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Elfaky MA. Unveiling the hidden language of bacteria: anti-quorum sensing strategies for gram-negative bacteria infection control. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:124. [PMID: 38409503 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism employed by many bacteria to regulate gene expression in a population density-dependent manner. It plays a crucial role in coordinating various bacterial behaviors, including biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and antibiotic resistance. However, the dysregulation of QS can lead to detrimental effects, making it an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Anti-QS approaches aim to interfere with QS signaling pathways, inhibiting the communication between bacteria, and disrupting their coordinated activities. Various strategies have been explored to achieve this goal. Advances in understanding QS mechanisms and the discovery of new targets have paved the way for the development of innovative anti-QS approaches. Combining multiple anti-QS strategies or utilizing them in combination with traditional antibiotics holds great promise for combating bacterial infections and addressing the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. Anti-QS approaches offer a diverse range of strategies including natural compounds, antibody-mediated quorum quenching (QQ), computer-aided drug design for QQ, repurposing of Drugs approved by FDA as anti-QS agents and modulating quorum-sensing molecules which were discussed in detail in this review. This review, comprehensively and for the first time, sheds light on the significance of diverse anti-QS strategies in solving antimicrobial resistance problem in Gram-negative microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Campbell E, Luxton T, Kohl D, Goodchild SA, Walti C, Jeuken LJC. Chimeric Protein Switch Biosensors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:1-35. [PMID: 38273207 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of protein and small-molecule analytes is a valuable technique across multiple disciplines, but most in vitro testing of biological or environmental samples requires long, laborious processes and trained personnel in laboratory settings, leading to long wait times for results and high expenses. Fusion of recognition with reporter elements has been introduced to detection methods such as enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), with enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies removing one of the many incubation and wash steps. Chimeric protein switch biosensors go further and provide a platform for homogenous mix-and-read assays where long wash and incubation steps are eradicated from the process. Chimeric protein switch biosensors consist of an enzyme switch (the reporter) coupled to a recognition element, where binding of the analyte results in switching the activity of the reporter enzyme on or off. Several chimeric protein switch biosensors have successfully been developed for analytes ranging from small molecule drugs to large protein biomarkers. There are two main formats of chimeric protein switch biosensor developed, one-component and multi-component, and these formats exhibit unique advantages and disadvantages. Genetically fusing a recognition protein to the enzyme switch has many advantages in the production and performance of the biosensor. A range of immune and synthetic binding proteins have been developed as alternatives to antibodies, including antibody mimetics or antibody fragments. These are mainly small, easily manipulated proteins and can be genetically fused to a reporter for recombinant expression or manipulated to allow chemical fusion. Here, aspects of chimeric protein switch biosensors will be reviewed with a comparison of different classes of recognition elements and switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy Luxton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Declan Kohl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Christoph Walti
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Vadakkan K, Ngangbam AK, Sathishkumar K, Rumjit NP, Cheruvathur MK. A review of chemical signaling pathways in the quorum sensing circuit of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127861. [PMID: 37939761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an increasingly common competitive and biofilm organism in healthcare infection with sophisticated, interlinked and hierarchic quorum systems (Las, Rhl, PQS, and IQS), creates the greatest threats to the medical industry and has rendered prevailing chemotherapy medications ineffective. The rise of multidrug resistance has evolved into a concerning and potentially fatal occurrence for human life. P. aeruginosa biofilm development is assisted by exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA, proteins, macromolecules, cellular signaling and interaction. Quorum sensing is a communication process between cells that involves autonomous inducers and regulators. Quorum-induced infectious agent biofilms and the synthesis of virulence factors have increased disease transmission, medication resistance, infection episodes, hospitalizations and mortality. Hence, quorum sensing may be a potential therapeutical target for bacterial illness, and developing quorum inhibitors as an anti-virulent tool could be a promising treatment strategy for existing antibiotics. Quorum quenching is a prevalent technique for treating infections caused by microbes because it diminishes microbial pathogenesis and increases microbe biofilm sensitivity to antibiotics, making it a potential candidate for drug development. This paper examines P. aeruginosa quorum sensing, the hierarchy of quorum sensing mechanism, quorum sensing inhibition and quorum sensing inhibitory agents as a drug development strategy to supplement traditional antibiotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College, Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | | | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Kalpana S, Lin WY, Wang YC, Fu Y, Wang HY. Alternate Antimicrobial Therapies and Their Companion Tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2490. [PMID: 37568853 PMCID: PMC10417861 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
