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Yi L, Qi T, Li X, Zeng K. Controlling soft rot of green pepper by bacteriocin paracin wx3 and its effect on storage quality of green pepper. Food Chem 2024; 447:138962. [PMID: 38518614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
A bacteriocin paracin wx3 was investigated as a candidate of natural preservative to control green pepper soft rot. Firstly, paracin wx3 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris X33 with an improved yield of 0.537 g/L. Its size and amino acid sequence were confirmed by Tricine-SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. Then, result of antibacterial activity showed that its MIC value against Pectobacterium carotovorum was 16 μg/mL. In vitro, paracin wx3 completely killed the pathogen at high concentrations ≥8 × MIC. In vivo, disease incidence of green pepper soft rot was decreased from 90% (control) to <2% (8 × MIC). Subsequently, results of action mode showed that paracin wx3 inhibited the growth of pathogen by pore-formation on cell membrane. Last, paracin wx3 treatment reduced losses of weight, firmness, total soluble solid, Vc of green pepper during storage. It also inhibited the production of soft rot volatile p-xylene, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 3-hydroxybutan-2-one-D, 2-pentyl furan, butanal, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Teng Qi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Tianyou Dairy Co.,Ltd., Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China.
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Mainello-Land AM, Bibi S, Gugino B, Bull CT. Multilocus sequence and phenotypic analysis of Pectobacterium and Dickeya type strains for identification of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae from symptomatic potato stems and tubers in Pennsylvania. Syst Appl Microbiol 2024; 47:126476. [PMID: 38113702 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of potato blackleg and soft rot caused by Pectobacterium species and more recently Dickeya species across the U.S. mid-Atlantic region have caused yield loss due to poor emergence as well as losses from stem and tuber rot. To develop management strategies for soft rot diseases, we must first identify which members of the soft rot Pectobacteriaceae are present in regional potato plantings. However, the rapidly expanding number of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae species and the lack of readily available comparative data for type strains of Pectobacterium and Dickeya hinder quick identification. This manuscript provides a comparative analysis of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae and a comprehensive comparison of type strains from this group using rep-PCR, MLSA and 16S sequence analysis, as well as phenotypic and physiological analyses using Biolog GEN III plates. These data were used to identify isolates cultured from symptomatic potato stems collected between 2016 and 2018. The isolates were characterized for phenotypic traits and by sequence analysis to identify the bacteria from potatoes with blackleg and soft rot symptoms in Pennsylvania potato fields. In this survey, P. actinidiae, P. brasiliense, P. polonicum, P. polaris, P. punjabense, P. parmentieri, and P. versatile were identified from Pennsylvania for the first time. Importantly, the presence of P. actinidiae in Pennsylvania represents the first report of this organism in the U.S. As expected, P. carotorvorum and D. dianthicola were also isolated. In addition to a resource for future work studying the Dickeya and Pectobacterium associated with potato blackleg and soft rot, we provide recommendations for future surveys to monitor for quarantine or emerging soft rot Pectobacteriace regionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Mainello-Land
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shaheen Bibi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Beth Gugino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Carolee T Bull
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Yadav D, Gaurav H, Yadav R, Waris R, Afzal K, Chandra Shukla A. A comprehensive review on soft rot disease management in ginger ( Zingiber officinale) for enhancing its pharmaceutical and industrial values. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18337. [PMID: 37539157 PMCID: PMC10395546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingiber officinale L. Roscoe is a significant herb that possesses many medicinal and ethnomedicinal properties. Due to the presence of various bioactive compounds, it has immense healing capacity. However, ginger as a crop is susceptible to several fungal pathogens. Among all the fungal pathogens, Pythium and Fusarium spp. are of most concern, causing soft rot (rhizome rot) disease, majorly responsible for the downfall in its production by 50-90%. Pesticides and fungicides spray is generally recommended for the control of soft rot. Ample use of chemicals not only affects the quality of the crop but also disturbs ecological integrity. Therefore, biological methods of disease management involving suitable microbial agents such as Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces spp. and plant extracts are attracting and gaining importance as a part of integrated approaches (IPM) to manage the soft rot and sustainably enhance the production and improve the medicinal and pharmaceutical values of ginger. The present review is aimed to discuss various means of controlling soft rot disease by physical, chemical, biological, and nanotechnology-based methods. Moreover, various bioactive constituents of ginger and their pharmaceutical importance have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshu Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Harshita Gaurav
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Ramanand Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Raza Waris
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
- Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Kareena Afzal
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
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Garcia-Estrada RS, Rivera-Salas MM, Marquez I, Osuna-Garcia LA, Felix-Arellano V, Castro-Alvarado L, Cruz-Lachica I. First Report of Cucurbita Blossom Blight and Fruit Rot Caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum in Mexico. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37311232 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0748-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In December 2022, blossom blight, abortion, and soft rot of fruits were observed on Cucurbita pepo L. var. Zucchini in Mexico under greenhouse conditions (temperatures of 10 to 32°C and relative humidity up to 90%). The disease incidence in about 50 plants analyzed was around 70% with a severity of nearly 90%. Mycelial growth on flower petals and fruit rot with brown sporangiophores was observed. Ten disinfested fruit tissues in 1% NaClO for 5 min and then rinsed twice in distilled water from the lesion edges were placed on potato dextrose agar culture medium (PDA) supplemented with acid lactic and then, the morphological characterization was carried out in V8 agar medium. After 48 h of growth at 27°C, the colonies were pale yellow with diffuse cottony mycelia that were non-septate and hyaline and produced both sporangiophores bearing sporangiola and sporangia. The sporangiola were brown, ranged from ellipsoid to ovoid, and had longitudinal striations that measured 22.7 to 40.5 (29.8) μm x 16.08 to 21.9 (14.5) μm long and wide, respectively (n=100). The sporangia were subglobose, had a diameter of 127.2 to 281.09 (201.7) μm (n=50), and contained ovoid sporangiospores that measured 26.5 to 63.1 (46.7) μm x 20.07 to 34.7 (26.3) μm long and wide, respectively (n=100) which had hyaline appendages at the ends. Based on these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Choanephora cucurbitarum (Ji-Hyun et al. 2016). For molecular identification, DNA fragments for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit rRNA 28S (LSU) regions for two representative strains (CCCFMx01 and CCCFMx02) were amplified and sequenced with the primer pairs ITS1-ITS4 and NL1-LR3 (White et al. 1990; Vilgalys and Hester 1990). The ITS and LSU sequences were deposited in GenBank database (Accession numbers OQ269823-24 and OQ269827-28, respectively) for both strains. The Blast alignment showed from 99.84 to 100% identity with Choanephora cucurbitarum strains JPC1 (MH041502, MH041504), CCUB1293 (MN897836), PLR2 (OL790293), and CBS 178.76 (JN206235, MT523842). To confirm the specie identification, the evolutionary analyses were conducted from the concatenated sequences of the ITS and LSU of C. cucurbitarum and other mucoralean species with the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model included in the software MEGA11. The pathogenicity test was demonstrated using five surface-sterilized zucchini fruits inoculated with a sporangiospores suspension containing a concentration of 1 x 105 esp/mL on two sites per fruit (20 µL each) that previously were wounded with a sterile needle. For fruit control, 20 µL of sterile water was used. Three days after inoculation under humidity conditions at 27°C, white mycelia and sporangiola growth with a soaked lesion were observed. That fruit damage was not observed on the control fruits. C.cucurbitarum was reisolated from lesions on PDA and V8 medium which was confirmed by morphological characterization fulfilling Koch's postulates. Blossom blight, abortion, and soft rot of fruits caused by C. cucurbitarum were observed on Cucurbita pepo and C. moschata in Slovenia and Sri Lanka (Žerjav and Schroers 2019; Emmanuel et al. 2021). This pathogen has the capability to infect a wide variety of plants worldwide (Kumar et al. 2022; Ryu et al. 2022). There are no reports of C. cucurbitarum causing agricultural losses in Mexico, and this is the first report causing the disease symptoms in Cucurbita pepo in this country; however, this fungus was found in the soil of papaya-producing areas and it is considered an important plant pathogenic fungus. Therefore, strategies for their control are highly recommended to avoid spreading the disease (Cruz-Lachica et al. 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Saul Garcia-Estrada
- Research Center for Food and Development, Plant Pathology, km 5.5 carretera a Eldorado, Culiacan, SINALOA, Mexico, 80110;
| | | | - Isidro Marquez
- CIAD, Horticulture, Carr El Dorado km 5.5, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80110;
| | | | - Valeria Felix-Arellano
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Biotecnología Genómica, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | | | - Isabel Cruz-Lachica
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentación y Desarrollo AC, Horticulture, Campo El Diez km 5.5, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80110
- Mexico;
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Li W, Long Y, Yin X, Wang W, Zhang R, Mo F, Zhang Z, Chen T, Chen J, Wang B, Chen X. Antifungal activity and mechanism of tetramycin against Alternaria alternata, the soft rot causing fungi in kiwifruit. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 192:105409. [PMID: 37105636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit rot caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata occurs in many countries, leading to considerable losses during kiwifruit production. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mechanism of tetramycin against kiwifruit soft rot caused by Alternaria alternata. Tetramycin exerted antifungal effects through the suppression of mycelial growth, conidial germination, and the pathogenicity of A. alternata. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that tetramycin destroyed the mycelial structure, causing the mycelia to twist, shrink, and even break. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed that tetramycin caused severe plasmolysis and a decrease in cell inclusions, and the cell wall appeared thinner with blurred boundaries. In addition, tetramycin destroyed cell membrane integrity, resulting in the leakage of cellular components such as nucleic acids and proteins in mycelial suspensions. Moreover, tetramycin also caused cell wall lysis by enhancing the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase and inducing the overexpression of related chitinase gene (Chit) and β-1,3-glucanase gene (β-1,3-glu) in A. alternata. In field trials, tetramycin not only decreased the incidence of kiwifruit rot but also create a beneficial living space for kiwifruit growth. Overall, this study indicated that the application of tetramycin could serve as an alternative measure for the management of kiwifruit rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Teaching Experiment Farm, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xianhui Yin
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rongquan Zhang
- Management Committee of Eastern Agricultural Industrial Park of Shuicheng County, Liupanshui 553000, China
| | - Feixu Mo
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bingce Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuetang Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Zhang X, Ma X, Fan X, Ge T, Leiby RE, Swingle B, Johnson SB, Larkin R, Chim BK, Hao J. First Report of Pectobacterium brasiliense Causing Bacterial Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato in Pennsylvania. Plant Dis 2023; 107:2512. [PMID: 36774584 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2085-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants showing blackleg and soft rot symptoms were collected at a commercial vegetable farm near Newmanstown, PA in August 2021 (Fig. S1). The incidence of potato blackleg in the unirrigated field was about 5 to 8%, but approximately 30% in the irrigated field. The diseased stems were cut into 5 cm and surface disinfected. The stem segments were placed into a 50-mL tube containing 15 mL of sterile water for 15 min for bacterial release. The bacterial suspension was streaked on crystal violet polypectate (CVP) (Hélias et al. 2012) plates and incubated at 28°C for 48 h. Three single colonies produced pits on CVP were picked and purified. Genomic DNA of all three isolates were extracted using the FastDNA Spin Kit (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using all three extracted DNAs as a template with the primer pairs gapA 7F/938R (Cigna et al. 2017), recA F/R (Waleron et al. 2001), dnaA F/R (Schneider et al. 2011) and dnaX F/R (Sławiak et al. 2009) targeting the gapA, recA, dnaA and dnaX genes, respectively. Isolate 21PA01 was further studied as a representative isolate. PCR