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Kato K, Serata M, Nakamura M, Ando M, Suzuki T, Okumura T. Cell wall polysaccharide enhances Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota growth in milk and contributes to acid and bile tolerance. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 422:110811. [PMID: 39018886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
LCPS-1, a cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS), is bound to the cell wall of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly known as Lactobacillus casei) strain Shirota (LcS). Generally, the role of CWPS in the viability and survivability of bacteria is yet to be fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role of LCPS-1 in the viability and survivability of LcS. A mutant strain completely lacking LCPS-1 was constructed and evaluated for growth in bovine and soy milk and susceptibility to acid and bile. The growth of the mutant in bovine and soy milk temporarily stalled after the late logarithmic phase while wild-type LcS continued growing, resulting in a significantly lower number of viable cells for the mutant strain (p < 0.01). Significantly higher cell death relative to that of the wild-type strain was observed for the mutant strain following acid treatment at pH 3.0 (p < 0.01), with 60 and 92 % survival, respectively. The absence of LCPS-1 also reduced the survival rate of LcS cells from 3.3 to 0.8 % following 0.2 % bile treatment. The survival rate of the mutant after consecutive treatment with acid and bile was 19 %, while 73 % of the wild-type LcS survived. These results indicate that LCPS-1 leads to higher LcS growth in milk and improves tolerance to acid and bile. This study reveals the contribution of probiotic bacterial CWPS to acidic and gastrointestinal stress tolerance. Based on these findings, characterizing and modifying CWPS in probiotic strains could enhance manufacturing yields and improve gastrointestinal stress tolerance after consumption by hosts, ultimately advancing the development of more effective probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan.
| | - Masaki Serata
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakamura
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Minoru Ando
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Takekazu Okumura
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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2
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Cui Y, Wang D, Zhang L, Qu X. Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of biofilm formation in probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39244761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2400593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) must undergo three key stages of testing, including food processing, storage, and gastrointestinal tract environment, their beneficial effects could exert. The biofilm formation of probiotic LAB is helpful for improving their stress resistances, survival rates, and colonization abilities under adverse environmental conditions, laying an important foundation for their probiotic effects. In this review, the formation process, the composition and function of basic components of probiotic LAB biofilm have been summarized. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanism of probiotic LAB biofilm formation. In addition, the characteristics and related mechanisms of probiotics in biofilm state have been analyzed to guide the application of probiotic LAB biofilms in the field of health and food. The biofilm formation of LAB is an extremely complex process involving multiple regulatory factors. Besides quorum sensing (QS), other regulatory factors are not yet fully understood. The probiotic LAB in biofilm state exhibit superior survival rate, adhesion performance, and immunomodulation ability, attribute to various metabolic processes, including stress response, exopolysaccharide (EPS) metabolism, amino acid and protein metabolisms, etc. The understanding about regulatory mechanism of biofilm formation of different probiotic species and strains will accelerate the development and application of probiotics products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Dong Y, Ronholm J, Fliss I, Karboune S. Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Potential Sourdough and Bread Applications: Enzyme Expression and Exopolysaccharide Production. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10270-y. [PMID: 38733464 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Twenty-eight strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were characterized for the ability to express enzymes of interest (including protease, xylanase, α-amylase, laccase, and glucose oxidase) as well as the ability to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS). The screening of enzyme capability for all LAB strains proceeded in a progressive 3-stage manner that helps to profile the efficiency of LAB strains in expressing chosen enzymes (Stage 1), highlights the strains with affinity for flour as the substrate (Stage 2), and discerns strains that can adapt well in a simulated starter environment (Stage 3). The theoretical ability of LAB to express these enzymes was also assessed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis to identify the underlying genes in the whole genome sequence. By consolidating both experimental data and information obtained from BLAST, three LAB strains were deemed optimal in expressing enzymes, namely, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (RBL 52), Lb. rhamnosus (RBL 102), and Lb. plantarum (ATCC 10241). Meanwhile, EPS-producing capabilities were observed for 10 out of 28 LAB strains, among which, Lactococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis (RBL 37) had the highest total EPS yield (274.15 mg polysaccharide/L culture) and produced 46.2% polysaccharide with a molecular mass of more than 100 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiNing Dong
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Leser T, Baker A. Molecular Mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG ® Probiotic Function. Microorganisms 2024; 12:794. [PMID: 38674738 PMCID: PMC11051730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To advance probiotic research, a comprehensive understanding of bacterial interactions with human physiology at the molecular and cellular levels is fundamental. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG® is a bacterial strain that has long been recognized for its beneficial effects on human health. Probiotic effector molecules derived from LGG®, including secreted proteins, surface-anchored proteins, polysaccharides, and lipoteichoic acids, which interact with host physiological processes have been identified. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that specific LGG® effector molecules stimulate epithelial cell survival, preserve intestinal barrier integrity, reduce oxidative stress, mitigate excessive mucosal inflammation, enhance IgA secretion, and provide long-term protection through epigenetic imprinting. Pili on the cell surface of LGG® promote adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and ensure close contact to host cells. Extracellular vesicles produced by LGG® recapitulate many of these effects through their cargo of effector molecules. Collectively, the effector molecules of LGG® exert a significant influence on both the gut mucosa and immune system, which promotes intestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leser
- Future Labs, Human Health Biosolutions, Novonesis, Kogle Alle 6, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark;
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5
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Zhang K, Liu S, Liang S, Xiang F, Wang X, Lian H, Li B, Liu F. Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: Structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and application in the food industry: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128733. [PMID: 38092118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, researchers have discovered that probiotics play an important role in our daily lives. With the further deepening of research, more and more evidence show that bacterial metabolites have an important role in food and human health, which opens up a new direction for the research of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Many LAB have been widely studied because of the ability of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides (LAB EPS) not only have great potential in the treatment of human diseases but also can become natural ingredients in the food industry to provide special qualitative structure and flavor. This paper has organized and summarized the biosynthesis, strain selection, production process parameters, structure, and biological activity of LAB EPS, filling in the monotony and incompleteness of previous articles' descriptions of LAB EPS. Therefore, this paper focuses on the general biosynthetic pathway, structural characterization, structure-activity relationship, biological activity of LAB EPS, and their application in the food industry, which will help to deepen people's understanding of LAB EPS and develop new active drugs from LAB EPS. Although the research results are relatively affluent, the low yield, complex structure, and few clinical trials of EPS are still the reasons that hinder its development. Therefore, future knowledge expansion should focus on the regulation of structure, physicochemical properties, function, higher production of EPS, and clinical trial applications, which can further increase the commercial significance and value of EPS. Furthermore, better understanding the structure-function relationship of EPS in food remains a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyong Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fangqin Xiang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huiqiang Lian
- Guangdong Jinhaikang Medical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Meizhou, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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6
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Kingkaew E, Woraprayote W, Booncharoen A, Niwasabutra K, Janyaphisan T, Vilaichone RK, Yamaoka Y, Visessanguan W, Tanasupawat S. Functional genome analysis and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a novel bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus sp. NH2-7C from Thai fermented pork (Nham). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20362. [PMID: 37990119 PMCID: PMC10663479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, linked to gastric diseases, is targeted for probiotic treatment through bacteriocin production. Bacteriocins have gained recognition for their non-toxic effects on host cells and their ability to combat a wide range of pathogens. This study aimed to taxonomically characterize and evaluate the safety and probiotic properties of the novel species of Lactococcus sp. NH2-7C isolated from fermented pork, as well as its bacteriocin NH2-7C, both in vitro and in silico. Comparative genotypic analysis revealed an average nucleotide identity of 94.96%, an average amino acid identity of 94.29%, and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 63.80% when compared to Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805T. These findings suggest that strain NH2-7C represents a novel species within the genus Lactococcus. In silico assessments confirmed the non-pathogenic nature of strain NH2-7C and the absence of genes associated with virulence and biogenic amine formation. Whole-genome analysis revealed the presence of the nisA gene responsible for nisin A production, indicating its potential as a beneficial compound with anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and non-toxic characteristics. Probiotic assessments indicated bile salt hydrolase and cholesterol assimilation activities, along with the modulation of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α secretion. Strain NH2-7C demonstrated gastrointestinal tolerance and the ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells, affirming its safety and probiotic potential. Additionally, its ability to produce bacteriocins supports its suitability as a functional probiotic strain with therapeutic potential. However, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are crucial to ensure its safety and explore potential applications for Lactococcus sp. NH2-7C as a probiotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engkarat Kingkaew