New antimicrobial approaches are essential to counter antimicrobial resistance. The drug development pipeline is exhausted with the emergence of resistance, resulting in unsuccessful trials. The lack of an effective drug developed from the conventional drug portfolio has mandated the introspection into the list of potentially effective unconventional alternate antimicrobial molecules. Alternate therapies with clinically explicable forms include monoclonal antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, aptamers, and phages. Clinical diagnostics optimize the drug delivery. In the era of diagnostic-based applications, it is logical to draw diagnostic-based treatment for infectious diseases. Selection criteria of alternate therapeutics in infectious diseases include detection, monitoring of response, and resistance mechanism identification. Integrating these diagnostic applications is disruptive to the traditional therapeutic development. The challenges and mitigation methods need to be noted. Applying the goals of clinical pharmacokinetics that include enhancing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of drug therapy, this review analyses the strong correlation of alternate antimicrobial therapeutics in infectious diseases. The relationship between drug concentration and the resulting effect defined by the pharmacodynamic parameters are also analyzed. This review analyzes the perspectives of aligning diagnostic initiatives with the use of alternate therapeutics, with a particular focus on companion diagnostic applications in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kalpana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Ying Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Chiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiwen Fu
- Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA;
| | - Hsin-Yao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Pyranoanthocyanins Interfering with the Quorum Sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168559. [PMID: 34445281 PMCID: PMC8395250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-cell communication system that regulates several bacterial mechanisms, including the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Thus, targeting microbial QS is seen as a plausible alternative strategy to antibiotics, with potentiality to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Many phytochemicals with QS interference activity are currently being explored. Herein, an extract and a compound of bioinspired origin were tested for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and interfere with the expression of QS-related genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract, a carboxypyranoanthocyanins red wine extract (carboxypyrano-ant extract), and the pure compound, carboxypyranocyanidin-3-O-glucoside (carboxypyCy-3-glc), did not cause a visible effect on the biofilm formation of the P. aeruginosa biofilms; however, both significantly affected the formation of biofilms by the S. aureus strains, as attested by the crystal violet assay and fluorescence microscopy. Both the extract and the pure compound significantly interfered with the expression of several QS-related genes in the P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms, as per reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results. Indeed, it was possible to conclude that these molecules interfere with QS at distinct stages and in a strain-specific manner. An extract with anti-QS properties could be advantageous because it is easily obtained and could have broad, antimicrobial therapeutic applications if included in topical formulations.
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Ashwath P, Sannejal AD. A quest to the therapeutic arsenal: Novel strategies to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:79-88. [PMID: 33874870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419084836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of the disease-causing pathogens to antimicrobial drugs is a public health concern and a socio-economic burden. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains has made it harder to treat and combat infectious diseases with available conventional antibiotics. There are currently few effective therapeutic regimens for the successful prevention of infections caused by drug-resistant microbes. The various alternative strategies used in the recent past to decrease and limit antibiotic resistance in pathogens include bacteriophages, vaccines, anti-biofilm peptides, and antimicrobial peptides. However, in this review, we focus on the novel and robust molecular approach of antisense RNA (asRNA) technology and the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based antibiotic therapy, which can be exploited to selectively eradicate the drug-resistant bacterial strain in a sequence-specific fashion establishing opportunities in the treatment of multi-drug resistant related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ashwath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