amplicons derived from both forward and reverse primers were sequenced and analyzed using the BLAST algorithm against the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The regions of gapA (GenBank accession No. ON989738), recA (ON989739), dnaA (OP121183), and dnaX (OP121184) had 99.86%, 100%, 98.88%, and 100% identities with Pectobacterium brasiliense strains S1.16.01.3M (MN167062.1), BL-2 (MW721598.1), IPO:4132 (CP059956.1), and BL-2 (MW721603.1), respectively. A phylogenetic maximum-likelihood tree of the concatenated genes with the length of 2551 bp was constructed to visualize the relationship among different species of Dickeya and Pectobacterium. As a result, 21PA01 was in a single monophyletic cluster with other Pectobacterium brasiliense reference strains (Fig. S2 C). To confirm the pathogen, Koch's postulates were performed. Seed pieces of potato 'Lamoka' were planted in potting mix in one-gallon plastic pots in a greenhouse. Three weeks after emergence, the stems of three plants were each injected with 10 µL of bacteria suspension of either 21PA01 at 107 CFU/mL, P. parmentieri ME175 in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 107 CFU/mL or TSB at 2 cm above the soil line. Seven days after inoculation, stems inoculated with 21PA01 and ME175 showed black and rotten symptoms, whereas the TSB-injected control plants remained symptomless. In addition, 'Lamoka' tubers were inoculated by placing 10 µL 21PA01 and ME175 suspensions at 107 CFU/mL, and TSB in a 1-cm-deep hole poked in a tuber separately and then sealed with petroleum gel, followed by incubation in a moist chamber at 22 °C for 4 d. The 21PA01 and ME175 inoculated tubers showed soft rot symptoms, but the TSB treatment had no symptoms. Bacterial colonies were isolated from the infected stems and confirmed by the DNA sequences as described above. PCR result was negative on control plant samples. Both stem and tuber inoculation trials were repeated two times, and the results were consistent. Thus, 21PA01 was identified as Pectobacterium brasiliense. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. brasiliense infecting potatoes in Pennsylvania, USA, although it has been reported somewhere else (van der Merwe et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2018). This could be a new species in Northeastern US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Zhang
- University of Maine System, 6251, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Orono, Maine, United States
- Orono, United States;
| | - Xing Ma
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 304 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York, United States, 14853;
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- University of Maine System, 6251, Orono, Maine, United States;
| | - Tongling Ge
- University of Maine, School of Food and Agriculture, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Room 296, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States, 04469
- United States;
| | - Robert E Leiby
- Co-Operative Potato Growers, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Bryan Swingle
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology, Ithaca, United States;
| | - Steven B Johnson
- University of Maine, Cooperative Extension, PO BOX 727, 57 Houlton ROad, Presque Isle, Maine, United States, 04769-0727;
| | - Robert Larkin
- USDA-ARS NEPSWL, 57687, NE Plant Soil Water Lab, University of Maine, Portage Rd, Orono, Maine, United States, 04469;
| | - Bee Khim Chim
- University of Maine at Presque Isle, 14700, Presque Isle, Maine, United States;
| | - Jianjun Hao
- University of Maine, Plant, Soil & Environmental Sciences, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Room 174, Orono, Maine, United States, 04473
- University of Maine;
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Wu YM, Wang LH, Chu CC. First report of Dickeya dadantii causing bacterial soft rot of Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum in Taiwan. Plant Dis 2022; 107:552. [PMID: 35771110 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0924-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Philodendrons are important foliage ornamentals planted worldwide (Chen et al. 2010). In November 2021, soft rot symptoms were observed on Philodendron selloum (now known as Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum; Sakuragui et al. 2018) grown in a nursery in Taichung, Taiwan. On symptomatic plants, the petioles were macerated; leaf lesions were also found on some plants (Figure S1). About 60% of the plants on site were symptomatic; these plants tended to cluster together. Four plants were sampled. Infected tissues were soaked and cut into pieces in 10 mM MgCl2 (using scalpels); undiluted samples were streak-plated onto nutrient agar (NA) and grown for 24 h at 28°C. Translucent, creamy-white colonies were isolated from all of the tissues examined, and 4 isolates, PHIL1 to PHIL4, were obtained (each from a different plant). All isolates exhibited typical phenotypes of bacteria belonging to Dickeya; they could cause maceration symptoms on potato slices, ferment glucose and produce phosphatase (Schaad et al. 2001); they could also produce indigoidine on NGM medium (NA added with glycerol and MnCl2; Lee and Yu. 2006). Polymerase chain reactions using Dickeya-specific primers 5A and 5B (Chao et al. 2006) amplified the expected amplicon in all 4 isolates. The 16S rDNA of PHIL1 to PHIL4 were amplified using primer pair 27f/1492r (Lane 1991) and the amplicons were sequenced; all 4 isolates shared the same 1,395-bp sequence (accession nos. ON203122, ON479664-ON479666). Among the strains belonging to known species (in GenBank), PHIL1 to PHIL4 shared the highest sequence identity (99.93%) with D. dadantii 3937; they also shared 98.78% sequence identity with D. dadantii CFBP 1269T. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) targeting fragments of PHIL1 to PHIL4's dnaA (720 bp), dnaJ (672 bp), dnaX (450 bp), gyrB (822 bp), and recN (762 bp) genes (Marrero et al. 2013) were conducted. The five-gene concatenated sequences (3,426 bp) of the 4 isolates (accession nos. ON227444-ON227448, ON494509-ON494523) were identical. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis including these sequences and those of type strains of other known Dickeya species revealed that PHIL1 to PHIL4 clustered with strains belonging to D. dadantii (Figure S2). Koch's postulates were fulfilled with an inoculation test conducted on T. bipinnatifidum (17 cm in aboveground height; 7-months-old). Stab inoculation using sterile toothpicks was conducted on petioles. Three plants were tested for each isolate and 2 petioles were inoculated for each plant; all 4 isolates were included in the assay. The pathogen loads inoculated were quantified by the spread plate method and were 3.22 - 4.81 x 107 colony forming units. Three plants were stabbed with bacteria-free toothpicks, serving as controls. All plants were bagged post inoculation and kept in a growth chamber (28°C; 14 h light). After 72 h, all of the inoculated petioles exhibited symptoms resembling those observed in the nursery. Bacteria were re-isolated from the symptomatic tissues (one isolate from each treatment), and all of their five-gene concatenated sequences were the same as those of PHIL1 to PHIL4. This is the first formal report of the occurrence of D. dadantii infecting T. bipinnatifidum in Taiwan. Studies have shown that D. dadantii could affect other Araceae plants in Taiwan (Lee and Chen 2021). Since different Araceae ornamentals are often planted together in gardens and nurseries, growers should be aware of potential transmission of D. dadantii among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Wu