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Woraprayote
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Auttaporn Booncharoen
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanidta Niwasabutra
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR) Biodiversity Research Centre, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thitiphorn Janyaphisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratha-Korn Vilaichone
- GI Unit, Department of Medicine, and Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases, Thammasat University, Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund, Bualuang ASEAN Chair Professorship at Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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7
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Kingkaew E, Konno H, Hosaka Y, Tanasupawat S. Probiogenomic Analysis of Lactiplantibacillus sp. LM14-2 from Fermented Mussel (Hoi-dong), and Evaluation of its Cholesterol-lowering and Immunomodulation Effects. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1206-1220. [PMID: 35987935 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus sp. LM14-2, isolated from Thai-fermented mussel (Hoi-dong), showed attractive probiotic properties. This strain was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genetic characteristics including whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The draft genome sequence was analyzed and annotated for the molecular mechanisms involved in the safety assessment, the adaptation and adhesion of L. plantarum LM14-2 to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the beneficial genes involved in bacteria-host interactions. The L. plantarum LM14-2 exhibited bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, assimilated cholesterol at 86.07 ± 5.03%, stimulated the secretion of interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, and human beta defensin-2, and induced nitric oxide production. In addition, L. plantarum LM14-2 showed excellent gastrointestinal tolerance and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed that L. plantarum LM14-2 was a non-human pathogen and did not contain antibiotic resistance genes or plasmids. L. plantarum LM14-2 also contained potential genes associated with various probiotic characteristics and health-promoting effects. Consequently, this study suggested that L. plantarum LM14-2 could be considered safe, with potential probiotic properties and health-promoting impacts, which could facilitate its probiotic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engkarat Kingkaew
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Konno
- Akita Konno CO., LTD., 248 Aza Kariwano, Daisen-shi, Akita, 019-2112, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Hosaka
- Akita Konno CO., LTD., 248 Aza Kariwano, Daisen-shi, Akita, 019-2112, Japan
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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8
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Cui Y, Dong S, Qu X. New progress in the identifying regulatory factors of exopolysaccharide synthesis in lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:301. [PMID: 37688654 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have presented various bioactivities and beneficial characteristics, rendering their vast commercial value and attracting a broad interest of researchers. The diversity of EPS structures contributes to the changes of EPS functions. However, the low yield of EPS of LAB has severely limited these biopolymers' comprehensive studies and applications in different areas, such as functional food, health and medicine fields. The clarification of biosynthesis mechanism of EPS will accelerate the synthesis and reconstruction of EPS. In recent years, with the development of new genetic manipulation techniques, there has been significant progress in the EPS biosynthesis mechanisms in LAB. In this review, the structure of LAB-derived EPSs, the EPS biosynthesis basic pathways in LAB, the EPS biosynthetic gene cluster, and the regulation mechanism of EPS biosynthesis will be summarized. It will focus on the latest progress in EPS biosynthesis regulation of LAB and provide prospects for future related developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Shiyuan Dong
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150010, China
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9
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Yao D, Ranadheera CS, Shen C, Wei W, Cheong LZ. Milk fat globule membrane: composition, production and its potential as encapsulant for bioactives and probiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37632418 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2249992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex trilayer structure present in mammalian milk and is mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins (>90%). Many studies revealed MFGM has positive effects on the immune system, brain development, and cognitive function of infants. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have been found to improve mental health and insulin sensitivity, regulate immunity, and prevent allergies. Probiotics are unstable and prone to degradation by environmental, processing, and storage conditions. In this review, the processes used for encapsulation of probiotics particularly the potential of MFGM and its constituents as encapsulating materials for probiotics are described. This study analyzes the importance of MFGM in encapsulating bioactive substances and emphasizes the interaction with probiotics and the gut as well as its resistance to adverse environmental factors in the digestive system when used as a probiotic embedding material. MFGM can enhance the gastric acid resistance and bile resistance of probiotics, mainly manifested in the survival rate of probiotics. Due to the role of digestion, MFGM-coated probiotics can be released in the intestine, and due to the biocompatibility of the membrane, it can promote the binding of probiotics to intestinal epithelial cells, and promote the colonization of some probiotics in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaminda Senaka Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cai Shen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- China Beacons Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Huang CL, Chu HF, Wu CC, Deng FS, Wen PJ, Chien SP, Chao CH, Chen YT, Lu MK, Tsai YC. Exopolysaccharide is the potential effector of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150, a hypnotic psychobiotic strain. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209067. [PMID: 37469436 PMCID: PMC10352126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychobiotics are a class of probiotics that confer beneficial effects on the mental health of the host. We have previously reported hypnotic effects of a psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum PS150 (PS150), which significantly shortens sleep latency in experimental mice, and effectively ameliorate sleep disturbances caused by either caffeine consumption or a novel environment. In the present study, we discovered a L. fermentum strain, GR1009, isolated from the same source of PS150, and found that GR1009 is phenotypically distinct but genetically similar to PS150. Compared with PS150, GR1009 have no significant hypnotic effects in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice. In addition, we found that heat-killed PS150 exhibited hypnotic effects and altered the gut microbiota in a manner similar to live bacteria, suggesting that a heat-stable effector, such as exopolysaccharide (EPS), could be responsible for these effects. Our comparative genomics analysis also revealed distinct genetic characteristics in EPS biosynthesis between GR1009 and PS150. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy imaging showed a sheet-like EPS structure in PS150, while GR1009 displayed no apparent EPS structure. Using the phenol-sulfate assay, we found that the sugar content value of the crude extract containing EPS (C-EPS) from PS150 was approximately five times higher than that of GR1009, indicating that GR1009 has a lower EPS production activity than PS150. Through the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, we confirmed the hypnotic effects of the C-EPS isolated from PS150, as evidenced by a significant reduction in sleep latency and recovery time following oral administration in mice. In summary, we utilized a comparative approach to delineate differences between PS150 and GR1009 and proposed that EPS may serve as a key factor that mediates the observed hypnotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Huang
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Chu
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Shao-Ping Chien
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsein Chao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Martín R, Benítez-Cabello A, Kulakauskas S, Viana MVC, Chamignon C, Courtin P, Carbonne C, Chain F, Pham HP, Derrien M, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Chapot-Chartier MP, Smokvina T, Langella P. Over-production of exopolysaccharide by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 strain cutbacks its beneficial effect on the host. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6114. [PMID: 37059733 PMCID: PMC10104810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most lactobacilli produce extracellular polysaccharides that are considered to contribute to the probiotic effect of many strains. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 is an anti-inflammatory strain able to counterbalance gut barrier dysfunction. In this study ten spontaneous variants of CNCM I-3690 with different EPS-production were generated and characterized by their ropy phenotype, the quantification of the secreted EPS and genetic analysis. Amongst them, two were further analysed in vitro and in vivo: an EPS over-producer (7292) and a low-producer derivative of 7292 (7358, with similar EPS levels than the wild type (WT) strain). Our results showed that 7292 does not have anti-inflammatory profile in vitro, and lost the capacity to adhere to the colonic epithelial cells as well as the protective effect on the permeability. Finally, 7292 lost the protective effects of the WT strain in a murine model of gut dysfunction. Notably, strain 7292 was unable to stimulate goblet cell mucus production and colonic IL-10 production, all key features for the beneficial effect of the WT strain. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of colonic samples from 7292-treated mice showed a down-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes. Altogether, our results point out that the increase of EPS production in CNCM I-3690 impairs its protective effects and highlight the importance of the correct EPS synthesis for the beneficial effects of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martín
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - A Benítez-Cabello
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Kulakauskas
- Dynamics of Bacterial Cell Wall Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M V C Viana
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C Chamignon
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - P Courtin
- Dynamics of Bacterial Cell Wall Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Carbonne
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F Chain
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H P Pham
- Parean Biotechnologies, 35400, Saint-Malo, France
| | | | - L G Bermúdez-Humarán
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M P Chapot-Chartier
- Dynamics of Bacterial Cell Wall Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - T Smokvina
- Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | - P Langella
- Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Sun Y, Guo S, Yang J, Li Y, Sun Z, Kwok LY, Sun T, Liu W, Liu W. The Space Environment Activates Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 by Mutating the wze ( ywqD) Gene. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0467722. [PMID: 36861974 PMCID: PMC10101077 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04677-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of microorganisms in outer space has focused mainly on investigating phenotypic changes in microbial pathogens induced by factors encountered in space. This study aimed to investigate the effect of space exposure on a probiotic bacterium, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9. Probio-M9 cells were exposed to space in a spaceflight. Interestingly, our results showed that a substantial proportion of space-exposed mutants (35/100) exhibited a ropy phenotype, characterized by their larger colony sizes and an acquired ability to produce capsular polysaccharide (CPS), compared with the original Probio-M9 or the ground control isolates without space exposure. Whole-genome sequencing analyses on both the Illumina and PacBio platforms revealed a skewed distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (12/89 [13.5%]) toward the CPS gene cluster, particularly in the wze (ywqD) gene. The wze gene encodes a putative tyrosine-protein kinase that regulates CPS expression through substrate phosphorylation. Transcriptomics analysis of two space-exposed ropy mutants revealed increased expression in the wze gene relative to a ground control isolate. Finally, we showed that the acquired ropy phenotype (CPS-producing ability) and space-induced genomic changes could be stably inherited. Our findings confirmed that the wze gene directly influences the capacity for CPS production in Probio-M9, and space mutagenesis is a potential strategy for inducing stable physiological changes in probiotics. IMPORTANCE This work investigated the effect of space exposure on a probiotic bacterium, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9. Interestingly, the space-exposed bacteria became capable of producing capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Some probiotic-derived CPSs have nutraceutical potential and bioactive properties. They also enhance the survival of probiotics through the gastrointestinal transit and ultimately strengthen the probiotic effects. Space mutagenesis seems to be a promising strategy for inducing stable changes in probiotics, and the obtained high-CPS-yielding mutants are valuable resources for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingfang Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingmeng Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Nahle S, Atoui A, Assaf JC, El Khoury A, Louka N, Chokr A. Time-Dependent Effect of Surface Material on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Biofilm Formation and Gene Expression. Microbiology (Reading) 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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14
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Kudo H, Miyanaga K, Yamamoto N. Immunomodulatory effects of extracellular glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JCM 1149. Food Funct 2023; 14:489-499. [PMID: 36519678 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02927h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic lactic acid bacteria evoke immunomodulatory effects in the host; however, the reasons for the different effects of various species and strains remain to be elucidated. To clarify the critical immunomodulatory components and impact of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, 11 types of L. plantarum strains were compared for the production of EPS, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and -12, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, from THP-1 differentiated dendritic cells. EPS in the fermented medium correlated with cytokine-inducing activities. L. plantarum JCM 1149, with the highest production of EPS, also induced interleukin-6, -10, and -12 among the 11 tested strains. Notably, the cytokine-producing activities overlapped with the protein fraction in gel filtration chromatography but not with EPS, which has been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects. The 41 kDa protein that coexisted with EPS was purified as a major active component and identified as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a known moonlighting protein. GAPDH secretion was reduced when EPS synthesis inhibitors were added to the culture medium. RNA sequencing of GAPDH-treated THP-1 cells revealed an up-regulation in the expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation, cell surface receptor signalling, immune response, and matrix components. Here, we report, to our knowledge for the first time, that the cell surface-associated L. plantarum GAPDH plays a crucial role in cytokine production in THP-1 cells, but EPS with less activity may help GAPDH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kudo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Miyanaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan. .,Deportment of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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15
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Esteban-Torres M, Ruiz L, Rossini V, Nally K, van Sinderen D. Intracellular glycogen accumulation by human gut commensals as a niche adaptation trait. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2235067. [PMID: 37526383 PMCID: PMC10395257 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2235067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a key contributor to host metabolism and physiology, thereby impacting in various ways on host health. This complex microbial community has developed many metabolic strategies to colonize, persist and survive in the gastrointestinal environment. In this regard, intracellular glycogen accumulation has been associated with important physiological functions in several bacterial species, including gut commensals. However, the role of glycogen storage in shaping the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota offers a novel perspective in gut microbiome research. Here, we review what is known about the enzymatic machinery and regulation of glycogen metabolism in selected enteric bacteria, while we also discuss its potential impact on colonization and adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we survey the presence of such glycogen biosynthesis pathways in gut metagenomic data to highlight the relevance of this metabolic trait in enhancing survival in the highly competitive and dynamic gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Torres
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Benefitial Microbes (MicroHealth Group), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Rossini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Kim DH, Jeong M, Kim JH, Son JE, Lee JJY, Park SJ, Lee J, Kim M, Oh JW, Park MS, Byun S. Lactobacillus salivarius HHuMin-U Activates Innate Immune Defense against Norovirus Infection through TBK1-IRF3 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:0007. [PMID: 39290965 PMCID: PMC11407524 DOI: 10.34133/research.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The composition of commensal bacteria plays a critical role in controlling immune responses in the intestine. Studies have shown that specific bacterial strains may have the capacity to enhance host immune defense against gastrointestinal viral infections. While norovirus is known to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis, leading to an estimated 200,000 deaths every year, identification of bacterial strains with protective effects against norovirus infection remains elusive. Here, we discovered Lactobacillus salivarius HHuMin-U (HHuMin-U) as a potent antiviral strain against norovirus infection. HHuMin-U significantly suppressed murine norovirus replication and lowered viral RNA titers in macrophages. The transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing) analysis revealed that HHuMin-U markedly enhanced the expression level of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes compared to mock treatment. HHuMin-U treatment dose-dependently induced type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α production in mouse and human macrophages, promoting antiviral innate responses against norovirus infection. Investigation on the molecular mechanism demonstrated that HHuMin-U can activate nuclear factor κB and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathways, leading to the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, the key mediators of interferon-stimulated genes. Finally, oral administration of HHuMin-U increased IFN-β levels in the ileum of mice and altered the gut microbiome profile. These results suggest the species/strain-specific importance of gut microbial composition for antiviral immune responses and the potential use of HHuMin-U as a probiotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Y Lee
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sang-Jun Park
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Hanam 12930, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Hanam 12930, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Hanam 12930, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB): Autochthonous and Probiotic Microbes for Meat Preservation and Fortification. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182792. [PMID: 36140920 PMCID: PMC9498044 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced concern of the consumers regarding the safety, quality of the food products, and avoidance of the use of chemical food preservatives has resulted in a breakthrough in biopreservation. This has resulted in the use of beneficial microbial species, including bacteria and their secondary metabolites, to enhance the shelf-life and quality of the food products. Meat preservation and fortification are among the biggest concerns, as they are relevant to the majority of food products. The chemical preservatives conventionally used in preserving meat and meat products possess several detrimental effects on the consumers. Thus, alternative strategies are needed to combat strategically in facilitating the shelf-life and quality. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered the safest organism and have a profound role in food and food-processing industries. The biofilm developed by the bacteria prevents the growth of various undesirable microorganisms on meat and meat products. Various studies depicted that LAB produces various antimicrobial metabolites that can act effectively on the food-degrading pathogens, rendering it safe and enhancing shelf-life. This review, thus, deals with the use of LAB as biopreservatives for enhancing the shelf-life of meat and meat products and helping its fortification.
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18
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Li J, Feng S, Yu L, Zhao J, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Capsular polysaccarides of probiotics and their immunomodulatory roles. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Effect of a Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice on Biofilm Composition, Gene Expression and Biomechanical Properties. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091691. [PMID: 36144293 PMCID: PMC9506307 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An in situ study was conducted to examine the mode of action of a 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2)-containing dentifrice in controlling the composition and properties of oral biofilm. Thirteen generally healthy individuals participated in the study. Each participant wore an intra-oral appliance over a 48-h period to measure differences in the resulting biofilm’s architecture, mechanical properties, and bacterial composition after using two different toothpaste products. In addition, metatranscriptomics analysis of supragingival plaque was conducted to identify the gene pathways influenced. The thickness and volume of the microcolonies formed when brushing with the SnF2 dentifrice were dramatically reduced compared to the control 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP)-containing toothpaste. Similarly, the biophysical and nanomechanical properties measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated a significant reduction in biofilm adhesive properties. Metatranscriptomic analysis identified pathways associated with biofilm formation, cell adhesion, quorum sensing, and N-glycosylation that are significantly downregulated with SnF2. This study provides a clinically relevant snapshot of how the use of a stabilized, SnF2 toothpaste formulation can change the spatial organization, nanomechanical, and gene expression properties of bacterial communities.
