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Mycosynthesis of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles-Fungal Metal Resistance and Mechanisms of Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214084. [PMID: 36430561 PMCID: PMC9696665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in our lives with applications in many sectors, including agriculture, biomedicine, and biosensors. Over the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted to find ways to synthesise nanoparticles (NPs) via mediation with fungi or fungal extracts. Mycosynthesis can potentially be an energy-efficient, highly adjustable, environmentally benign alternative to conventional physico-chemical procedures. This review investigates the role of metal toxicity in fungi on cell growth and biochemical levels, and how their strategies of resistance, i.e., metal chelation, biomineral formation, biosorption, bioaccumulation, compartmentalisation, and efflux of metals from cells, contribute to the synthesis of metal-containing NPs used in different applications, e.g., biomedical, antimicrobial, catalytic, biosensing, and precision agriculture. The role of different synthesis conditions, including that of fungal biomolecules serving as nucleation centres or templates for NP synthesis, reducing agents, or capping agents in the synthesis process, is also discussed. The authors believe that future studies need to focus on the mechanism of NP synthesis, as well as on the influence of such conditions as pH, temperature, biomass, the concentration of the precursors, and volume of the fungal extracts on the efficiency of the mycosynthesis of NPs.
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Costa LGD, Brocco VF, Paes JB, Kirker GT, Bishell AB. Biological and chemical remediation of CCA treated eucalypt poles after 30 years in service. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131629. [PMID: 34375193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical remediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated Corymbia citriodora poles, removed from service after 30 years. The presence of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) was quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Twelve species of decay fungi were used for the biological remediation assay. For chemical remediation oxalic, citric, maleic and ethylenediamine tetraacetic (EDTA) acids were used for 24 and 48 h. In biological remediation, copper-tolerant brown-rot fungi, Wolfiporia cocos, Antrodia xantha and Fibroporia radiculosa, performed the best results, with the highest removals for As (59-85 %) and Cr (38-61 %). Cu was the most easily extracted, with removals above 60 % among the tested fungi, with the best results (90-98 %) for F. radiculosa, Coniophora puteana, Antrodia vaillantii and Postia placenta. In chemical remediation, the extraction time of 48 h was the most effective, and oxalic acid generally reached the highest removals. The EDTA + oxalic acid combination reached the highest value for Cu extraction (98 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Gonçalves da Costa
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Governador Lindemberg, 316, 29550-000, Jerônimo Monteiro, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Fassina Brocco
- Center for Higher Studies of Itacoatiara, Amazonas State University (CESIT/UEA), Avenida Mário Andreazza, São Francisco, 69100-000, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Juarez Benigno Paes
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Governador Lindemberg, 316, 29550-000, Jerônimo Monteiro, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Grant T Kirker
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726-2398, USA.
| | - Amy B Bishell
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726-2398, USA.
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Heeger F, Bourne EC, Wurzbacher C, Funke E, Lipzen A, He G, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Schlosser D, Monaghan MT. Evidence for Lignocellulose-Decomposing Enzymes in the Genome and Transcriptome of the Aquatic Hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100854. [PMID: 34682274 PMCID: PMC8537685 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ecologically outstanding decomposers of lignocellulose. Fungal lignocellulose degradation is prominent in saprotrophic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota of the subkingdom Dikarya. Despite ascomycetes dominating the Dikarya inventory of aquatic environments, genome and transcriptome data relating to enzymes involved in lignocellulose decay remain limited to terrestrial representatives of these phyla. We sequenced the genome of an exclusively aquatic ascomycete (the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica), documented the presence of genes for the modification of lignocellulose and its constituents, and compared differential gene expression between C. aquatica cultivated on lignocellulosic and sugar-rich substrates. We identified potential peroxidases, laccases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, several of which were differentially expressed when experimentally grown on different substrates. Additionally, we found indications for the regulation of pathways for cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. Our results suggest that C. aquatica is able to modify lignin to some extent, detoxify aromatic lignin constituents, or both. Such characteristics would be expected to facilitate the use of carbohydrate components of lignocellulose as carbon and energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Heeger
- Department Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.B.); (E.F.); (M.T.M.)
- Department Materials and Environment, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth C. Bourne
- Department Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.B.); (E.F.); (M.T.M.)