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Hsuan Wang
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Ching Chu
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Chung Hsing University, 34916, Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, Taichung, Taiwan;
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Hassan O, Kim KM, Chang T. First Report of Rhizopus oryzae Causing Rhizome Soft Rot of Ovate-leaf Atractylodes in South Korea. Plant Dis 2022; 107:226. [PMID: 35678623 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0905-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ovate-leaf Atractylodes (Atractylodes ovata) (OLA) is cultivated across South Korea to fulfil domestic need as a herbal medicine. In June 2021, the rhizomes with soft rot were observed in a commercial farmer field in Mungyeong, South Korea with 25% disease incidence. Initially, watery, black and soft lesion were observed on the rhizomes. Later, abundant aerial white mycelia covered the entire rhizome resulting in rot and death. Affected rhizomes were washed thoroughly using tap water, surface sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl and rinsed with sterile distilled water. Small pieces (2 to 5 mm2) of inner diseased tissues were cut, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated on at 25°C in the dark. Twelve morphologically similar pure fungal isolates were obtained by hyphal tipping twice on fresh PDA. Rhizoid, sporangiophores, sporangium, and sporangiospores were observed. Rhizoid and sporangiophores were nonseptate. Sporangia were globose while columella were globose or subglobose. Sporangiospores were numerous, varied in shape and size, subglobose, or oval, and measured 9.8 ± 1.5 (6.1 to 13.5) × 7.8 ± 1.1 (5.7 to 10.1) μm (n = 50). Morphological characteristics of the isolates were analogous to Rhizopus oryzae (Kwon et al. 2012, 2015). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene were analyzed for molecular identification. The primer pairs ITS1F/ITS4 and MEF10/MEF4 were used to amplify ITS and EF-1α respectively (Abe et al. 2007) and sequenced (Macrogen, Inc., Seoul, Korea). The obtained sequences were lodged with accession numbers LC705530 to LC705537. The ITS and EF-1α sequences were ≥ 99.5 % and ≥ 98.5% homologous with Rhizopus oryzae (strain CBS 381.52), respectively. In the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on combined ITS and EF-1α sequences, the isolates formed a distinct clade with R. oryzae references isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy rhizomes with isolate R4. A conidial suspension (1× 106 conidia/mL) was sprayed on the surface of fifteen surface-sterilized rhizomes while fifteen rhizomes received sterile distilled water as controls. Treated rhizomes were placed in a plastic box containing wet paper tissues and incubated at 25°C in the12/12 day/light cycle. The typical rhizomes rot symptoms as seen in the field were observed on all inoculated rhizomes after 21 days of inoculation. The noninoculated rhizomes had no obvious symptoms. The causal fungus (3 isolates) was reisolated from inoculated rhizomes and identified as R. oryzae based on morphology and EF-1α sequence. This experiment was replicated twice. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of R. oryzae infection on OLA rhizomes in South Korea. Rhizopus oryzae contained a complex of heterothallic closely related species and has been reported to cause 'Rhizopus rot' on various plants including apple, banana, mulberry, sweet potato, and tomato (Gnanesh et al. 2020; Khokhar et al. 2019; Kwon et al. 2012, 2015; Wang et al. 2017). Rhizome soft rot poses significant threat to OLA cultivation, sustainable management practices need to be adapted to control rhizome soft rot of ovate-leaf atractylodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Kyungpook National University, 34986, Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 2559 Gyungsangdae-ro, Sangju, Gyungsangbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of), 37224;
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Kyungpook National University, 34986, School of Applied BioSciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-Gu, Daegu, Daegu, Korea (the Republic of), 41566;
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Sangju, Gyungsangbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of);
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Chandrashekar BS, PrasannaKumar MK, Parivallal PB, Pramesh D, Banakar SN, Patil SS, Mahesh HB. Host range and virulence diversity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense strain RDKLR infecting radish in India, and development of a LAMP-based diagnostics. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4400-4412. [PMID: 35353430 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This work aimed at determining the pathogenicity, molecular characterization, host range and rapid detection of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb) causing soft rot disease in radish. METHOD AND RESULTS The four isolated isolates were inoculated to radish, typical soft rot symptoms were observed and Koch's postulates were proved. The most virulent strain RDKLR was morphologically and biochemically distinct. Pcb showed a positive potato soft rot test and elicited hypersensitivity response on Nicotiana tobaccum. The genes Pel2 and pmrA were used for sub-species characterization of Pcb. It has a wide host range and infection was observed on slices of carrot, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, chili, knol-khol, bell pepper and cucumber. Infectivity was also seen in seedlings under glasshouse conditions. Pcb produced cell wall degrading enzymes in semi-quantification assay and is a strong biofilm producer. The LAMP technique was standardized to help rapid detection and take prophylactic measures to manage the disease. CONCLUSION This work reports Pcb as a new soft rot causing organism of radish in India. Pcb is highly virulent with a broad host range. The LAMP technique helps in rapid detection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Pcb-induced soft rot causes significant yield loss, decreased market value, damage in transit, storage, and the market. Disease characterisation and early identification aid in disease management and prevention in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Chandrashekar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - M K PrasannaKumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P Buela Parivallal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - D Pramesh
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India
| | - Sahana N Banakar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Swathi S Patil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - H B Mahesh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya, India