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20
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Subspecies Classification and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens HL1 and M1 for Potential Niche-Specific Genes and Pathways. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081637. [PMID: 36014054 PMCID: PMC9415760 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Strains HL1 and M1, isolated from kefir grains, have been tentatively identified, based on their partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, as Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens. The two strains demonstrated different health benefits. Therefore, not only the genetic factors exerting diverse functionalities in different L. kefiranofaciens strains, but also the potential niche-specific genes and pathways among the L. kefiranofaciens strains, should be identified. (2) Methods: Phenotypic and genotypic approaches were employed to identify strains HL1 and M1 at the subspecies level. For the further characterization of the probiotic properties of both strains, comparative genomic analyses were used. (3) Results: Both strains were identified as L. kefiranofaciens subsp. kefirgranum. According to the COG function category, dTDP-rhamnose and rhamnose-containing glycans were specifically detected in the L. kefiranofaciens subsp. Kefirgranum genomes. Three unique genes (epsI, epsJ, and epsK) encoding glycosyltransferase in the EPS gene cluster, and the ImpB/MucB/SamB family protein encoding gene were found in HL1 and M1. The specific ability to degrade arginine via the ADI pathway was found in HL1. The presence of the complete glycogen metabolism (glg) operon in the L. kefiranofaciens strains suggested the importance of glycogen synthesis to enable colonization in kefir grains and extend survival under environmental stresses. (4) Conclusions: The obtained novel information on the potential genes and pathways for polysaccharide synthesis and other functionalities in our HL1 and M1 strains could be applied for further functionality predictions for potential probiotic screening.
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AI-2/LuxS Quorum Sensing System Promotes Biofilm Formation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Enhances the Resistance to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Germ-Free Zebrafish. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0061022. [PMID: 35700135 PMCID: PMC9430243 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00610-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LuxS enzyme plays a key role in both quorum sensing (QS) and the regulation of bacterial growth. It catalyzes the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling molecule, which is a component of the methyl cycle and methionine metabolism. This study aimed at investigating the differences between the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) wild-type strain (WT) and its luxS mutant (ΔluxS) during biofilm formation and when resisting to inflammation caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in germ-free zebrafish. Our results suggest that in the absence of luxS when LGG was knocked out, biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide secretion and adhesion were all compromised. Addition of synthetic AI-2 indeed rescued, at least partially, the deficiencies observed in the mutant strain. The colonizing and immunomodulatory function in WT versus ΔluxS mutants were further studied in a germ-free zebrafish model. The concentration of AI-2 signaling molecules decreased sharply in zebrafish infected with the ΔluxS. At the same time, compared with the ΔluxS, the wild-type strain could colonize the germ-free zebrafish more effectively. Our transcriptome results suggest that genes involved in immunity, signal transduction, and cell adhesion were downregulated in zebrafish infected with ΔluxS and WT. In the WT, the immune system of germ-free zebrafish was activated more effectively through the MAPK and NF-κB pathway, and its ability to fight the infection against ETEC was increased. Together, our results demonstrate that the AI-2/LuxS system plays an important role in biofilm formation to improve LGG and alleviate inflammation caused by ETEC in germ-free zebrafish. IMPORTANCELactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a widely used probiotic to improve host intestinal health, promote growth, reduce diarrhea, and modulate immunity. In recent years, the bacterial quorum sensing system has attracted much attention; however, there has not been much research on the effect of the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system of Lactobacillus on bacteriostasis, microbial ecology balance, and immune regulation in intestine. In this study, we used germ-free zebrafish as an animal model to compare the differences between wild-type and luxS mutant strains. We showed how AI-2/LuxS QS affects the release of AI-2 and how QS regulates the colonization, EPS synthesis and biofilm formation of LGG. This study provides an idea for the targeted regulation of animal intestinal health with probiotics by controlling bacteria quorum sensing system.
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22
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Vosough PR, Edalatian Dovom MR, Habibi Najafi MB, Javadmanesh A, Mayo B. Biodiversity of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from Iranian traditional Kishk and optimization of EPS yield by Enterococcus spp. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Werning ML, Hernández-Alcántara AM, Ruiz MJ, Soto LP, Dueñas MT, López P, Frizzo LS. Biological Functions of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Potential Benefits for Humans and Farmed Animals. Foods 2022; 11:1284. [PMID: 35564008 PMCID: PMC9101012 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are structurally diverse biopolymers with a broad range of technological properties and bioactivities. There is scientific evidence that these polymers have health-promoting properties. Most commercialized probiotic microorganisms for consumption by humans and farmed animals are LAB and some of them are EPS-producers indicating that some of their beneficial properties could be due to these polymers. Probiotic LAB are currently used to improve human health and for the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions. They are also used in food-producing animal husbandry, mainly due to their abilities to promote growth and inhibit pathogens via different mechanisms, among which the production of EPS could be involved. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of the characteristics, usage and biological role of EPS from LAB, as well as their postbiotic action in humans and animals, and to predict the future contribution that they could have on the diet of food animals to improve productivity, animal health status and impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Werning
- Laboratory of Food Analysis “Rodolfo Oscar DALLA SANTINA”, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National, Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza 3080, SF, Argentina; (M.J.R.); (L.P.S.); (L.S.F.)
| | - Annel M. Hernández-Alcántara
- Department of Microorganisms and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.H.-A.); (P.L.)
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Analysis “Rodolfo Oscar DALLA SANTINA”, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National, Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza 3080, SF, Argentina; (M.J.R.); (L.P.S.); (L.S.F.)
- Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina
| | - Lorena Paola Soto
- Laboratory of Food Analysis “Rodolfo Oscar DALLA SANTINA”, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National, Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza 3080, SF, Argentina; (M.J.R.); (L.P.S.); (L.S.F.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza 3038, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Dueñas
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Paloma López
- Department of Microorganisms and Plant Biotechnology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.H.-A.); (P.L.)
| | - Laureano Sebastián Frizzo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis “Rodolfo Oscar DALLA SANTINA”, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral-National, Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL/CONICET), Esperanza 3080, SF, Argentina; (M.J.R.); (L.P.S.); (L.S.F.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza 3038, Argentina
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Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:38. [PMID: 35392985 PMCID: PMC8991504 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis is of importance to host health and imbalance of the gut usually leads to disorders or diseases for both human and animal. Postbiotics have been applied in manipulating of gut health, and utilization of postbiotics threads new lights into the host health. Compared with the application of probiotics, the characteristics such as stability and safety of postbiotics make it a potential alternative to probiotics. Studies have reported the beneficial effects of components derived from postbiotics, mainly through the mechanisms including inhibition of pathogens, strengthen gut barrier, and/or regulation of immunity of the host. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of postbiotics, main compounds of postbiotics, potential mechanisms in gut health, and their application in animal production.