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Wurzbacher
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Funke
- Department Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.B.); (E.F.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.L.); (G.H.); (V.N.); (I.V.G.)
| | - Guifen He
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.L.); (G.H.); (V.N.); (I.V.G.)
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.L.); (G.H.); (V.N.); (I.V.G.)
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.L.); (G.H.); (V.N.); (I.V.G.)
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dietmar Schlosser
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Department Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.B.); (E.F.); (M.T.M.)
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN. Fungal-Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 33803838 PMCID: PMC8003315 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
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Ohno KM, Bishell AB, Stanosz GR. Gene Expression Analysis of Three Putative Copper-Transporting ATPases in Copper-Tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586940. [PMID: 33343526 PMCID: PMC7746681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper tolerance of brown-rot basidiomycete decay fungi can lessen the efficacy of copper-containing wood preservatives for wood products in-service. The purpose of this study was to evaluate wood mass loss and differential expression of three genes that have putative annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps (FIBRA_00974, FIBRA_04716, and FIBRA_01430). Untreated southern pine (SP) and SP treated with three concentrations of ammoniacal copper citrate (CC, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4%) were exposed to two copper-tolerant Fibroporia radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) and copper-sensitive Gloeophyllum trabeum isolate (MAD 617) in a 4-week-long standard decay test (AWPA E10-19). Decay of copper-treated wood was inhibited by G. trabeum (p = 0.001); however, there was no inhibition of decay with increasing copper concentrations by both F. radiculosa isolates. Initially, G. trabeum and one F. radiculosa isolate (L-9414-SP) highly upregulated FIBRA_00974 and FIBRA_04716 on copper-treated wood at week 1 (p = 0.005), but subsequent expression was either not detected or was similar to expression on untreated wood (p = 0.471). The other F. radiculosa isolate (FP-90848-T) downregulated FIBRA_00974 (p = 0.301) and FIBRA_04716 (p = 0.004) on copper-treated wood. FIBRA_01430 expression by G. trabeum was not detected, but was upregulated by both F. radiculosa FP-90848-T (p = 0.481) and L-9414-SP (p = 0.392). Results from this study suggest that all three test fungi utilized different mechanisms when decaying copper-treated wood. Additionally, results from this study do not provide support for the involvement of these putative gene annotations for copper-transporting ATPase pumps in the mechanism of copper-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Ohno
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy B Bishell
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Glen R Stanosz
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Brischke C, Alfredsen G. Wood-water relationships and their role for wood susceptibility to fungal decay. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3781-3795. [PMID: 32144473 PMCID: PMC8326242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wood in service is sequestering carbon, but it is principally prone to deterioration where different fungi metabolize wood, and carbon dioxide is released back to the atmosphere. A key prerequisite for fungal degradation of wood is the presence of moisture. Conversely, keeping wood dry is the most effective way to protect wood from wood degradation and for long-term binding of carbon. Wood is porous and hygroscopic; it can take up water in liquid and gaseous form, and water is released from wood through evaporation following a given water vapour pressure gradient. During the last decades, the perception of wood-water relationships changed significantly and so did the view on moisture-affected properties of wood. Among the latter is its susceptibility to fungal decay. This paper reviews findings related to wood-water relationships and their role for fungal wood decomposition. These are complex interrelationships not yet fully understood, and current knowledge gaps are therefore identified. Studies with chemically and thermally modified wood are included as examples of fungal wood substrates with altered moisture properties. Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water - especially in the over-hygroscopic range - is considered crucial for determining minimum moisture thresholds (MMThr) of wood-decay fungi. The limitations of the various methods and experimental set-ups to investigate wood-water relationships and their role for fungal decay are manifold. Hence, combining techniques from wood science, mycology, biotechnology and advanced analytics is expected to provide new insights and eventually a breakthrough in understanding the intricate balance between fungal decay and wood-water relations. KEY POINTS: • Susceptibility to wood-decay fungi is closely linked to their physiological needs. • Content, state and distribution of moisture in wood are keys for fungal activity. • Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water in wood is needed. • New methodological approaches are expected to provide new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brischke