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Padilla-Gálvez N, Luengo-Uribe P, Mancilla S, Maurin A, Torres C, Ruiz P, France A, Acuña I, Urrutia H. Antagonistic activity of endophytic actinobacteria from native potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum L.) against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:335. [PMID: 34876006 PMCID: PMC8650274 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The native potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum L.) grown in Chile (Chiloé) represent a new, unexplored source of endophytes to find potential biological control agents for the prevention of bacterial diseases, like blackleg and soft rot, in potato crops. RESULT The objective of this study was the selection of endophytic actinobacteria from native potatoes for antagonistic activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and their potential to suppress tissue maceration symptoms in potato tubers. This potential was determined through the quorum quenching activity using a Chromobacterium violaceaum ATCC 12472 Wild type (WT) bioassay and its colonization behavior of the potato plant root system (S. tuberosum) by means of the Double labeling of oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (DOPE-FISH) targeting technique. The results showed that although Streptomyces sp. TP199 and Streptomyces sp. A2R31 were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogens, only the Streptomyces sp. TP199 isolate inhibited Pectobacterium sp. growth and diminished tissue maceration in tubers (p ≤ 0.05). Streptomyces sp. TP199 had metal-dependent acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) quorum quenching activity in vitro and was able to colonize the root endosphere 10 days after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that native potatoes from southern Chile possess endophyte actinobacteria that are potential agents for the disease management of soft rot and blackleg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Padilla-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paola Luengo-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sandra Mancilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue. Ruta 5 Norte Km 8-, Osorno, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Amandine Maurin
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Torres
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción Talcahuano # 7100, 4300866, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Andrés France
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Quilamapu, Región de Ñuble, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ivette Acuña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue. Ruta 5 Norte Km 8-, Osorno, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Homero Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box: 160 C, Concepción, Chile.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Singh AA, Singh AK, Nerurkar A. Disrupting the quorum sensing mediated virulence in soft rot causing Pectobacterium carotovorum by marine sponge associated Bacillus sp. OA10. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:5. [PMID: 33392779 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Strains of genus Pectobacterium are major cause of soft rot diseases in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Traditional control methods have not been very successful in combating the pathogenesis. As a result there has been an emerging need for developing an alternative ecofriendly and economical strategy. The pathogenesis of Pectobacterium sp. is mediated by quorum sensing (QS) and approaches based on inhibition of QS system to shut down the virulence genes without affecting growth of the pathogen may serve the purpose. Bacillus sp. OA10 associated with purple sponge Haliclona sp. was found to possess extracellular quorum quenching activity. The OA10 extract inhibited QS dependent virulence of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum BR1 (PccBR1) at low concentrations (0.2 mg) as evident from 77.56 ± 6.17% reduction in potato maceration with complete inhibition by 0.8 mg. Inhibition of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) and carbapenem production by PccBR1 in presence of OA10 extract indicated disruption of the two QS pathways ExpI/ExpR and CarI/CarR in PccBR1. Bacillus sp. OA10 was not found to degrade acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), instead exhibited QSI activity by probably inhibiting AHL synthesis in PccBR1. Absence of enzymatic principle in quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) is beneficial as enzymes may get inhibited by various factors during their application. OA10 extract did not affect growth of PccBR1, thereby reducing the chance of developing resistance against the QSI. Thus, Bacillus sp. OA10 can prove to be a good prospective candidate for QSI based novel biocontrol formulations.
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Motyka-Pomagruk A, Zoledowska S, Misztak AE, Sledz W, Mengoni A, Lojkowska E. Comparative genomics and pangenome-oriented studies reveal high homogeneity of the agronomically relevant enterobacterial plant pathogen Dickeya solani. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:449. [PMID: 32600255 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dickeya solani is an important plant pathogenic bacterium causing severe losses in European potato production. This species draws a lot of attention due to its remarkable virulence, great devastating potential and easier spread in contrast to other Dickeya spp. In view of a high need for extensive studies on economically important soft rot Pectobacteriaceae, we performed a comparative genomics analysis on D. solani strains to search for genetic foundations that would explain the differences in the observed virulence levels within the D. solani population. Results High quality assemblies of 8 de novo sequenced D. solani genomes have been obtained. Whole-sequence comparison, ANIb, ANIm, Tetra and pangenome-oriented analyses performed on these genomes and the sequences of 14 additional strains revealed an exceptionally high level of homogeneity among the studied genetic material of D. solani strains. With the use of 22 genomes, the pangenome of D. solani, comprising 84.7% core, 7.2% accessory and 8.1% unique genes, has been almost completely determined, suggesting the presence of a nearly closed pangenome structure. Attribution of the genes included in the D. solani pangenome fractions to functional COG categories showed that higher percentages of accessory and unique pangenome parts in contrast to the core section are encountered in phage/mobile elements- and transcription- associated groups with the genome of RNS 05.1.2A strain having the most significant impact. Also, the first D. solani large-scale genome-wide phylogeny computed on concatenated core gene alignments is herein reported. Conclusions The almost closed status of D. solani pangenome achieved in this work points to the fact that the unique gene pool of this species should no longer expand. Such a feature is characteristic of taxa whose representatives either occupy isolated ecological niches or lack efficient mechanisms for gene exchange and recombination, which seems rational concerning a strictly pathogenic species with clonal population structure. Finally, no obvious correlations between the geographical origin of D. solani strains and their phylogeny were found, which might reflect the specificity of the international seed potato market.
