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Limpavithayakul K, Charoenvisal N, Pakpinyo S. Molecular assay for detecting MS-H vaccine strain and immune response mechanisms in chickens receiving one or two doses of live MS-H vaccine. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:33-43. [PMID: 37791564 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2267022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The MS-H vaccine, containing a live strain of Mycoplasma synoviae, is a feasible option for controlling M. synoviae infection in poultry flocks. A comprehensive understanding of vaccinated chickens, including strain differentiation and immune response mechanisms, is required to optimize vaccination strategy. This study aimed to verify the PCR-RFLP molecular assay as a convenient technique for detecting the MS-H vaccine strain and to characterize the immune response mechanisms in experimental layer-type chickens receiving one of three different vaccination programmes; a single dose at either 9 or 12 weeks of age or two doses at both 9 and 12 weeks of age. The PCR-RFLP assay, using restriction enzyme TasI to digest vlhA gene-targeted PCR amplicons, was performed to evaluate vaccine administration by detecting the MS-H vaccine strain in vaccinated chickens and differentiating it from non-vaccine strains such as WVU1853 reference strain and Thai M. synoviae field strains. Results demonstrated that vaccination in layer-type chickens, whether as one or two doses, stimulated immune response mechanisms with no significant advantages of two administrations over a single administration. Serological responses in vaccinated chickens, examined by RPA test and ELISA, were initially detected at 2 weeks post-vaccination, continuously increased, and then remained at the baseline levels from 6 to 9 weeks post-vaccination. Cellular immune responses against both homologous and heterologous antigens, examined by the MTS tetrazolium assay, were similar in the early period post-vaccination, whereas cellular immune response against the homologous MS-H antigen was improved in the late period post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriengwich Limpavithayakul
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nataya Charoenvisal
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Pakpinyo
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Corrigendum to "Development and Evaluation of an Immuno-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Quantify the Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp) Protein in Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine". Vet Med Int 2021. [PMID: 33857268 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807.].
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Faison T, Kohnhorst CL, Velugula-Yellela SR, Powers DN, Brorson K, Agarabi C. Impacts of intentional mycoplasma contamination on CHO cell bioreactor cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3242-3252. [PMID: 31478189 PMCID: PMC6900124 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination events in biomanufacturing facilities can result in loss of production and costly cleanups. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and may penetrate the 0.2 µm filters often used in the primary clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Culture cell‐based and indicator cell‐based assays that are used to detect mycoplasma are highly sensitive but can take up to 28 days to complete and cannot be used for real‐time decision making during the biomanufacturing process. To support real‐time measurements of mycoplasma contamination, there is a push to explore nucleic acid testing. However, cell‐based methods measure growth or colony forming units and nucleic acid testing measures genome copy number; this has led to ambiguity regarding how to compare the sensitivity of the methods. In addition, the high risk of conducting experiments wherein one deliberately spikes mycoplasma into bioreactors has dissuaded commercial groups from performing studies to explore the multiple variables associated with the upstream effects of a mycoplasma contamination in a manufacturing setting. Here we studied the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody. We examined M. arginini growth and detection by culture methods, as well as the effects of M. arginini on mammalian cell health, metabolism, and productivity. We compared process parameters and controls normally measured in bioreactors including dissolved oxygen, gas mix, and base addition to maintain pH, to examine parameter changes as potential indicators of contamination. Our work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Importantly, how the M. arginini contamination impacts the CHO cells is influenced by the concentration of CHO cells and rate of perfusion at the time of M. arginini spike. Careful evaluation of dissolved oxygen, pH control parameters, ammonia, and arginine over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before a read‐out from a traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Talia Faison
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David N Powers
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Currently with Parexel International Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Christodoulides A, Gupta N, Yacoubian V, Maithel N, Parker J, Kelesidis T. The Role of Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma-Mediated Immunomodulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30108558 PMCID: PMC6080569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections, such as walking pneumonia or pelvic inflammatory diseases, are a major threat to public health. Despite their relatively small physical and genomic size, mycoplasmas are known to elicit strong host immune responses, generally inflammatory, while also being able to evade the immune system. The mycoplasma membrane is composed of approximately two-thirds protein and one-third lipid and contains several lipoproteins that are known to regulate host immune responses. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of mycoplasma lipoproteins are reviewed. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects, both activating and evasive, of Mycoplasma surface lipoproteins will contribute to understanding mechanisms potentially relevant to mycoplasma disease vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Christodoulides