| | - Akhila Dharnappa Sannejal
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
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8
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Santajit S, Seesuay W, Mahasongkram K, Sookrung N, Pumirat P, Ampawong S, Reamtong O, Chongsa-Nguan M, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Human Single-chain Variable Fragments Neutralize Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing Molecule, 3O-C12-HSL, and Prevent Cells From the HSL-mediated Apoptosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1172. [PMID: 32670218 PMCID: PMC7326786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3O-C12-HSL), contributes to the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by regulating expression of the bacterial virulence factors that cause intense inflammation and toxicity in the infected host. As such, the QS molecule is an attractive therapeutic target for direct-acting inhibitors. Several substances, both synthetic and naturally derived products, have shown effectiveness against detrimental 3O-C12-HSL activity. Unfortunately, these compounds are relatively toxic to mammalian cells, which limits their clinical application. In this study, fully human single-chain variable fragments (HuscFvs) that bind to P. aeruginosa haptenic 3O-C12-HSL were generated based on the principle of antibody polyspecificity and molecular mimicry of antigenic molecules. The HuscFvs neutralized 3O-C12-HSL activity and prevented mammalian cells from the HSL-mediated apoptosis, as observed by Annexin V/PI staining assay, sub-G1 arrest population investigation, transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria, and confocal microscopy for nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation. Computerized homology modeling and intermolecular docking predicted that the effective HuscFvs interacted with several regions of the bacterially derived ligand that possibly conferred neutralizing activity. The effective HuscFvs should be tested further in vitro on P. aeruginosa phenotypes as well as in vivo as a sole or adjunctive therapeutic agent against P. aeruginosa infections, especially in antibiotic-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Tropical Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Chongsa-Nguan
- Faculty of Public Health and Environment, Pathumthani University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Reese H, Bordelon T, Odeh F, Broussard A, Kormos C, Murphy A, Shanahan C, Menegatti S. Purification of animal immunoglobulin G (IgG) using peptoid affinity ligands. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2994. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Reese
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | | | - Fuad Odeh
- LigaTrap LLC Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | | | | | | | - Calvin Shanahan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC)North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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10
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Fleitas Martínez O, Cardoso MH, Ribeiro SM, Franco OL. Recent Advances in Anti-virulence Therapeutic Strategies With a Focus on Dismantling Bacterial Membrane Microdomains, Toxin Neutralization, Quorum-Sensing Interference and Biofilm Inhibition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 31001485 PMCID: PMC6454102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance constitutes one of the major challenges facing humanity in the Twenty-First century. The spread of resistant pathogens has been such that the possibility of returning to a pre-antibiotic era is real. In this scenario, innovative therapeutic strategies must be employed to restrict resistance. Among the innovative proposed strategies, anti-virulence therapy has been envisioned as a promising alternative for effective control of the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. This review presents some of the anti-virulence strategies that are currently being developed, it will cover strategies focused on quench pathogen quorum sensing (QS) systems, disassemble of bacterial functional membrane microdomains (FMMs), disruption of biofilm formation and bacterial toxin neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Fleitas Martínez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Suzana Meira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
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11
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Quorum-Sensing Systems as Targets for Antivirulence Therapy. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:313-328. [PMID: 29132819 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel therapies to control diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens is one of the major challenges we are currently facing. Many important plant, animal, and human pathogens regulate virulence by quorum sensing, bacterial cell-to-cell communication with small signal molecules. Consequently, a significant research effort is being undertaken to identify and use quorum-sensing-interfering agents in order to control diseases caused by these pathogens. In this review, an overview of our current knowledge of quorum-sensing systems of Gram-negative model pathogens is presented as well as the link with virulence of these pathogens, and recent advances and challenges in the development of quorum-sensing-interfering therapies are discussed.