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Ivanov AV, Safenkova IV, Drenova NV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Development of lateral flow assay combined with recombinase polymerase amplification for highly sensitive detection of Dickeya solani. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101622. [PMID: 32569728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dickeya solani, one of the most significant bacterial pathogens, infects potato plants, resulting in severe economic damage. In this study, a lateral flow assay (LFA) combined with isothermal DNA amplification was developed for rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnosis of the potato blackleg disease caused by D. solani. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was chosen for this purpose. Five primer pairs specific to different regions of the D. solani genome were designed and screened. A primer pair providing correct recognition of the target sequence was aligned with the SOL-C region specific to D. solani and flanked by fluorescein (forward primer) and biotin (reverse primer). Lateral flow test strips were constructed to detect DNA amplicons. The RPA-LFA demonstrated a detection limit equal to 14,000 D. solani colony-forming units per gram of potato tuber. This assay provided sensitivity corresponding to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but was implemented at a fixed temperature (39 °C) over 30 min. No unspecific reactions with Pectobacterium, Clavibacter, and other Dickeya species were observed. Detection of latent infection of D. solani in the potato tubers by the developed RPA-LFA was verified by PCR. The obtained results confirmed that RPA-LFA has great potential for highly sensitive detection of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Ivanov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Natalia V Drenova
- All-Russian Plant Quarantine Centre, Pogranichnaya Street, 32, Bykovo-2, Moscow Region, 140150, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Brischke C, Alfredsen G. Wood-water relationships and their role for wood susceptibility to fungal decay. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3781-3795. [PMID: 32144473 PMCID: PMC8326242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wood in service is sequestering carbon, but it is principally prone to deterioration where different fungi metabolize wood, and carbon dioxide is released back to the atmosphere. A key prerequisite for fungal degradation of wood is the presence of moisture. Conversely, keeping wood dry is the most effective way to protect wood from wood degradation and for long-term binding of carbon. Wood is porous and hygroscopic; it can take up water in liquid and gaseous form, and water is released from wood through evaporation following a given water vapour pressure gradient. During the last decades, the perception of wood-water relationships changed significantly and so did the view on moisture-affected properties of wood. Among the latter is its susceptibility to fungal decay. This paper reviews findings related to wood-water relationships and their role for fungal wood decomposition. These are complex interrelationships not yet fully understood, and current knowledge gaps are therefore identified. Studies with chemically and thermally modified wood are included as examples of fungal wood substrates with altered moisture properties. Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water - especially in the over-hygroscopic range - is considered crucial for determining minimum moisture thresholds (MMThr) of wood-decay fungi. The limitations of the various methods and experimental set-ups to investigate wood-water relationships and their role for fungal decay are manifold. Hence, combining techniques from wood science, mycology, biotechnology and advanced analytics is expected to provide new insights and eventually a breakthrough in understanding the intricate balance between fungal decay and wood-water relations. KEY POINTS: • Susceptibility to wood-decay fungi is closely linked to their physiological needs. • Content, state and distribution of moisture in wood are keys for fungal activity. • Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water in wood is needed. • New methodological approaches are expected to provide new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brischke
- Department of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 4, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Gry Alfredsen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Wood Technology, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Faye P, Bertrand C, Pédron J, Barny MA. Draft genomes of " Pectobacterium peruviense" strains isolated from fresh water in France. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 30344890 PMCID: PMC6186074 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Pectobacterium are responsible for soft rot disease on a wide range of cultivated crops. The "Pectobacterium peruviense" specie, recently proposed inside the Pectobacterium genus, gathers strains isolated from potato tubers cultivated in Peru at high altitude. Here we report the draft genome sequence of two strains belonging to "P. peruviense" isolated from river water in France indicating that the geographic distribution of this specie is likely to be larger than previously anticipated. We compared these genomes with the one published from the "P. peruviense" specie type strain isolated in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Faye
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRA, 4 place Jussieu, F-75 252 Paris, France
| | - Claire Bertrand
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRA, 4 place Jussieu, F-75 252 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Pédron
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRA, 4 place Jussieu, F-75 252 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Barny
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRA, 4 place Jussieu, F-75 252 Paris, France
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Azaiez S, Ben Slimene I, Karkouch I, Essid R, Jallouli S, Djebali N, Elkahoui S, Limam F, Tabbene O. Biological control of the soft rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain Ar10 producing glycolipid-like compounds. Microbiol Res 2018; 217:23-33. [PMID: 30384906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four hundred and fifty bacteria were evaluated for antagonistic activity against bacterial soft rot of potato caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum sp strain II16. A strain Ar10 exhibiting potent antagonist activity has been identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the basis of biochemical and molecular characterization. Cell free supernatant showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against human and phytopathogenic bacteria in the range of 10-60 AU/mL. Incubation of P. carotovorum cells with increasing concentrations of the antibacterial compound showed a killing rate of 94.8 and 96% at MIC and 2xMIC respectively. In addition, the antibacterial agent did not exert haemolytic activity at the active concentration and has been preliminary characterized by TLC and GC-MS as a glycolipid compound. Treatment of potato tubers with strain Ar10 for 72 h significantly reduced the severity of disease symptoms (100 and 85.05% reduction of necrosis deep / area and weight loss respectively). The same levels in disease symptoms severity was also recorded following treatment of potato tubers with cell free supernatant for 1 h. Data suggest that protection against potato soft rot disease may be related to glycolipid production by strain Ar10. The present study affords new alternatives for anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum bioactive compounds against the soft rot disease of potato.
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Morales-Irigoyen EE, de Las Mercedes Gómez-Y-Gómez Y, Flores-Moreno JL, Franco-Hernández MO. A bionanohybrid ZnAl-NADS ecological pesticide as a treatment for soft rot disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:21430-21439. [PMID: 28921162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum (Pc) is a phytopathogenic strain that causes soft rot disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), resulting in postharvest losses. Chemical control is effective for managing this disease, but overdoses cause adverse effects. Because farmers insist on using chemical agents for crop protection, it is necessary to develop more effective pesticides in which the active compound released can be regulated. In this context, we proposed the synthesis of ZnAl-NADS, in which nalidixic acid sodium salt (NADS) is linked to a ZnAl-NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) host as a nanocarrier. XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses confirmed the successful intercalation of NADS into the interplanar LDH space. The drug release profile indicated that the maximum release was completed in 70 or 170 min for free NADS (alone) or for NADS released from ZnAl-NADS, respectively. This slow release was attributed to strong electrostatic interactions between the drug and the anion exchanger. A modulated release is preferable to the action of the bulk NADS, showing increased effectiveness and minimizing the amount of the chemical available to pollute the soil and the water. The fitting data from modified Freundlich and parabolic diffusion models explain the release behavior of the NADS, suggesting that the drug released from ZnAl-NADS bionanohybrid was carried out from the interlamellar sites, according to the ion exchange diffusion process also involving intraparticle diffusion (coeffect). ZnAl-NADS was tested in vitro against Escherichia coli (Ec) and Pc and exhibited bacteriostatic and biocidal effects at 0.025 and 0.075 mg mL-1, respectively. ZnAl-NADS was also tested in vivo as an ecological pesticide for combating potato soft rot and was found to delay typical disease symptoms. In conclusion, ZnAl-NADS can potentially be used to control pests, infestation, and plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Elizabeth Morales-Irigoyen
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI-IPN), Avenida Acueducto S/N. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yolanda de Las Mercedes Gómez-Y-Gómez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI-IPN), Avenida Acueducto S/N. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Luis Flores-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco (UAM-A), Avenida San Pablo No. 180. Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina Olivia Franco-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI-IPN), Avenida Acueducto S/N. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, México.
