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Sabar MA, Honda R, Haramoto E. CrAssphage as an indicator of human-fecal contamination in water environment and virus reduction in wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118827. [PMID: 35820313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral indicators of human-fecal contamination in wastewaters and environmental waters have been getting much attention in the past decade. Cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) is the most abundant DNA virus in human feces. Recently, the usefulness of crAssphage as a microbial source tracking and water quality monitoring tool for human-fecal contamination has been highlighted. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review on crAssphage in water, focusing on detection methodology, concentration range in various waters and wastewaters, specificity to human-fecal contamination, and reduction in wastewater treatment systems. This review highlights that crAssphage is globally distributed in wastewaters and various fecal-contaminated water bodies at high concentrations without seasonal fluctuations. CrAssphage is highly specific to human-fecal contamination and is rarely found in animal feces. It also has a good potential as a performance indicator to ensure virus reduction in wastewater treatment systems. Accordingly, crAssphage could be an effective tool for monitoring of human-fecal contamination and potential presence of fecal pathogenic microbes in environmental waters. Bridging the research gaps highlighted in this review would make crAssphage a powerful tool to support the control of water-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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2
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The Effect of Spray Parameters on the Survival of Bacteriophages. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous studies highlighting the efficacy of various bacteriophages (phages) and phage cocktails in the reduction of pathogens in food. Despite approval from legislative bodies permitting phage use in food processing environments, applied via spray or dip, there is still no information on which spray parameters should be used for successful implementation. The study here investigates phage survival diluted to 1% in distilled water (dH2O) and prepared bottled water (PBW), followed by a subsequent spray application through a fixed nozzle (530 μm) and strainer size (74 × 74 μm), with pressures of 3, 5, and 6 Bar. The survival of the phage was determined through sampling the outputs of the spray system and performing double agar overlay plaque assays. PBW decreased the phage concentration (p = 0.18) more than the dH2O (p = 0.73) prior to spray application. It was found that the PBW phage solution was less affected by the various spray parameters (p = 0.045) than the dH2O (p = 0.011). The study showed that unchlorinated water (dH2O), as well as a pressure of 3 Bar, had the highest output phage concentration through the nozzle and strainer, providing valuable information for industrial implementation.
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Imai K, Hagi A, Inoue Y, Amarasiri M, Sano D. Virucidal Efficacy of Olanexidine Gluconate as a Hand Antiseptic Against Human Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:180-190. [PMID: 32124244 PMCID: PMC7225205 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Since no therapeutic agent has been proven to prevent human norovirus infection yet, preventive healthcare interventions to block the infection routes play an important role in infection control. One of the possible infection routes of human noroviruses are through contaminated hands, but no hand antiseptics have been proven effective. Olanexidine gluconate is a new biguanide compound that has already been approved for sale as an antiseptic for the surgical field in Japan. A new hand antiseptic was developed using olanexidine gluconate in this study, and its virucidal efficacy against human noroviruses was evaluated using modified RT-qPCR that can account for genome derived from intact viruses using RNase A and photo-reactive intercalators. We tested the virucidal efficacy of five materials; two olanexidine gluconate antiseptics (hand rub formulation and surgical field formulation), two kinds of ethanol solutions at different pH (approx. 3 or 7), and a base component of olanexidine gluconate hand rub formulation against 11 human norovirus genotypes by culture-independent methods. The infectivity of murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate for human norovirus, was significantly reduced after use of the antiseptics. The olanexidine gluconate hand rub demonstrated the strongest virucidal efficacy against human norovirus among the five tested materials. This study showed that olanexidine gluconate has the potential to become a strong tool for the prevention of human norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Imai
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akifumi Hagi
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inoue
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Mohan Amarasiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
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4
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Prussin AJ, Belser JA, Bischoff W, Kelley ST, Lin K, Lindsley WG, Nshimyimana JP, Schuit M, Wu Z, Bibby K, Marr LC. Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 31901242 PMCID: PMC6942371 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During a period of rapid growth in our understanding of the microbiology of the built environment in recent years, the majority of research has focused on bacteria and fungi. Viruses, while probably as numerous, have received less attention. In response, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation supported a workshop entitled "Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE)," at which experts in environmental engineering, environmental microbiology, epidemiology, infection prevention, fluid dynamics, occupational health, metagenomics, and virology convened to synthesize recent advances and identify key research questions and knowledge gaps regarding viruses in the built environment. RESULTS Four primary research areas and funding priorities were identified. First, a better understanding of viral communities in the built environment is needed, specifically which viruses are present and their sources, spatial and temporal dynamics, and interactions with bacteria. Second, more information is needed about viruses and health, including viral transmission in the built environment, the relationship between virus detection and exposure, and the definition of a healthy virome. The third research priority is to identify and evaluate interventions for controlling viruses and the virome in the built environment. This encompasses interactions among viruses, buildings, and occupants. Finally, to overcome the challenge of working with viruses, workshop participants emphasized that improved sampling methods, laboratory techniques, and bioinformatics approaches are needed to advance understanding of viruses in the built environment. CONCLUSIONS We hope that identifying these key questions and knowledge gaps will engage other investigators and funding agencies to spur future research on the highly interdisciplinary topic of viruses in the built environment. There are numerous opportunities to advance knowledge, as many topics remain underexplored compared to our understanding of bacteria and fungi. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Prussin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Werner Bischoff
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Scott T. Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Kaisen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - William G. Lindsley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | | | - Michael Schuit