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12
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Prat C, Lacoma A. Bacteria in the respiratory tract-how to treat? Or do not treat? Int J Infect Dis 2017; 51:113-122. [PMID: 27776777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic respiratory tract infections are a common cause of inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. Antimicrobial therapy leads to the development of resistance and the emergence of opportunistic pathogens that substitute the indigenous microbiota. METHODS This review explores the major challenges and lines of research to adequately establish the clinical role of bacteria and the indications for antimicrobial treatment, and reviews novel therapeutic approaches. RESULTS In patients with chronic pulmonary diseases and structural disturbances of the bronchial tree or the lung parenchyma, clinical and radiographic signs and symptoms are almost constantly present, including a basal inflammatory response. Bacterial adaptative changes and differential phenotypes are described, depending on the clinical role and niche occupied. The respiratory tract has areas that are potentially inaccessible to antimicrobials. Novel therapeutic approaches include new ways of administering antimicrobials that may allow intracellular delivery or delivery across biofilms, targeting the functions essential for infection, such as regulatory systems, or the virulence factors required to cause host damage and disease. Alternatives to antibiotics and antimicrobial adjuvants are under development. CONCLUSIONS Prudent treatment, novel targets, and improved drug delivery systems will contribute to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prat
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ctra del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia Lacoma
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ctra del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Kwon SJ, Kim D, Lee I, Kim J, Dordick JS. In vitro gene expression-coupled bacterial cell chip for screening species-specific antimicrobial enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1648-1657. [PMID: 28369698 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting infectious bacterial pathogens is important for reducing the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and preserving the endogenous human microbiome. Cell lytic enzymes including bacteriophage endolysins, bacterial autolysins, and other bacteriolysins are useful antibiotic alternatives due to their exceptional target selectivity, which may be used to lysins rapidly kill target bacteria and their high specificity permit the normal commensal microflora to be left undisturbed. Genetic information of numerous lysins is currently available, but the identification of their antimicrobial function and specificity has been limited because most lysins are often poorly expressed and exhibit low solubilities. Here, we report the development of bacterial cell chip for rapidly accessing the function of diverse genes that are suggestive of encoding lysins. This approach can be used to evaluate rapidly the species-specific antimicrobial activity of diverse lysins synthesized from in vitro transcription and translation (TNT) of plasmid DNA. In addition, new potent lysins can be assessed that are not expressed in hosts and display low solubility. As a result of evaluating the species-specific antimicrobial function of 11 (un)known lysins with an in vitro TNT-coupled bacterial cell chip, a potent recombinant lysin against Staphylococcus strains, SA1, was identified. The SA1 was highly potent against not only S. aureus, but also both lysostaphin-resistant S. simulans and S. epidermidis cells. To this end, the SA1 may be applicable to treat both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and lysostaphin-resistant MRSA mutants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1648-1657. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Domyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Inseon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungbae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York, 12180
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14
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Evolution of Quality Assurance for Clinical Immunohistochemistry in the Era of Precision Medicine – Part 2: Immunohistochemistry Test Performance Characteristics. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:79-85. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Ubah O, Palliyil S. Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:99-117. [PMID: 29549637 PMCID: PMC7120432 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases are always on the rise, especially in poorer countries and in the aging population. The inevitable, but unpredictable emergence of new infectious diseases has become a global threat. HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the more recent H1N1 influenza are only a few of the numerous examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern era. However despite advances in diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, there is need for more specific, efficacious, cost-effective and less toxic treatment and preventive drugs. In this chapter, we discuss a powerful combinatorial technology in association with animal immunisation that is capable of generating biologic drugs with high affinity, efficacy and limited off-site toxicity, and diagnostic tools with great precision. Although time consuming, immunisation still remains the preferred route for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies and antibody-like fragments. Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. The selection of binding fragments from phage display libraries has proven significant for routine isolation of invaluable peptides, antibodies, and antibody-like domains for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the many benefits of combining immunisation with phage display in combating infectious diseases, and how our knowledge of antibody engineering has played a crucial role in fully exploiting these platforms in generating therapeutic and diagnostic biologics towards antigenic targets of infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Ubah
- Scottish Biologics Facility, Elasmogen Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- Scottish Biologics Facility, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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16