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Rusch M, Spielmeyer A, Zorn H, Hamscher G. Biotransformation of ciprofloxacin by Xylaria longipes: structure elucidation and residual antibacterial activity of metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8573-8584. [PMID: 30030566 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The impressive ability of the fungus Xylaria longipes to transform the highly persistent fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin into microbiologically less active degradation products was demonstrated. Fluoroquinolones are used extensively in both human and veterinary medicine. Poor metabolization and high chemical stability of these synthetic antibiotics led to their presence in several environmental compartments. This undesirable behavior may promote the spread of resistance mechanisms due to concomitant exposure to bacteria. Therefore, the biotransformation of ciprofloxacin, one of the most prescribed fluoroquinolones in human medicine, by the ascomycetous soft rot fungus X. longipes was investigated in detail. Submerged cultivation of the fungus allowed for high-yield formation of four biotransformation products. These compounds were subsequently purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Applying accurate mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, desethylene-ciprofloxacin, desethylene-N-acetyl-ciprofloxacin, N-formyl-ciprofloxacin and N-acetyl-ciprofloxacin were unambiguously identified. N-acetylation and N-formylation of the drug led to a 75-88% reduction of the initial antibacterial activity, whereas a breakdown of the piperazine substituent resulted in almost inactive products. These findings suggest an important role in the inactivation and degradation of this and other synthetic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rusch
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Niemi O, Laine P, Koskinen P, Pasanen M, Pennanen V, Harjunpää H, Nykyri J, Holm L, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Palva ET, Pirhonen M. Genome sequence of the model plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum SCC1. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:87. [PMID: 29276572 PMCID: PMC5738896 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Pectobacterium are economically important plant pathogens that cause soft rot disease on a wide variety of plant species. Here, we report the genome sequence of Pectobacterium carotovorum strain SCC1, a Finnish soft rot model strain isolated from a diseased potato tuber in the early 1980's. The genome of strain SCC1 consists of one circular chromosome of 4,974,798 bp and one circular plasmid of 5524 bp. In total 4451 genes were predicted, of which 4349 are protein coding and 102 are RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Niemi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Koskinen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Pasanen
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pennanen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Harjunpää
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Nykyri
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Holm
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. Tapio Palva
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Khayi S, Blin P, Chong TM, Chan KG, Faure D. Complete genome anatomy of the emerging potato pathogen Dickeya solani type strain IPO 2222 T. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:87. [PMID: 27942352 PMCID: PMC5127095 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of the genus Dickeya provoke soft rot and blackleg diseases on a wide range of plants and crops. Dickeya solani has been identified as the causative agent of diseases outbreaks on potato culture in Europe for the last decade. Here, we report the complete genome of the D. solani IPO 2222T. Using PacBio and Illumina technologies, a unique circular chromosome of 4,919,833 bp was assembled. The G + C content reaches 56% and the genomic sequence contains 4,059 predicted proteins. The ANI values calculated for D. solani IPO 2222T vs. other available D. solani genomes was over 99.9% indicating a high genetic homogeneity within D. solani species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Khayi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Pauline Blin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Teik Min Chong
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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21
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Hosseinzadeh S, Shams-Bakhsh M, Sadeghizadeh M. Attenuation and quantitation of virulence gene expression in quorum-quenched Dickeya chrysanthemi. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:51-61. [PMID: 27496158 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs)-dependent quorum sensing (QS) system(s) is recruited by the soft rot bacterium Dickeya chrysanthemi for coordinating its social activities such as secretion of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, while the main signal molecule and quantity dependence of virulence to QS in this bacterium have not been clarified. To do this end, the involvement of AHLs in African violet leaves and potato tuber maceration; swarming motility; pectate lyase and polygalacturonase enzymes production and in planta expression of virulence genes including pelE, pehX and pemA by electroporating two quorum-quenching vectors. The expression of two types of AHL-lactonase expressing vector caused dramatic decrease in swarming motility, production of pectinolytic enzymes and macerating of plant tissues. The maximum ability of quenching of QS in repression of D. chrysanthemi virulence was assessed quantitatively by q-RT-PCR, as expression of pelE, pehX and pemA genes were decreased 90.5-92.18 % in quenched cells. We also showed that virulence and pathogenicity of this bacterium was under the control of DHL-dependent QS system and that the existence of second DHL operating system is probable for this bacterium. Thus, this signal molecule would be the key point for future research to design DHL-specific lactonase enzymes using bioinformatics methods.
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Kang JE, Han JW, Jeon BJ, Kim BS. Efficacies of quorum sensing inhibitors, piericidin A and glucopiericidin A, produced by Streptomyces xanthocidicus KPP01532 for the control of potato soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. Microbiol Res 2015; 184:32-41. [PMID: 26856451 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To discover potential inhibitors of the quorum sensing (QS) system, a library of microbial culture extracts was screened with Chromobacterium violaceumCV026 strain. The culture extract of Streptomyces xanthocidicus KPP01532 contained quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) of the CV026 strain. The active constituents of the culture extract of strain KPP01532 were purified using a series of chromatographic procedures, and based on data from NMR and mass spectroscopy, piericidin A and glucopiericidin A were identified. Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) is a plant pathogen that causes blackleg and soft rot diseases on potato stems and tubers. The virulence factors of Eca are regulated by QS. The expression of virulence genes (pelC, pehA, celV and nip) under the control of QS was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The transcription levels of the four genes were significantly lower when Eca was exposed to piericidin A or glucopiericidin A. These two compounds displayed similar control efficacies against soft rot caused by Eca in potato slices as furanone C-30. Therefore, piericidin A and glucopiericidin A are potential QSIs that suppress the expression of the virulence genes of Eca, suggesting that they could have potential use as control agents of soft rot disease on potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kang
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Jeon
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Pharmacology, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Meziani S, Oomah BD, Zaidi F, Simon-Levert A, Bertrand C, Zaidi-Yahiaoui R. Antibacterial activity of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) extracts against phytopathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Microb Pathog 2014; 78:95-102. [PMID: 25489722 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetone and ethanol extracts of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) leaf and pods were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory ability against the pectinolytic Gram negative Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pca, CFBP-5384) bacteria, the causal agent of potato soft rot. Potato (Solanum tuberosum, var nicola) tuber rot tissues obtained after 5 day bacterial inoculation was analyzed by LC-MS and GC-MS to study Pca pathogenicity. Trans/cis N-feruloylputrescine was identified in potato tuber after 5-day inoculation with Pca in a dark moist chamber. Although glycoalkoloid (α-chaconine and α-solanine) production increased due to Pca soft rot infection, it was not a resistance-determining factor. Many secondary metabolites were identified including the phytoalexins solavetivone and fatty acids responsible for plant defence responses. Acetone extract of carob leaf (FCA) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 1.5 mg/ml) and displayed synergistic antimicrobial effect in the presence of infected potato tuber extract (Pdt-Pca extract) against Pca. This synergy could be used in an integrated control program against potato soft rot pathogens, thereby reducing chemical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïda Meziani
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, A. Mira University, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; Laboratory of Chemistry of Biomolecules and Environment (LCBE), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - B Dave Oomah
- Formerly with the National Bioproducts and Bioprocesses Program, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Farid Zaidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, A. Mira University, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | | | - Cédric Bertrand
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Biomolecules and Environment (LCBE), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Rachida Zaidi-Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, A. Mira University, Bejaia 06000, Algeria.