- Department of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 4, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Gry Alfredsen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Wood Technology, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Pantano D, Neubauer N, Navratilova J, Scifo L, Civardi C, Stone V, von der Kammer F, Müller P, Sobrido MS, Angeletti B, Rose J, Wohlleben W. Transformations of Nanoenabled Copper Formulations Govern Release, Antifungal Effectiveness, and Sustainability throughout the Wood Protection Lifecycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1128-1138. [PMID: 29373787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we compare the standard European benchmark of wood treatment by molecularly dissolved copper amine (Cu-amine), also referred to as aqueous copper amine (ACA), against two nanoenabled formulations: copper(II)oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in an acrylic paint to concentrate Cu as a barrier on the wood surface, and a suspension of micronized basic copper carbonate (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) for wood pressure treatment. After characterizing the properties of the (nano)materials and their formulations, we assessed their effects in vitro against three fungal species: Coniophora puteana, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Trametes versicolor, finding them to be mediated only partially by ionic transformation. To assess the use phase, we quantify both release rate and form. Cu leaching rates for the two types of impregnated wood (conventional and nanoenabled) are not significantly different at 172 ± 6 mg/m2, with Cu being released predominantly in ionic form. Various simulations of outdoor aging with release sampling by runoff, during condensation, by different levels of mechanical shear, all resulted in comparable form and rate of release from the nanoenabled or the molecular impregnated woods. Because of dissolving transformations, the nanoenabled impregnation does not introduce additional concern over and above that associated with the traditional impregnation. In contrast, Cu released from wood coated with the CuO acrylate contained particles, but the rate was at least 100-fold lower. In the same ranking, the effectiveness to protect against the wood-decaying basidiomycete Coniophora puteana was significant with both impregnation technologies but remained insignificant for untreated wood and wood coated by the acrylic CuO. Accordingly, a lifecycle-based sustainability analysis indicates that the CuO acrylic coating is less sustainable than the technological alternatives, and should not be developed into a commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pantano
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Neubauer
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jana Navratilova
- Deepartment of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorette Scifo
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Chiara Civardi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- ETH, Institute for Building Materials , 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Deepartment of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Müller
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Marcos Sanles Sobrido
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Bernard Angeletti
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jerome Rose
- CNRS-IRD-Collège de France - INRA, CEREGE Marseille University , 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Material Physics, RAA/OR and RAA/OS, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Mali T, Kuuskeri J, Shah F, Lundell TK. Interactions affect hyphal growth and enzyme profiles in combinations of coniferous wood-decaying fungi of Agaricomycetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185171. [PMID: 28953947 PMCID: PMC5617175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fomitopsis pinicola is a species of Polyporales frequently encountered in Nordic temperate and boreal forests. In nature, the fungus causes destructive brown rot in wood, colonizing tree trunks often occupied by other Basidiomycota species. We mimicked these species-species interactions by introducing F. pinicola to five white rot species, all common saprotrophs of Norway spruce. Hyphal interactions and mycelial growth in various combinations were recorded, while activities of lignocellulose-acting CAZymes and oxidoreductases were followed in co-cultures on two different carbon-source media. Of the species, Phlebia radiata and Trichaptum abietinum were the strongest producers of lignin-modifying oxidoreductases (laccase, manganese peroxidase) when evaluated alone, as well as in co-cultures, on the two different growth media (low-nitrogen liquid medium containing ground coniferous wood, and malt extract broth). F. pinicola was an outstanding producer of oxalic acid (up to 61 mM), whereas presence of P. radiata prevented acidification of the growth environment in the liquid malt-extract cultures. When enzyme profiles of the species combinations were clustered, time-dependent changes were observed on wood-supplemented medium during the eight weeks of growth. End-point acidity and production of mycelium, oxalic acid and oxidoreductase activities, in turn clustered the fungal combinations into three distinct functional groups, determined by the presence of F. pinicola and P. radiata, by principal component analysis. Our findings indicate that combinations of wood-decay fungi have dramatic dynamic effects on the production of lignocellulose-active enzymes, which may lead to divergent degradative processes of dead wood and forest litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Mali
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Firoz Shah
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Kristina Lundell