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Lorenz A, Pawar V, Häussler S, Weiss S. Insights into host-pathogen interactions from state-of-the-art animal models of respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3941-3959. [PMID: 27730639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute respiratory infections in immunocompetent patients or chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals and in patients with cystic fibrosis. When acquiring the chronic infection state, bacteria are encapsulated within biofilm structures enabling them to withstand diverse environmental assaults, including immune reactions and antimicrobial therapy. Understanding the molecular interactions within the bacteria, as well as with the host or other bacteria, is essential for developing innovative treatment strategies. Such knowledge might be accumulated in vitro. However, it is ultimately necessary to confirm these findings in vivo. In the present Review, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo models that allow studying P. aeruginosa infections in molecular detail. The portrayed mammalian models exclusively focus on respiratory infections. The data obtained by alternative animal models which lack lung tissue, often provide molecular insights that are easily transferable to mammals. Importantly, these surrogate in vivo systems reveal complex molecular interactions of P. aeruginosa with the host. Herein, we also provide a critical assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lorenz
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
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17
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Wagner S, Sommer R, Hinsberger S, Lu C, Hartmann RW, Empting M, Titz A. Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5929-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wagner
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hinsberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cenbin Lu
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Czaplewski L, Bax R, Clokie M, Dawson M, Fairhead H, Fischetti VA, Foster S, Gilmore BF, Hancock REW, Harper D, Henderson IR, Hilpert K, Jones BV, Kadioglu A, Knowles D, Ólafsdóttir S, Payne D, Projan S, Shaunak S, Silverman J, Thomas CM, Trust TJ, Warn P, Rex JH. Alternatives to antibiotics-a pipeline portfolio review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:239-51. [PMID: 26795692 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have saved countless lives and enabled the development of modern medicine over the past 70 years. However, it is clear that the success of antibiotics might only have been temporary and we now expect a long-term and perhaps never-ending challenge to find new therapies to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A broader approach to address bacterial infection is needed. In this Review, we discuss alternatives to antibiotics, which we defined as non-compound approaches (products other than classic antibacterial agents) that target bacteria or any approaches that target the host. The most advanced approaches are antibodies, probiotics, and vaccines in phase 2 and phase 3 trials. This first wave of alternatives to antibiotics will probably best serve as adjunctive or preventive therapies, which suggests that conventional antibiotics are still needed. Funding of more than £1·5 billion is needed over 10 years to test and develop these alternatives to antibiotics. Investment needs to be partnered with translational expertise and targeted to support the validation of these approaches in phase 2 trials, which would be a catalyst for active engagement and investment by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Only a sustained, concerted, and coordinated international effort will provide the solutions needed for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Czaplewski
- Chemical Biology Ventures, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK; Abgentis, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Persica Pharmaceuticals, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
| | | | - Martha Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mike Dawson
- Novacta Biosystems, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK; Cantab Anti-infectives, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Vincent A Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Absynth Biologics, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Harper
- Evolution Biotechnologies, Ampthill, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai Hilpert
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; TiKa Diagnostics, London, UK
| | - Brian V Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, West Sussex, UK
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Knowles
- Absynth Biologics, Liverpool, UK; Procarta Biosystems, Norwich, UK
| | | | - David Payne
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - Sunil Shaunak
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher M Thomas
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Plasgene, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Trevor J Trust
- Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - John H Rex
- AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA; F2G, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Worldwide, infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among children. At least 65% of all infections are caused by the biofilm mode of bacterial growth. Bacteria colonise surfaces and grow as multicellular biofilm communities surrounded by a polymeric matrix as a common survival strategy. These sessile communities endow bacteria with high tolerance to antimicrobial agents and hence cause persistent and chronic bacterial infections, such as dental caries, periodontitis, otitis media, cystic fibrosis and pneumonia. The highly complex nature and the rapid adaptability of the biofilm population impede our understanding of the process of biofilm formation, but an important role for oxygen-binding proteins herein is clear. Much research on this bacterial lifestyle is already performed, from genome/proteome analysis to in vivo antibiotic susceptibility testing, but without significant progress in biofilm treatment or eradication. This review will present the multiple challenges of biofilm research and discuss possibilities to cross these barriers in future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Donné