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Alp D. Strain-dependent effectivity, and protective role against enzymes of S-layers in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:555-567. [PMID: 35302654 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the surface layer (S-layer), which is known to have a varying effect from strain to strain on aggregation, adhesion ability, also has an effect on the resistance of bacteria to digestive enzymes, phenol, lysozymes. The effect of S-layers on the resistance against various enzymes, aggregation and adhesion abilities, and strain specificity were determined of eight Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains. Strains were treated with 5 M lithium chloride (LiCl) to extract the S-layers, the presence of this layer in those microorganisms was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the separation of the S-layer, which surrounds the microorganism, from the microorganism by the LiCl. The images were taken three times, once at the beginning, once 30 min later, and once at the end of this process, which took 2 h in total. The effect against enzymes varied depending on the strain, but it was determined that all the tested strains had a serious loss of viability against phenol in the absence of an S-layer. Lpb. plantarum DA100 showed a maximum decrease against gastrointestinal system enzymes after the LiCl (96.48 ± 0.03% before and 66.46 ± 0.01% after LiCl). Lpb. plantarum DA255 showed a significant decrease against lysozyme (99.11 ± 0.00% before and 62.80 ± 0.0% after LiCl). Removal of the S-layer greatly affected the adhesion ability of some strains, while for others there was hardly any change. The results showed that the role of the S-layer may be strain-specific, the rate of effect can vary. The primary function of S-layer proteins is thought to contribute to the adhesion ability of bacteria. There are limited studies that have reported the protective property of this layer against various enzymes, however, our results showed that S-layer could be one of the resistance strategies developed by bacteria against enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Alp
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
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Notararigo S, Varela E, Otal A, Antolín M, Guarner F, López P. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of an O-2-Substituted (1-3)-β-D-Glucan Produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 in a Caco-2 PMA-THP-1 Co-Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031527. [PMID: 35163449 PMCID: PMC8835822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial β-glucans are exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which can protect bacteria or cooperate in biofilm formation or in bacterial cell adhesion. Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 is a lactic acid bacterium that produces an O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan. The structural similarity of this EPS to active compounds such as laminarin, together with its ability to modulate the immune system and to adhere in vitro to human enterocytes, led us to investigate, in comparison with laminarin, its potential as an immunomodulator of in vitro co-cultured Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan synthesized by the GTF glycosyl transferase of Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 or that by Lactococcus lactis NZ9000[pGTF] were purified and used in this study. The XTT tests revealed that all β-glucans were non-toxic for both cell lines and activated PMA-THP-1 cells’ metabolisms. The O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan modulated production and expression of IL-8 and the IL-10 in Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. Laminarin also modulated cytokine production by diminishing TNF-α in Caco-2 cells and IL-8 in PMA-THP-1. All these features could be considered with the aim to produce function foods, supplemented with laminarin or with another novel β-glucan-producing strain, in order to ameliorate an individual’s immune system response toward pathogens or to control mild side effects in remission patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Notararigo
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- Foundation Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Encarnación Varela
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Otal
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
| | - María Antolín
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma López
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-837-31-12; Fax: +34-91-538-04-32
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Duboux S, Van Wijchen M, Kleerebezem M. The Possible Link Between Manufacturing and Probiotic Efficacy; a Molecular Point of View on Bifidobacterium. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812536. [PMID: 35003044 PMCID: PMC8741271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics for food or supplement use have been studied in numerous clinical trials, addressing a broad variety of diseases, and conditions. However, discrepancies were observed in the clinical outcomes stemming from the use of lactobacillaceae and bifidobacteria strains. These differences are often attributed to variations in the clinical trial protocol like trial design, included target population, probiotic dosage, or outcome parameters measured. However, a contribution of the methods used to produce the live bioactive ingredients should not be neglected as a possible additional factor in the observed clinical outcome variations. It is well established that manufacturing conditions play a role in determining the survival and viability of probiotics, but much less is known about their influence on the probiotic molecular composition and functionality. In this review, we briefly summarize the evidence obtained for Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1, highlighting that expression and presence of probiotic niche factor (NF) and/or effector molecules (EM) may be altered during production of those two well-characterized lactobacillaceae probiotic strains. Subsequently, we summarize in more depth what is the present state of knowledge about bifidobacterial probiotic NF and EM; how their expression may be modified by manufacturing related environmental factors and how that may affect their biological activity in the host. This review highlights the importance of gathering knowledge on probiotic NF and EM, to validate them as surrogate markers of probiotic functionality. We further propose that monitoring of validated NF and/or EM during production and/or in the final preparation could complement viable count assessments that are currently applied in industry. Overall, we suggest that implementation of molecular level quality controls (i.e., based on validated NF and EM), could provide mode of action based in vitro tests contributing to better control the health-promoting reliability of probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Duboux
- Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Van Wijchen
- Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Gu Y, Wu R, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Nie L, Qiao R, He Y. Exploring the relationship between the signal molecule AI-2 and the biofilm formation of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lu Y, Han S, Zhang S, Wang K, Lv L, McClements DJ, Xiao H, Berglund B, Yao M, Li L. The role of probiotic exopolysaccharides in adhesion to mucin in different gastrointestinal conditions. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:581-589. [PMID: 35340998 PMCID: PMC8943218 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of exopolysaccharides (EPS), a type of biomacromolecules, on the surface of probiotics play an important role in mucoadhesion, and it can be severely influenced by environments during gastrointestinal transit. In this study, the impact of gastrointestinal factors on surface properties of two probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05) was investigated. Probiotic suspensions had relatively high viscosities and exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior due to the presence of EPS. The ζ-potential of both probiotics was relatively low and was not believed to play an important role in mucoadhesion. Compared to the control, the adhesive forces tended to decrease in the presence of gastric acids but increase in the presence of bile salts, since bile salts led to a thicker more open EPS layer compared to gastric acids. Although the functional groups of EPS in both probiotics are similar according to the study by FT-IR spectroscopy, the molecular weight of purified EPS in LI05 was much higher, ranging from 10,112 Da to 477,763 Da, which may contribute to higher rupture length in LI05 group. These results suggest that probiotic-mucin interactions are governed by the compositions and changes in the EPS of the probiotics in different gastrointestinal conditions, which contribute to a better understanding of the mucoadhesive behavior of the probiotics in the GIT. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids affected property of EPS, influencing the probiotic mucoadhesion. Higher molecular weight of EPS may contribute to enhanced rupture length. The morphology changes of probiotic EPS enhanced mucoadhesion by controlling the exposure of pili.
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López de Felipe F, de las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Molecular Responses of Lactobacilli to Plant Phenolic Compounds: A Comparative Review of the Mechanisms Involved. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010018. [PMID: 35052520 PMCID: PMC8772861 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are well-studied bacteria that can undergo oxidative selective pressures by plant phenolic compounds (PPCs) in plants, during some food fermentations or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals via dietary inputs. Lactobacilli are known to be more tolerant to PPCs than other bacterial groups and, therefore, must have mechanisms to cope with the effects of these metabolites. In this review, we intend to present what is currently known about the basics beyond the responses of Lactobacillus spp. to individual PPCs. We review the molecular mechanisms that are engaged in the PPC-modulated responses studied to date in these bacteria that have been mainly characterized by system-based strategies, and we discuss their differences and similarities. A wide variety of mechanisms are induced to increase the oxidative stress response highlighting the antimicrobial nature of PPCs. However other uncovered mechanisms that are involved in the response to these compounds are reviewed, including the capacity of PPCs to modulate the expression of molecular functions used by lactobacilli to adapt to host environments. This shows that these phytochemicals can act as more than just antimicrobial agents in the dual interaction with lactobacilli.
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Interplay between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Impact on Colonization Resistance, Microbial Carriage, Opportunistic Infection, and Host Immunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032320. [PMID: 34259567 PMCID: PMC8404691 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00323-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have highlighted the disproportionate role of Candida albicans in influencing both early community assembly of the bacterial microbiome and dysbiosis during allergic diseases and intestinal inflammation. Nonpathogenic colonization of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by C. albicans is common, and the role of this single fungal species in modulating bacterial community reassembly after broad-spectrum antibiotics can be readily recapitulated in mouse studies. One of the most notable features of C. albicans-associated dysbiotic states is a marked change in the levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). C. albicans and LAB share metabolic niches throughout the GI tract, and in vitro studies have identified various interactions between these microbes. The two predominant LAB affected are Lactobacillus species and Enterococcus species. Lactobacilli can antagonize enterococci and C. albicans, while Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans have been reported to exhibit a mutualistic relationship. E. faecalis and C. albicans are also causative agents of a variety of life-threatening infections, are frequently isolated together from mixed-species infections, and share certain similarities in clinical presentation-most notably their emergence as opportunistic pathogens following disruption of the microbiota. In this review, we discuss and model the mechanisms used by Lactobacillus species, E. faecalis, and C. albicans to modulate each other's growth and virulence in the GI tract. With multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and C. albicans strains becoming increasingly common in hospital settings, examining the interplay between these three microbes may provide novel insights for enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobial therapies.
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Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide and structural characterization by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ZY-1 isolated from Tibetan kefir. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100054. [PMID: 35415646 PMCID: PMC8991806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Diale MO, Kayitesi E, Serepa-Dlamini MH. Genome In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of the Probiotic Properties of a Bacterial Endophyte, Bacillus Paranthracis Strain MHSD3. Front Genet 2021; 12:672149. [PMID: 34858466 PMCID: PMC8631869 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming Bacillus species are gaining interest in human health recently, due to their ability to withstand the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study explores probiotic features of Bacillus paranthracis strain MHSD3 through genomic analysis and in vitro probiotic assays. The draft genome of strain MHSD3 contained genes associated with tolerance to gastrointestinal stress and adhesion. Cluster genes responsible for the synthesis of antimicrobial non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, bacteriocins, and linear azole-containing peptides were identified. Additionally, strain MHSD3 was able to survive in an acidic environment, had the tolerance to bile salt, and exhibited the capability to tolerate gastric juices. Moreover, the isolate was found to possess strong cell surface traits such as high auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity indices of 79 and 54%, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the strain produced secondary metabolites such as amino acids, phenolic compounds, and organic acid, known to exert health-promoting properties, including the improvement of gastrointestinal tract health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamonokane Olga Diale
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eugenie Kayitesi
- Department of Consumer and Food Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Darmastuti A, Hasan PN, Wikandari R, Utami T, Rahayu ES, Suroto DA. Adhesion Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 and Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 on Sprague Dawley Rat Intestine. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2336. [PMID: 34835461 PMCID: PMC8625926 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion capacity is considered one of the selection criteria for probiotic strains. The purpose of this study was to determine the adhesion properties of two candidate probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 and Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7. The evaluation included the hydrophobicity of the cell surface using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH), autoaggregation, and the adhesion of L. plantarum Dad-13 and L. plantarum Mut-7 to the intestinal mucosa of Sprague Dawley rat, followed by genomic analysis of the two L. plantarum strains. L. plantarum Dad-13 and L. plantarum Mut-7 showed a high surface hydrophobicity (78.9% and 83.5%) and medium autoaggregation ability (40.9% and 57.5%, respectively). The exposure of both isolates to the surface of the rat intestine increased the total number of lactic acid bacteria on the colon compartment, from 2.9 log CFU/cm2 to 4.4 log CFU/cm2 in L. plantarum Dad-13 treatment and to 3.86 log CFU/cm2 in L. plantarum Mut-7 treatment. The results indicate the ability of two L. plantarum to attach to the surface of the rat intestine. The number of indigenous E. coli in the colon also decreased when the compartment was exposed to L. plantarum Dad-13 and Mut-7, from 2.9 log CFU/cm2 to 1 log CFU/cm2. Genomic analysis revealed that both strains have genes related to adhesion properties that could play an important role in increasing the adherence of probiotics to the intestinal mucosa such as gene encoding fibronectin-binding protein, chaperonin heat shock protein 33 (Hsp33), and genes related to the capsule and cell wall biosynthesis. Based on these findings, we believe that L. plantarum Dad-13 and L. plantarum Mut-7 have adhesion properties to the intestinal mucosa in the rat intestine model system. The present research will be essential to elucidate the molecular mechanism associated with adhesion in our two probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Darmastuti
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.D.); (R.W.); (T.U.)