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neha Gupta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vahe Yacoubian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Maithel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Parker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Uddin MI, Abid MH, Islam MS, Rakib TM, Sen AB, Chowdhury SMZH, Anwar MN, Kamaruddin KM. Molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae from seroprevalent commercial breeder farms at Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Vet World 2016; 9:1063-1069. [PMID: 27847414 PMCID: PMC5104713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1063-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Worldwide, Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen of poultry, especially for chicken and turkey. It causes respiratory tract infection and infectious sinusitis. The study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of MS infection with associated risk factors and identification of MS organism in unvaccinated flocks of commercial breeder farms of the Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 365 serum samples were collected and tested for MS using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test for determination of MS seroprevalence. On the other hand, tracheal swabs were collected from each seropositive flocks for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the presence of MS organism. Results: Among the farms, the highest prevalence was found to be 69% and the lowest prevalence was 28% with the average 60%. The seroprevalence of MS infection in breeder farms was highest 70% with the flock size >10,000 birds, whereas it was lowest 57% in the flocks ranging from 4000 to 7000. According to age group, the prevalence was found highest 70% in >60 weeks age group of birds and lowest 42% in 10-19 weeks group. The seroprevalence of MS in winter season was found as highest as 64%, whereas it was found lowest 60% in the summer season. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) among the seroprevalence of MS in different breeder farms, flock size, and age groups, but there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the winter, summer, and rainy season. To confirm the presence of MS in the samples, PCR test was applied using specific primers to amplify a 214 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of the organism. In PCR, all seropositive flocks showed a positive result for MS. Conclusion: As the plate agglutination test result showed 100% similar with PCR result, it can be suggested that agglutination test is better than molecular and culture techniques for MS detection and it is also cheaper and less time-consuming method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Inkeyas Uddin
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi - 4225, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Harisul Abid
- Department of Livestock Services, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi - 4225, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Md Rakib
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi - 4225, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ashim Baran Sen
- Department of Livestock Services, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Nurul Anwar
- Port City International University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Md Kamaruddin
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka - 1202, Bangladesh
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Xue J, Chambers BS, Hensley SE, López CB. Propagation and Characterization of Influenza Virus Stocks That Lack High Levels of Defective Viral Genomes and Hemagglutinin Mutations. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:326. [PMID: 27047455 PMCID: PMC4803753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are responsible for more than 250,000 deaths annually. Influenza virus isolation, propagation, and characterization protocols are critical for completing reproducible basic research studies and for generating vaccine seed stocks. Detailed protocols for the isolation and identification of influenza virus have been recently reported (Eisfeld et al., 2014). However, there are few standardized protocols focused on the propagation and characterization of viral isolates, and as a result, viruses propagated in different conditions in different laboratories often have distinct in vitro and in vivo characteristics. Here, we focus on influenza A virus propagation and characterization in the laboratory taking into consideration the overall quality and composition of the virus stock to achieve consistency in virus yield, virulence, and immunostimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Benjamin S Chambers
- Wistar Institute and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Wistar Institute and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Sanchez-Vega JT, Kolpakov AI, Ilinskaya ON. Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures: Vesicular Traffic in Bacteria and Control over Infectious Agents. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:41-51. [PMID: 25349713 PMCID: PMC4207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are subject to contamination either with cells of other cultures or with microorganisms, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is of particular importance. Since cell cultures are used for the production of vaccines and physiologically active compounds, designing a system for controlling contaminants becomes topical for fundamental science and biotechnological production. The discovery of extracellular membrane vesicles in mycoplasmas makes it necessary to take into consideration the bacterial vesicular traffic in systems designed for controlling infectious agents. The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of resistance to antibiotics. The present review discusses the features of mycoplasmas, their extracellular vesicles, and the interaction between contaminants and eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it provides an analysis of the problems associated with modern methods of diagnosis and eradication of mycoplasma contamination from cell cultures and prospects for their solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - O. A. Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - A. I. Kolpakov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Vanyushkina AA, Fisunov GY, Gorbachev AY, Kamashev DE, Govorun VM. Metabolomic analysis of three Mollicute species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89312. [PMID: 24595068 PMCID: PMC3942410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a systematic study of three bacterial species that belong to the class Mollicutes, the smallest and simplest bacteria, Spiroplasma melliferum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. To understand the difference in the basic principles of metabolism regulation and adaptation to environmental conditions in the three species, we analyzed the metabolome of these bacteria. Metabolic pathways were reconstructed using the proteogenomic annotation data provided by our lab. The results of metabolome, proteome and genome profiling suggest a fundamental difference in the adaptation of the three closely related Mollicute species to stress conditions. As the transaldolase is not annotated in Mollicutes, we propose variants of the pentose phosphate pathway catalyzed by annotated enzymes for three species. For metabolite detection we employed high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We used liquid chromatography method - hydrophilic interaction chromatography with silica column - as it effectively separates highly polar cellular metabolites prior to their detection by mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleb Y. Fisunov
- Russian Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Dmitri E. Kamashev
- Russian Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Russian Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Vadim M. Govorun
- Russian Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Mouzykantov AA, Baranova NB, Gorshkov OV, Trushin MV, Nesterova TN, Ponomareva AA. Extracellular membrane vesicles and phytopathogenicity of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:315474. [PMID: 23251100 PMCID: PMC3515904 DOI: 10.1100/2012/315474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the phytopathogenicity of extracellular vesicles of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 (a ubiquitous mycoplasma that is one of the five common species of cell culture contaminants and is a causative agent for phytomycoplasmoses) in Oryza sativa L. plants was studied. Data on the ability of extracellular vesicles of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 to penetrate from the nutrient medium into overground parts of Oryza sativa L. through the root system and to cause alterations in ultrastructural organization of the plants were presented. As a result of the analysis of ultrathin leaf sections of plants grown in medium with A. laidlawii PG8 vesicles, we detected significant changes in tissue ultrastructure characteristic to oxidative stress in plants as well as their cultivation along with bacterial cells. The presence of nucleotide sequences of some mycoplasma genes within extracellular vesicles of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 allowed a possibility to use PCR (with the following sequencing) to perform differential detection of cells and bacterial vesicles in samples under study. The obtained data may suggest the ability of extracellular vesicles of the mycoplasma to display in plants the features of infection from the viewpoint of virulence criteria—invasivity, infectivity—and toxigenicity—and to favor to bacterial phytopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav M Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
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Unadapted and adapted to starvation Acholeplasma laidlawii cells induce different responses of Oryza sativa, as determined by proteome analysis. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2920-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Peredeltchouk M, David SAW, Bhattacharya B, Volokhov DV, Chizhikov V. Detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates using reverse transcription-PCR assays. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:54-60. [PMID: 20854458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the limit of detection (LOD) and the feasibility of 16S rRNA-based reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays for advanced detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RT-PCR approach is based on detecting the 16S rRNA molecules that, in contrast to genomic bacterial DNA, are represented by multiple copies in mycoplasma cell. The number of 16S rRNA molecules in mycoplasma cells of five species i.e. Mycoplasma arginini, Myc. fermentans, Myc. hyorhinis, Myc. orale and Acholeplasma laidlawii, all known to be frequent cell line contaminants in industrial and research laboratories, was measured using molecular methods. The results of two independently prepared mycoplasma cultures harvested at the stationary phase of their growth showed that the 16S rRNA copy number per cell varied in the range from about 400 to 2000 copies, depending on species, but stayed close between different preparations of one species. The assessment of the LOD of the in-house 16S rRNA-based RT-PCR was performed using samples of MDCK cell culture spiked with different amounts of five aforementioned mycoplasma species. To minimize the bias in methods comparison, the LOD of the RT-PCR assay was expressed in terms of genome equivalents (GEs) and compared with that determined for highly optimized 16S rDNA-based mycoplasma testing methods previously described in scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study showed that the in-house 16S rRNA-based RT-PCR assay was able to reliably detect the presence of less than one mycoplasma GE that is at least 10-fold higher of the LOD previously determined for well-optimized 16S rDNA-based assays developed and described by other researchers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of the study showed that rapid RT-PCR methods based on the detection of bacterial 16S rRNA are able to expedite mycoplasma testing of cell cultures (1-2 days vs 28 days) and to ensure the limits of detection comparable to that of currently used culture-based mycoplasma testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peredeltchouk
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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