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Al Qaraghuli MM, Palliyil S, Broadbent G, Cullen DC, Charlton KA, Porter AJ. Defining the complementarities between antibodies and haptens to refine our understanding and aid the prediction of a successful binding interaction. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:99. [PMID: 26498921 PMCID: PMC4619568 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight haptens (<1000 Da) cannot be recognized by the immune system unless conjugated to larger carrier molecules. Antibodies to these exceptionally small antigens can still be generated with exquisite sensitivity. A detailed understanding at the molecular level of this incredible ability of antibodies to recognize haptens, is still limited compared to other antigen classes. METHODS Different hapten targets with a broad range of structural flexibility and polarity were conjugated to carrier proteins, and utilized in sheep immunization. Three antibody libraries were constructed and used as potential pools to isolate specific antibodies to each target. The isolated antibodies were analysed in term of CDR length, canonical structure, and binding site shape and electrostatic potential. RESULTS The simple, chemically naïve structure of squalane (SQA) was recognized with micromolar sensitivity. An increase in structural rigidity of the hydrophobic and cyclic coprostane (COP) did not improve this binding sensitivity beyond the micromolar range, whilst the polar etioporphyrin (POR) was detected with nanomolar sensitivity. Homoserine lactone (HSL) molecules, which combine molecular flexibility and polarity, generated super-sensitive (picomolar) interactions. To better understand this range of antibody-hapten interactions, analyses were extended to examine the binding loop canonical structures and CDR lengths of a series of anti-hapten clones. Analyses of the pre and post- selection (panning of the phage displayed libraries) sequences revealed more conserved sites (123) within the post-selection sequences, when compared to their pre-selection counterparts (28). The strong selection pressure, generated by panning against these haptens resulted in the isolation of antibodies with significant sequence conservation in the FW regions, and suitable binding site cavities, representing only a relatively small subset of the available full repertoire sequence and structural diversity. As part of this process, the important influence of CDR H2 on antigen binding was observed through its direct interaction with individual antigens and indirect impact on the orientation and the pocket shape, when combined with CDRs H3 and L3. The binding pockets also displayed electrostatic surfaces that were complementary to the hydrophobic nature of COP, SQA, and POR, and the negatively charged HSL. CONCLUSIONS The best binding antibodies have shown improved capacity to recognize these haptens by establishing complementary binding pockets in terms of size, shape, and electrostatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Palliyil
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - David C Cullen
- School of Aerospace, Transport, and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Porter
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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21
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Grandclément C, Tannières M, Moréra S, Dessaux Y, Faure D. Quorum quenching: role in nature and applied developments. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:86-116. [PMID: 26432822 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) refers to the capacity of bacteria to monitor their population density and regulate gene expression accordingly: the QS-regulated processes deal with multicellular behaviors (e.g. growth and development of biofilm), horizontal gene transfer and host-microbe (symbiosis and pathogenesis) and microbe-microbe interactions. QS signaling requires the synthesis, exchange and perception of bacterial compounds, called autoinducers or QS signals (e.g. N-acylhomoserine lactones). The disruption of QS signaling, also termed quorum quenching (QQ), encompasses very diverse phenomena and mechanisms which are presented and discussed in this review. First, we surveyed the QS-signal diversity and QS-associated responses for a better understanding of the targets of the QQ phenomena that organisms have naturally evolved and are currently actively investigated in applied perspectives. Next the mechanisms, targets and molecular actors associated with QS interference are presented, with a special emphasis on the description of natural QQ enzymes and chemicals acting as QS inhibitors. Selected QQ paradigms are detailed to exemplify the mechanisms and biological roles of QS inhibition in microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions. Finally, some QQ strategies are presented as promising tools in different fields such as medicine, aquaculture, crop production and anti-biofouling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Grandclément
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA Paris-Sud University, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Tannières
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA Paris-Sud University, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Department of Structural Biology, CNRS CEA Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Yves Dessaux
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA Paris-Sud University, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA Paris-Sud University, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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22
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Wolska KI, Grudniak AM, Rudnicka Z, Markowska K. Genetic control of bacterial biofilms. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:225-38. [PMID: 26294280 PMCID: PMC4830867 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all bacterial species, including pathogens, have the ability to form biofilms. Biofilms are defined as structured ecosystems in which microbes are attached to surfaces and embedded in a matrix composed of polysaccharides, eDNA, and proteins, and their development is a multistep process. Bacterial biofilms constitute a large medical problem due to their extremely high resistance to various types of therapeutics, including conventional antibiotics. Several environmental and genetic signals control every step of biofilm development and dispersal. From among the latter, quorum sensing, cyclic diguanosine-5'-monophosphate, and small RNAs are considered as the main regulators. The present review describes the control role of these three regulators in the life cycles of biofilms built by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Vibrio cholerae. The interconnections between their activities are shown. Compounds and strategies which target the activity of these regulators, mainly quorum sensing inhibitors, and their potential role in therapy are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna I Wolska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Grudniak
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Rudnicka
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Markowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Scutera S, Zucca M, Savoia D. Novel approaches for the design and discovery of quorum-sensing inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:353-66. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.894974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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