| | - Pratama N. Hasan
- Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
- University Center of Excellence for Research and Application on Integrated Probiotic Industry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rachma Wikandari
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.D.); (R.W.); (T.U.)
- Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Tyas Utami
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.D.); (R.W.); (T.U.)
- Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
- University Center of Excellence for Research and Application on Integrated Probiotic Industry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Endang S. Rahayu
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.D.); (R.W.); (T.U.)
- Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
- University Center of Excellence for Research and Application on Integrated Probiotic Industry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dian Anggraini Suroto
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.D.); (R.W.); (T.U.)
- Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
- University Center of Excellence for Research and Application on Integrated Probiotic Industry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Dimopoulou M, Dols-Lafargue M. Exopolysaccharides Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria in Wine and Other Fermented Beverages: For Better or for Worse? Foods 2021; 10:2204. [PMID: 34574312 PMCID: PMC8466591 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fermented beverages such as wine, cider and beer produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides (EPS) through multiple biosynthetic pathways. These extracellular polysaccharides constitute key elements for bacterial species adaptation to such anthropic processes. In the food industry, LAB polysaccharides have been widely studied for their rheological, functional and nutritional properties; however, these have been poorly studied in wine, beer and cider until recently. In this review, we have gathered the information available on these specific polysaccharide structure and, biosynthetic pathways, as well as the physiology of their production. The genes associated with EPS synthesis are also presented and compared. Finally, the possible role of EPS for bacterial survival and spread, as well as the risks or possible benefits for the winemaker and the wine lover, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimopoulou
- Department of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, School of Food Science, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos str, Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece;
| | - Marguerite Dols-Lafargue
- Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, University of Bordeaux, ISVV, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Prajapati A, Palva A, von Ossowski I, Krishnan V. LrpCBA pilus proteins of gut-dwelling Ligilactobacillus ruminis: crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:238-245. [PMID: 34341189 PMCID: PMC8329715 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21007263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host surfaces for bacterial survival and colonization involves a variety of molecular mechanisms. Ligilactobacillus ruminis, a strict anaerobe and gut autochthonous (indigenous) commensal, relies on sortase-dependent pili (LrpCBA) for adherence to the intestinal inner walls, thereby withstanding luminal content flow. Here, the LrpCBA pilus is a promiscuous binder to gut collagen, fibronectin and epithelial cells. Structurally, the LrpCBA pilus displays a representative hetero-oligomeric arrangement and consists of three types of pilin subunit, each with its own location and function, i.e. tip LrpC for adhesion, basal LrpB for anchoring and backbone LrpA for length. To provide further structural insights into the assembly, anchoring and functional mechanisms of sortase-dependent pili, each of the L. ruminis pilus proteins was produced recombinantly for crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of LrpC, LrpB, LrpA and truncated LrpA generated by limited proteolysis were obtained and diffracted to resolutions of 3.0, 1.5, 2.2 and 1.4 Å, respectively. Anomalous data were also collected from crystals of selenomethionine-substituted LrpC and an iodide derivative of truncated LrpA. Successful strategies for protein production, crystallization and derivatization are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Prajapati
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vengadesan Krishnan
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121 001, India
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Soumya MP, Nampoothiri KM. An overview of functional genomics and relevance of glycosyltransferases in exopolysaccharide production by lactic acid bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:1014-1025. [PMID: 34171260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There are many reports on exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria (LAB EPS) such as isolation, production and applications. The LAB EPS have been proved to exhibit significantly improved texture and rheological properties in order to prevent syneresis of fermented foods. Furthermore, they are known to have many biological properties such as mouthwatering flavors, antioxidant activity, cholesterol lowering and antimicrobial activities. Considering their GRAS status, LAB EPS need to be explored for better titre and improved biological properties, where strain improvement by genetic engineering has a major role for making tailor-made EPS. The genetic overview of the EPS production by LAB is an auxiliary area of interest as the process and the biosynthetic pathway involves numerous genes and their proteins. Among them Glycosyltransferases (gtfs) are the key enzymes involved in EPS biosynthesis. Current knowledge of gtfs of LAB and its manipulation is limited. The present review spotlights the importance of glycosyltransferases and their specific role on the biosynthesis of LAB EPS and addresses the functionality and applicability of these enzymes and their products. It enfold the available literature including some patents in recent past to underline the fact that glycosyltransferases are un-reluctantly the key proteins involved in the EPS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Soumya
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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38
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Hickey A, Stamou P, Udayan S, Ramón-Vázquez A, Esteban-Torres M, Bottacini F, Woznicki JA, Hughes O, Melgar S, Ventura M, Van Sinderen D, Rossini V, Nally K. Bifidobacterium breve Exopolysaccharide Blocks Dendritic Cell Maturation and Activation of CD4 + T Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653587. [PMID: 34220742 PMCID: PMC8242212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a bacterial extracellular carbohydrate moiety which has been associated with immunomodulatory activity and host protective effects of several gut commensal bacteria. Bifidobacterium breve are early colonizers of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) but the role of EPS in mediating their effects on the host has not been investigated for many strains. Here, we characterized EPS production by a panel of human B. breve isolates and investigated the effect of EPS status on host immune responses using human and murine cell culture-based assay systems. We report that B. breve EPS production is heterogenous across strains and that immune responses in human THP-1 monocytes are strain-specific, but not EPS status-specific. Using wild type and isogenic EPS deficient mutants of B. breve strains UCC2003 and JCM7017 we show that EPS had strain-specific divergent effects on cytokine responses from murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs). The B. breve UCC2003 EPS negative (EPS–) strain increased expression of cytokine genes (Tnfa, Il6, Il12a, and Il23a) relative to untreated BMDCs and BMDCs treated with wild type strain. B. breve UCC2003 and JCM7017 EPS– strains increased expression of dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation marker genes (Cd80, Cd83, and Cd86) relative to untreated BMDCs. Consistent with this, BMDCs co-cultured with B. breve UCC2003 and JCM7017 EPS– strains engineered to express OVA antigen activated OVA-specific OT-II CD4+ T-cells in a co-culture antigen-presentation assay while EPS proficient strains did not. Collectively, these data indicate that B. breve EPS proficient strains use EPS to prevent maturation of DCs and activation of antigen specific CD4+ T cells responses to B. breve. This study identifies a new immunomodulatory role for B. breve EPS and suggests it may be important for immune evasion of adaptive immunity by B. breve and contribute to host-microbe mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hickey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sreeram Udayan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Maria Esteban-Torres
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Owen Hughes
- Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe Van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Valerio Rossini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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39
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Buzzanca D, Botta C, Ferrocino I, Alessandria V, Houf K, Rantsiou K. Functional pangenome analysis reveals high virulence plasticity of Aliarcobacter butzleri and affinity to human mucus. Genomics 2021; 113:2065-2076. [PMID: 33961980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aliarcobacter butzleri is an emerging pathogen that may cause enteritis in humans, however, the incidence of disease caused by this member of the Campylobacteriaceae family is still underestimated. Furthermore, little is known about the precise virulence mechanism and behavior during infection. Therefore, in the present study, through complementary use of comparative genomics and physiological tests on human gut models, we sought to elucidate the genetic background of a set of 32 A. butzleri strains of diverse origin and to explore the correlation with the ability to colonize and invade human intestinal cells in vitro. The simulated infection of human intestinal models showed a higher colonization rate in presence of mucus-producing cells. For some strains, human mucus significantly improved the resistance to physical removal from the in vitro mucosa, while short time-frame growth was even observed. Pangenome analysis highlighted a hypervariable accessory genome, not strictly correlated to the isolation source. Likewise, the strain phylogeny was unrelated to their shared origin, despite a certain degree of segregation was observed among strains isolated from different segments of the intestinal tract of pigs. The putative virulence genes detected in all strains were mostly encompassed in the accessory fraction of the pangenome. The LPS biosynthesis and in particular the chain glycosylation of the O-antigen is harbored in a region of high plasticity of the pangenome, which would indicate frequent horizontal gene transfer phenomena, as well as the involvement of this hypervariable structure in the adaptive behavior and sympatric evolution of A. butzleri. Results of the present study deepen the current knowledge on A. butzleri pangenome by extending the pool of genes regarded as virulence markers and provide bases to develop new diagnostic approaches for the detection of those strains with a higher virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Buzzanca
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Cristian Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Alessandria
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Italy
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Italy.