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Grąz M, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A, Janusz G, Mazur A, Wielbo J, Koper P, Żebracki K, Kubik-Komar A. Transcriptome-based analysis of the saprophytic fungus Abortiporus biennis – response to oxalic acid. Microbiol Res 2017; 199:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Presley GN, Zhang J, Schilling JS. A genomics-informed study of oxalate and cellulase regulation by brown rot wood-degrading fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 112:64-70. [PMID: 27543342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Wood-degrading fungi that selectively remove carbohydrates (brown rot) combine Fenton-based oxidation and enzymatic hydrolysis to degrade wood. These two steps are incompatible in close proximity. To explain this, brown rot fungi may stagger oxidative reactions ahead of hydrolysis, but the scale and environmental controls for such a mechanism have not been resolved in solid wood. Here, we focused on one reaction control parameter, oxalate. In coordination with Fe3+-reducing compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone), oxalate can either promote Fenton chemistry by mobilizing Fe3+ as mono-oxalates (facilitative) or inhibit Fenton chemistry (protective) by restricting reducibility and the formation of Fenton's reagent as Fe3+/Fe2-(oxalate)2,3. Here, we sectioned wood wafers colonized directionally by Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum to map end-to-end the expression of oxalate synthesis genes and to overlay enzyme activities, metabolites, and wood modifications. Near advancing hyphal fronts, oxaloacetase expression was up upregulated for both fungi, while regulation patterns of paralogous of isocitrate lyases and glyoxylate dehydrogenases varied, suggesting different physiological roles. Oxalate decarboxylase (ODC) expression in G. trabeum was induced in more decayed wood behind the hyphal front, but was constitutively expressed in all P. placenta sections. Relative ODC activities increased and oxalate levels stabilized in more decayed wood behind the hyphal front. Endoglucanase (EG) activity, on the other hand, peaked for both fungi in later decay stages. These oxalate optimization patterns are in line with previous whole-block 'spiking' experiments tracking oxalate, but we provide here information on its genetic controls across a spatial gradient. As a complement, we also demonstrate in vitro the plausibility of a protective role for oxalate, to emphasize that these fungi might be optimizing oxalate at a given level to maximize Fenton reactions but to minimize oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald N Presley
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - Jonathan S Schilling
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
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Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Felice AKG, Breslmayr E, Preims M, Ludwicka K, Haltrich D, Eijsink VGH, Ludwig R. Extracellular electron transfer systems fuel cellulose oxidative degradation. Science 2016; 352:1098-101. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Civardi C, Schubert M, Fey A, Wick P, Schwarze FWMR. Micronized Copper Wood Preservatives: Efficacy of Ion, Nano, and Bulk Copper against the Brown Rot Fungus Rhodonia placenta. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142578. [PMID: 26554706 PMCID: PMC4640524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently introduced micronized copper (MC) formulations, consisting of a nanosized fraction of basic copper (Cu) carbonate (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) nanoparticles (NPs), were introduced to the market for wood protection. Cu NPs may presumably be more effective against wood-destroying fungi than bulk or ionic Cu compounds. In particular, Cu- tolerant wood-destroying fungi may not recognize NPs, which may penetrate into fungal cell walls and membranes and exert their impact. The objective of this study was to assess if MC wood preservative formulations have a superior efficacy against Cu-tolerant wood-destroying fungi due to nano effects than conventional Cu biocides. After screening a range of wood-destroying fungi for their resistance to Cu, we investigated fungal growth of the Cu-tolerant fungus Rhodonia placenta in solid and liquid media and on wood treated with MC azole (MCA). In liquid cultures we evaluated the fungal response to ion, nano and bulk Cu distinguishing the ionic and particle effects by means of the Cu2+ chelator ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) and measuring fungal biomass, oxalic acid production and laccase activity of R. placenta. Our results do not support the presence of particular nano effects of MCA against R. placenta that would account for an increased antifungal efficacy, but provide evidence that attribute the main effectiveness of MCA to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Civardi
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Dübendorf, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- ETH, Institute for Building Materials, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Dübendorf, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Fey
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Dübendorf, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa, Particles- Biology Interactions, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Civardi C, Schwarze FWMR, Wick P. Micronized copper wood preservatives: an efficiency and potential health risk assessment for copper-based nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:126-132. [PMID: 25705855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential biocide for wood protection, but fails to protect wood against Cu-tolerant wood-destroying fungi. Recently Cu particles (size range: 1 nm-25 μm) were introduced to the wood preservation market. The new generation of preservatives with Cu-based nanoparticles (Cu-based NPs) is reputedly more efficient against wood-destroying fungi than conventional formulations. Therefore, it has the potential to become one of the largest end uses for wood products worldwide. However, during decomposition of treated wood Cu-based NPs and/or their derivate may accumulate in the mycelium of Cu-tolerant fungi and end up in their spores that are dispersed into the environment. Inhaled Cu-loaded spores can cause harm and could become a potential risk for human health. We collected evidence and discuss the implications of the release of Cu-based NPs by wood-destroying fungi and highlight the exposure pathways and subsequent magnitude of health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Civardi
