD, White AE, Fredricks HF, Ossolinski JE, Repeta DJ, Carini P, Armbrust EV, Van Mooy BAS. Daily changes in phytoplankton lipidomes reveal mechanisms of energy storage in the open ocean. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5179. [PMID: 30518752 PMCID: PMC6281602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunlight is the dominant control on phytoplankton biosynthetic activity, and darkness deprives them of their primary external energy source. Changes in the biochemical composition of phytoplankton communities over diel light cycles and attendant consequences for carbon and energy flux in environments remain poorly elucidated. Here we use lipidomic data from the North Pacific subtropical gyre to show that biosynthesis of energy-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs) by eukaryotic nanophytoplankton during the day and their subsequent consumption at night drives a large and previously uncharacterized daily carbon cycle. Diel oscillations in TAG concentration comprise 23 ± 11% of primary production by eukaryotic nanophytoplankton representing a global flux of about 2.4 Pg C yr−1. Metatranscriptomic analyses of genes required for TAG biosynthesis indicate that haptophytes and dinoflagellates are active members in TAG production. Estimates suggest that these organisms could contain as much as 40% more calories at sunset than at sunrise due to TAG production. Day-night cycles in the biochemical composition of phytoplankton remain poorly understood. Here, Becker et al. use lipidomic and transcriptomic data from the North Pacific subtropical gyre to describe a daily cycle of production and consumption of energy-rich lipids by eukaryotic phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Becker
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - James R Collins
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.,School of Oceanography and eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bryndan P Durham
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ryan D Groussman
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Angelicque E White
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Justin E Ossolinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Daniel J Repeta
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Paul Carini
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
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