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40
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Han S, Lu Y, Xie J, Fei Y, Zheng G, Wang Z, Liu J, Lv L, Ling Z, Berglund B, Yao M, Li L. Probiotic Gastrointestinal Transit and Colonization After Oral Administration: A Long Journey. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:609722. [PMID: 33791234 PMCID: PMC8006270 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.609722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered probiotics encounter various challenges on their journey through the mouth, stomach, intestine and colon. The health benefits of probiotics are diminished mainly due to the substantial reduction of viable probiotic bacteria under the harsh conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and the colonization resistance caused by commensal bacteria. In this review, we illustrate the factors affecting probiotic viability and their mucoadhesive properties through their journey in the gastrointestinal tract, including a discussion on various mucosadhesion-related proteins on the probiotic cell surface which facilitate colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiu Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Björn Berglund
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mingfei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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41
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Martínez B, Rodríguez A, Kulakauskas S, Chapot-Chartier MP. Cell wall homeostasis in lactic acid bacteria: threats and defences. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:538-564. [PMID: 32495833 PMCID: PMC7476776 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) encompasses industrially relevant bacteria involved in food fermentations as well as health-promoting members of our autochthonous microbiota. In the last years, we have witnessed major progresses in the knowledge of the biology of their cell wall, the outermost macrostructure of a Gram-positive cell, which is crucial for survival. Sophisticated biochemical analyses combined with mutation strategies have been applied to unravel biosynthetic routes that sustain the inter- and intra-species cell wall diversity within LAB. Interplay with global cell metabolism has been deciphered that improved our fundamental understanding of the plasticity of the cell wall during growth. The cell wall is also decisive for the antimicrobial activity of many bacteriocins, for bacteriophage infection and for the interactions with the external environment. Therefore, genetic circuits involved in monitoring cell wall damage have been described in LAB, together with a plethora of defence mechanisms that help them to cope with external threats and adapt to harsh conditions. Since the cell wall plays a pivotal role in several technological and health-promoting traits of LAB, we anticipate that this knowledge will pave the way for the future development and extended applications of LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martínez
- DairySafe research group. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products. Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC. Paseo Río Linares s/n. 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- DairySafe research group. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products. Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC. Paseo Río Linares s/n. 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Saulius Kulakauskas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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42
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Xu Z, Guo Q, Zhang H, Xiong Z, Zhang X, Ai L. Structural characterisation of EPS of Streptococcus thermophilus S-3 and its application in milk fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:263-269. [PMID: 33639187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of Streptococcus thermophilus S-3 into yogurt production was studied and the structural properties of the generated exopolysaccharides (EPS-S3) were characterized. The proposed structure of EPS-S3 was obtained. EPS-S3 contained a high ratio of N-Acetyl-galactosamine with the Mw of 574 kDa, which was higher than that of AR333 (314 kD) leading to higher apparent viscosity. Streptococcus thermophilus strain S-3 was co-cultured with Lactobacillus delbrueckii for yogut production which highly increased the acidifying rate and post-acidification rate. The quality of the co-cultured yogurts in terms of apparent viscosity, syneresis capacity, water holding capacity and rheological properties were much better than that by using Lactobacillus bulgaricus only. The production mechanism of EPS-S3 from gene regulated level was also discussed which is helpful to facilitate the application of Streptococcus thermophilus strain into milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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43
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Bharti S, Maurya RK, Venugopal U, Singh R, Akhtar MS, Krishnan MY. Rv1717 Is a Cell Wall - Associated β-Galactosidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Is Involved in Biofilm Dispersion. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:611122. [PMID: 33584576 PMCID: PMC7873859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of conserved hypothetical protein (CHP)s expressed by a pathogen in the infected host can lead to better understanding of its pathogenesis. The present work describes the functional characterization of a CHP, Rv1717 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Rv1717 has been previously reported to be upregulated in TB patient lungs. Rv1717 belongs to the cupin superfamily of functionally diverse proteins, several of them being carbohydrate handling proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed similarity to glycosyl hydrolases. Enzymatic studies with recombinant Rv1717 purified from Escherichia coli showed that the protein is a β-D-galactosidase specific for pyranose form rather than the furanose form. We expressed the protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), which lacks its ortholog. In MsmRv1717, the protein was found to localize to the cell wall (CW) with a preference to the poles. MsmRv1717 showed significant changes in colony morphology and cell surface properties. Most striking observation was its unusual Congo red colony morphotype, reduced ability to form biofilms, pellicles and autoagglutinate. Exogenous Rv1717 not only prevented biofilm formation in Msm, but also degraded preformed biofilms, suggesting that its substrate likely exists in the exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix. Presence of galactose in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) has not been reported before and hence we used the galactose-specific Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFL) to test the same. The lectin extensively bound to Msm and Mtb EPS, but not the bacterium per se. Purified Rv1717 also hydrolyzed exopolysaccharides extracted from Msm biofilm. Eventually, to decipher its role in Mtb, we downregulated its expression and demonstrate that the strain is unable to disperse from in vitro biofilms, unlike the wild type. Biofilms exposed to carbon starvation showed a sudden upregulation of Rv1717 transcripts supporting the potential role of Rv1717 in Mtb dispersing from a deteriorating biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bharti
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Maurya
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Radhika Singh
- Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Md Sohail Akhtar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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44
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Dong Y, Karboune S. A review of bread qualities and current strategies for bread bioprotection: Flavor, sensory, rheological, and textural attributes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1937-1981. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YiNing Dong
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus McGill University Québec Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus McGill University Québec Canada
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45
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Nguyen PT, Nguyen TT, Vo TNT, Nguyen TTX, Hoang QK, Nguyen HT. Response of Lactobacillus plantarum VAL6 to challenges of pH and sodium chloride stresses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1301. [PMID: 33446763 PMCID: PMC7809271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of environmental stresses on the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, after 24 h of culture at 37 °C with pH 6.8 and without sodium chloride, Lactobacillus plantarum VAL6 was exposed to different stress conditions, including pH (pHs of 3 and 8) and high sodium chloride concentration treatments. The results found that Lactobacillus plantarum VAL6 exposed to stress at pH 3 for 3 h gives the highest exopolysaccharide yield (50.44 g/L) which is 6.4 fold higher than non-stress. Under pH and sodium chloride stresses, the mannose content in exopolysaccharides decreased while the glucose increased in comparison with non-stress condition. The galactose content was highest under stress condition of pH 8 meantime rhamnose content increased sharply when Lactobacillus plantarum VAL6 was stressed at pH 3. The arabinose content in exopolysaccharides was not detected under non-stress condition but it was recorded in great amounts after 3 h of stress at pH 3. In addition, stress of pH 8 triggered the mRNA expression of epsF gene resulting in galactose-rich EPS synthesis. According to our results, the stresses of pH and sodium chloride enhance the production and change the mRNA expression of epsF gene, leading to differences in the monosaccharide composition of exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu-Tho Nguyen
- Graduate University of Sciences and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Quoc-Khanh Hoang
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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46
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Megta AK, Pratap S, Kant A, Palva A, von Ossowski I, Krishnan V. Crystal structure of the atypically adhesive SpaB basal pilus subunit: Mechanistic insights about its incorporation in lactobacillar SpaCBA pili. Curr Res Struct Biol 2020; 2:229-238. [PMID: 34235482 PMCID: PMC8244301 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully colonize a host or environment, certain genera and species of Gram-positive bacteria have evolved to utilize the so-called sortase-dependent pilus, a long multi-subunit and non-flagellar surface adhesin. One example of this is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a gut-adapted probiotic strain that produces SpaCBA pili. These structures are covalent hetero-oligomers built from three types of pilin subunit, each with a specific location and function (i.e., backbone SpaA for length, tip SpaC for adhesion, and basal SpaB for anchoring). Functionally, the SpaCBA pilus exhibits a promiscuous affinity for components on intestinal surfaces (e.g., mucus, collagen, and epithelial cells), which is largely attributed to the SpaC subunit. Then again, the basal SpaB pilin, in addition to acting as the terminal subunit during pilus assembly, displays an out of character mucoadhesive function. To address the structural basis of this unusual dual functionality, we reveal the 2.39 Å resolution crystal structure of SpaB. SpaB consists of one immunoglobulin-like CnaB domain and contains a putative intermolecular isopeptide bond-linking lysine and internal isopeptide bond-asparagine in an FPKN pilin motif within the C-terminal end. Remarkably, we found that a C-terminal stretch of positively charged lysine and arginine residues likely accounts for the atypical mucoadhesiveness of SpaB. Although harboring an autocatalytic triad of residues for a potential internal isopeptide interaction, the SpaB crystal structure lacked the visible electron density for intact bond formation, yet its presence was subsequently confirmed by mass spectral analysis. Finally, we propose a structural model that captures the exclusive basal positioning of SpaB in the SpaCBA pilus.