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Wood Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Wood Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Materials-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Llanos A, François JM, Parrou JL. Tracking the best reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalization in filamentous fungi. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 25757610 PMCID: PMC4342825 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical step in the RT-qPCR workflow for studying gene expression is data normalization, one of the strategies being the use of reference genes. This study aimed to identify and validate a selection of reference genes for relative quantification in Talaromyces versatilis, a relevant industrial filamentous fungus. Beyond T. versatilis, this study also aimed to propose reference genes that are applicable more widely for RT-qPCR data normalization in filamentous fungi. RESULTS A selection of stable, potential reference genes was carried out in silico from RNA-seq based transcriptomic data obtained from T. versatilis. A dozen functionally unrelated candidate genes were analysed by RT-qPCR assays over more than 30 relevant culture conditions. By using geNorm, we showed that most of these candidate genes had stable transcript levels in most of the conditions, from growth environments to conidial germination. The overall robustness of these genes was explored further by showing that any combination of 3 of them led to minimal normalization bias. To extend the relevance of the study beyond T. versatilis, we challenged their stability together with sixteen other classically used genes such as β-tubulin or actin, in a representative sample of about 100 RNA-seq datasets. These datasets were obtained from 18 phylogenetically distant filamentous fungi exposed to prevalent experimental conditions. Although this wide analysis demonstrated that each of the chosen genes exhibited sporadic up- or down-regulation, their hierarchical clustering allowed the identification of a promising group of 6 genes, which presented weak expression changes and no tendency to up- or down-regulation over the whole set of conditions. This group included ubcB, sac7, fis1 and sarA genes, as well as TFC1 and UBC6 that were previously validated for their use in S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS We propose a set of 6 genes that can be used as reference genes in RT-qPCR data normalization in any field of fungal biology. However, we recommend that the uniform transcription of these genes is tested by systematic experimental validation and to use the geometric averaging of at least 3 of the best ones. This will minimize the bias in normalization and will support trustworthy biological conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Llanos
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France. .,Cinabio-Adisseo France S.A.S., 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean Marie François
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Parrou
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
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Oxalate production by fungi: significance in geomycology, biodeterioration and bioremediation. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mäkelä MR, Sietiö OM, de Vries RP, Timonen S, Hildén K. Oxalate-metabolising genes of the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens are differentially induced on wood and at high proton concentration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87959. [PMID: 24505339 PMCID: PMC3914892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalic acid is a prevalent fungal metabolite with versatile roles in growth and nutrition, including degradation of plant biomass. However, the toxicity of oxalic acid makes regulation of its intra- and extracellular concentration crucial. To increase the knowledge of fungal oxalate metabolism, a transcriptional level study on oxalate-catabolising genes was performed with an effective lignin-degrading white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens, which has demonstrated particular abilities in production and degradation of oxalic acid. The expression of oxalic-acid decomposing oxalate decarboxylase (ODC) and formic-acid decomposing formate dehydrogenase (FDH) encoding genes was followed during the growth of D. squalens on its natural spruce wood substrate. The effect of high proton concentration on the regulation of the oxalate-catabolising genes was determined after addition of organic acid (oxalic acid) and inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid) to the liquid cultures of D. squalens. In order to evaluate the co-expression of oxalate-catabolising and manganese peroxidase (MnP) encoding genes, the expression of one MnP encoding gene, mnp1, of D. squalens was also surveyed in the solid state and liquid cultures. Sequential action of ODC and FDH encoding genes was detected in the studied cultivations. The odc1, fdh2 and fdh3 genes of D. squalens showed constitutive expression, whereas ODC2 and FHD1 most likely are the main responsible enzymes for detoxification of high concentrations of oxalic and formic acids. The results also confirmed the central role of ODC1 when D. squalens grows on coniferous wood. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that fungal ODCs have evolved from at least two gene copies whereas FDHs have a single ancestral gene. As a conclusion, the multiplicity of oxalate-catabolising genes and their differential regulation on wood and in acid-amended cultures of D. squalens point to divergent physiological roles for the corresponding enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sari Timonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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