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Lipsky A, Cohen A, Ion A, Yedidia I. Genetic transformation of Ornithogalum via particle bombardment and generation of Pectobacterium carotovorum-resistant plants. Plant Sci 2014; 228:150-158. [PMID: 25438795 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is one of the most devastating diseases of Ornithogalum species. No effective control measures are currently available to use against this pathogen; thus, introduction of resistant genes via genetic transformation into this crop is a promising approach. Tachyplesin I, an antimicrobial peptide, has been shown to effectively control numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Pcc. In this study, liquid-grown cell clusters of Ornithogalum dubium and Ornithogalum thyrsoides were bombarded with a pCAMBIA2301 vector containing a celI leader sequence fused to a gene encoding tachyplesin I, a neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene that served as a selectable marker and a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene that served as a reporter. Selection was carried out in the dark in liquid medium containing 80mg/L kanamycin. Regeneration was executed in the light after 6-14 months depending on the cultivar. Hundreds of transgenic plantlets were produced and their identity was confirmed through GUS activity assays. PCR and RT-PCR were used to confirm the presence of the target, reporter and selection genes in the divergent lines of plantlets. The resistance of the O. dubium plants to Pcc was evaluated in vitro, following infection with a highly virulent isolate from calla lily. Although control plantlets were completely macerated within a week, 87 putative transgenic subclones displayed varying levels of disease resistance. During three growing seasons in the greenhouse, the transgenic O. dubium lines grew poorly, whereas the transgenic O. thyrsoides plants grew similarly to non-transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lipsky
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Avner Cohen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Aurel Ion
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Derech Hamacabim 20, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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25
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Kwon JH, Ryu JS, Chi TTP, Shen SS, Choi O. Soft Rot of Rhizopus oryzae as a Postharvest Pathogen of Banana Fruit in Korea. Mycobiology 2012; 40:214-216. [PMID: 23115518 PMCID: PMC3483402 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2012.40.3.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot on banana fruit caused by Rhizopus oryzae was identified for the first time in Korea. Colonies were white to light brown and formed numerous sporangiospores. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30℃. Sporangia were globose and 30~200 µm. Sporangiophores were usually straight, 8~20 µm, and rhizoids usually in groups of 3~5. Columella were globose to sub-globose and 90~110 µm. Sporangiospores were sub-globose or oval and 4~10 µm. Based on its mycological characteristics, molecular analysis, and pathogenicity to host plants, this fungus was identified as Rhizopus oryzae Went & Prisen Geerligs. This is the first report of soft rot on banana caused by Rhizopus oryzae in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeuk Kwon
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju 660-360, Korea
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Kwon JH, Kim J, Kim WI. First Report of Rhizopus oryzae as a Postharvest Pathogen of Apple in Korea. Mycobiology 2011; 39:140-2. [PMID: 22783094 PMCID: PMC3385096 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2011.39.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot in apple caused by Rhizopus oryzae was found for the first time in Korea. A detailed description of the specimen is given along with its internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence. The fungus was identified as Rhizopus oryzae based on the mycological characteristics, molecular data, and pathogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeuk Kwon
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju 660-360, Korea
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Abstract
A soft rot of fruits caused by Mucor racemosus occurred on cherry tomato collected in Agricultural Products Wholesale Market in Jinju, Korea. The disease infection usually occurred wounded areas after cracking of fruits. At first, the lesions started with water soaked and rapidly softened and diseased lesion gradually expanded. Colonies were white to brownish to gray in color. Sporangia were 32~54 µm in size and globose in shape. Sporangiophores were 8~14 µm in width. Sporangiospores were 5~12 × 4~8 µm in size, ellipsoidal to subglobose in shape. Columella was 27~42 µm in size, obovoid, ellipsoidal, cylindrical-ellipsoidal, slightly pyriform in shape. Chlamydospores were numerous in sporangiophores and barrelshaped when young, subglobose in old cultures. Optimum growth temperature was about 25℃. The fungus was identified as M. racemosus Fres. This is the first report of soft rot on cherry tomato caused by M. racemosus in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeuk Kwon
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju 660-360, Korea
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Abstract
In April 2002 and 2003, soft rot on fruit of eggplant (Solanum melongena) caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum was observed in the experimental fields at Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Korea. The disease began with water-soaking and dark-green lesions, and then the infected tissues were rapidly rotten. Sporangium was subglobose in shape and sized 40~130 µm. Monosporous sporangiola were elliptic, fusiform or ovoid, brown in color, and measured as 12~20 × 6~14 µm. Sporangiospores having three or more appendages were elliptic, fusiform or ovoid in shape, dark brown or brown in color, and sized 14~20 × 7~16 µm. The fungus grew well on potato dextrose agar between 15 and 40℃ and its optimum growth temperature was 30℃. Based on morphological characteristics, the causal fungus of the fruit soft rot of eggplant was identified as C. cucurbitarum. This is the first report on the soft rot of S. melongena caused by C. cucurbitarum in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeuk Kwon
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju 660-360, Korea
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