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Key Words
- ABC, ammonium bicarbonate
- ACN, acetonitrile
- Cell-wall anchoring
- Cna, collagen adhesin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
- MD, molecular dynamics
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mucus adhesion
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Probiotic
- Sortase-dependent SpaCBA pili
- SpaB basal pilin
- rmsd, root mean square deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhin Kumar Megta
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Shivendra Pratap
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Abhiruchi Kant
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ingemar von Ossowski
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Vengadesan Krishnan
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
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47
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Gomand F, Mitchell WH, Burgain J, Petit J, Borges F, Spagnolie SE, Gaiani C. Shaving and breaking bacterial chains with a viscous flow. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9273-9291. [PMID: 32930313 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some food and ferment manufacturing steps such as spray-drying result in the application of viscous stresses to bacteria. This study explores how a viscous flow impacts both bacterial adhesion functionality and bacterial cell organization using a combined experimental and modeling approach. As a model organism we study Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) "wild type" (WT), known to feature strong adhesive affinities towards beta-lactoglobulin thanks to pili produced by the bacteria on cell surfaces, along with three cell-surface mutant strains. Applying repeated flows with high shear-rates reduces bacterial adhesive abilities up to 20% for LGG WT. Bacterial chains are also broken by this process, into 2-cell chains at low industrial shear rates, and into single cells at very high shear rates. To rationalize the experimental observations we study numerically and analytically the Stokes equations describing viscous fluid flow around a chain of elastically connected spheroidal cell bodies. In this model setting we examine qualitatively the relationship between surface traction (force per unit area), a proxy for pili removal rate, and bacterial chain length (number of cells). Longer chains result in higher maximal surface tractions, particularly at the chain extremities, while inner cells enjoy a small protection from surface tractions due to hydrodynamic interactions with their neighbors. Chain rupture therefore may act as a mechanism to preserve surface adhesive functionality in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Gomand
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. and Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - William H Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | - Jennifer Burgain
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jérémy Petit
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Frédéric Borges
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Saverio E Spagnolie
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Claire Gaiani
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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48
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The role of dextran production in the metabolic context of Leuconostoc and Weissella Tunisian strains. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 253:117254. [PMID: 33279004 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight dextrans improve the rheological properties of fermented products and have immunomodulatory and antiviral activity. We report on 5.84 × 107-2.61 × 108 Da dextrans produced by Leuconostoc lactis AV1n, Weissella cibaria AV2ou and Weissella confusa V30 and FS54 strains. Dextransucrases catalyze dextran synthesis by sucrose hydrolysis concomitant with fructose generation. The four bacteria have dextransucrases with molecular weight of about 160 kDa detected by zymograms. Each bacterium showed different interplay of dextran production and metabolic fluxes. All bacteria produced lactate, and AV2ou apart, synthesized mannitol from fructose. FS54 hydrolyzed dextran blue and the concentration of dextran produced by this bacterium decreased during the stationary phase. The AV1n binding to Caco-2 cells and polystyrene plates was higher under conditions for dextran synthesis. Thus, this is the first instance of a Weissella dextranase, associated with a dextransucrase ability, and of a positive influence of dextran on adhesion and aggregation properties of a bacterium.
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Intra-species variation within Lactobacillus rhamnosus correlates to beneficial or harmful outcomes: lessons from the oral cavity. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:661. [PMID: 32972358 PMCID: PMC7513527 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The origin of most of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus genome sequences lodged in NCBI can be traced to food and faecal isolates followed by blood and tissue sites but with minimal representation from oral and vaginal isolates. However, on the L. rhamnosus phylogenetic tree no apparent clade is linked to the origin of isolation or to the relevant clinical source, except for a distinct clade exclusively shared by L. rhamnosus isolates from early stages of dental pulp infection (LRHMDP2 and LRHMDP3) and from bronchoalveolar lavage (699_LRHA and 708_LRHA) from a critical care patient. These L. rhamnosus strains, LRHMDP2, LRHMDP3, 699_LRHA and 708_LRHA isolated from different continents, display closest genome neighbour gapped identity of 99.95%. The aim of this study was to define a potentially unique complement of genes of clinical relevance shared between these L. rhamnosus clinical isolates in comparison to probiotic L. rhamnosus strains. Results In this analysis we used orthologous protein identification tools such as ProteinOrtho followed by tblastn alignments to identify a novel tyrosine protein phosphatase (wzb)-tyrosine-protein kinase modulator EpsC (wzd)- synteny exopolysaccharide (EPS) cluster. This EPS cluster was specifically conserved in a clade of 5 clinical isolates containing the four L. rhamnosus clinical isolates noted above and Lactobacillus spp. HMSC077C11, a clinical isolate from a neck abscess. The EPS cluster was shared with only two other strains, L. rhamnosus BPL5 and BPL15, which formed a distant clade on the L. rhamnosus phylogenetic tree, with a closest genome neighbour gapped identity of 97.51% with L. rhamnosus LRHMDP2 and LRHMDP3. Exclusivity of this EPS cluster (from those identified before) was defined by five EPS genes, which were specifically conserved between the clade of 5 clinical isolates and L. rhamnosus BPL5 and BPL15 when compared to the remaining L. rhamnosus strains. Comparative genome analysis between the clade of 5 clinical isolates and L. rhamnosus BPL5 and BPL15 showed a set of 58 potentially unique genes characteristic of the clade of 5. Conclusion The potentially unique functional protein orthologs associated with the clade of 5 clinical isolates may provide understanding of fitness under selective pressure.
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Byl E, Jokicevic K, Kiekens S, Lebeer S, Kiekens F. Strain-specific differences in behaviour among Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus cell wall mutants during direct compression. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119755. [PMID: 32783980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body harbours a large variety of microbial communities. It is already well-known that these communities play an important role in human health. Therefore, microbial imbalances can be responsible for several health disorders by different mechanisms. In recent years, probiotic bacteria have been increasingly applied to restore imbalances and stimulate microbiome functions such as immune modulation. Tablets are the dosage form of choice for oral probiotics. Nevertheless, a probiotic tablet with a sufficient amount of viable cells remains a challenge due to the stress of the compression process. Recent research demonstrated that the applied pressure and tableting properties play an important role in the survival of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG during direct compression. This study focused on the importance of the cell surface molecules in the protection of this prototype probiotic strain during direct compression. Spray-dried powders of L. rhamnosus GG and its exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant and lipoteichoic acid mutant were blended with two different filler-binders and compacted at various compression pressures. Under each tableting condition, the survival rate and tableting properties were analysed. The results demonstrated that the cell surface molecules play an important role in the behaviour of L. rhamnosus GG during direct compression. Specifically, the long, galactose-rich exopolysaccharides of L. rhamnosus served a protective shield during tablet production, promoting the survival rate of this probiotic strain. The D-alanylation of the lipoteichoic acids plays also an important role. When the D-alanyl ester content was completely absent, the survival rate was less affected by the tableting properties. Moreover, this research revealed that the sensitivity to the tableting properties is species and strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Byl
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy. Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Katarina Jokicevic
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy. Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Shari Kiekens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy. Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filip Kiekens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy. Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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