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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5
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Differences in Viral Disinfection Mechanisms as Revealed by Quantitative Transfection of Echovirus 11 Genomes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00961-19. [PMID: 31076437 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00961-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus inactivation mechanisms can be elucidated by methods that measure the loss of specific virus functionality (e.g., host attachment, genome internalization, and genome replication). Genome functionality is frequently assessed by PCR-based methods, which are indirect and potentially inaccurate; genome damage that affects detection by high-fidelity PCR enzymes may not adversely affect the ability of actual cellular enzymes to produce functional virus. Therefore, we developed here a transfection-based assay to quantitatively determine viral genome functionality by inserting viral RNA into host cells directly to measure their ability to produce new functional viruses from damaged viral genomes. Echovirus 11 was treated with ozone, free chlorine (FC), UV light at 254 nm (UV254), or heat, and then the reductions in genome functionality and infectivity were compared. Ozone reduced genome functionality proportionally to infectivity, indicating that genome damage is the main mechanism of virus inactivation. In contrast, FC caused little or no loss of genome functionality compared to infectivity, indicating a larger role for protein damage. For UV254, genome functionality loss accounted for approximately 60% of virus inactivation, with the remainder presumably due to protein damage. Heat treatment resulted in no reduction in genome functionality, in agreement with the understanding that heat inactivation results from capsid damage. Our results indicate that there is a fundamental difference between genome integrity reductions measured by PCR enzymes in previous studies and actual genome functionality (whether the genome can produce virus) after disinfection. Compared to PCR, quantitative transfection assays provide a more realistic picture of actual viral genome functionality and overall inactivation mechanisms during disinfection.IMPORTANCE This study provides a new tool for assessing virus inactivation mechanisms by directly measuring a viral genome's ability to produce new viruses after disinfection. In addition, we identify a potential pitfall of PCR for determining virus genome damage, which does not reflect whether a genome is truly functional. The results presented here using quantitative transfection corroborate previously suggested virus inactivation mechanisms for some virus inactivation methods (heat) while bringing additional insights for others (ozone, FC, and UV254). The developed transfection method provides a more mechanistic approach for the assessment of actual virus inactivation by common water disinfectants.
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6
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Brié A, Gantzer C, Boudaud N, Bertrand I. The impact of chlorine and heat on the infectivity and physicochemical properties of bacteriophage MS2. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5033402. [PMID: 29878194 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses and bacteriophages are exposed to various inactivating factors outside their host, and among them chlorine and heat are the most commonly used sanitizer in water industry and treatment in the food industry, respectively. Using MS2 phages as models for enteric viruses, we investigated the impact of free chlorine and heat on their physicochemical properties. Free chlorine was first evaluated alone. No increase in either capsid permeability or hydrophobicity was observed. The negative surface charge slightly increased suggesting molecular changes in the capsid. However, a weakening of the capsid by chlorine was suggested by differential scanning fluorimetry. This phenomenon was confirmed when chlorination was followed by a heat treatment. Indeed, an increase in the inactivation of MS2 phages and the permeability of their capsids to RNases was observed. More interestingly, an increase in the expression of hydrophobic domains at the phage surface was observed, but only for phages remaining infectious. The chlorine-caused weakening of the capsid suggested that, for an optimal use, the oxidant should be followed by heat. The increased permeability to RNases and the expression of hydrophobic domains may contribute to the development or improvement of molecular methods specific for infectious enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Brié
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy, France.,Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, 310 rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint Lô, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Boudaud
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, 310 rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint Lô, France
| | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy, France
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7
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Manuel CS, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Predicting human norovirus infectivity - Recent advances and continued challenges. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:337-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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9
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Sano D, Tazawa M, Inaba M, Kadoya S, Watanabe R, Miura T, Kitajima M, Okabe S. Selection of cellular genetic markers for the detection of infectious poliovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:1001-1007. [PMID: 29078036 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cellular responses of an established cell line from human intestinal epithelial cells (INT-407 cells) against poliovirus (PV) infections were investigated in order to find cellular genetic markers for infectious PV detection. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene expression profile of INT-407 cells was analysed by DNA microarray technique when cells were infected with poliovirus 1 (PV1) (sabin) at multiplicity of infection of 10-3 and incubated for 12 h. Poliovirus infection significantly altered the gene expressions of two ion channels, KCNJ4 and SCN7A. The expression profile of KCNJ4 gene was further investigated by real-time RT-qPCR, and it was found that KCNJ4 gene was significantly regulated at 24 h postinfection of PV1. CONCLUSIONS KCNJ4 gene, coding a potassium channel protein, is proposed as a cellular genetic marker for infectious PV detection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to show the availability of cellular responses to detect infectious PV. The selection of cellular genetic markers for infectious viruses using DNA microarray and RT-qPCR can be applicable for the other enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Tazawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Inaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - S Kadoya
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Watanabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - S Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Brié A, Razafimahefa R, Loutreul J, Robert A, Gantzer C, Boudaud N, Bertrand I. The Effect of Heat and Free Chlorine Treatments on the Surface Properties of Murine Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:149-158. [PMID: 27888443 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat and free chlorine are among the most efficient and commonly used treatments to inactivate enteric viruses, but their global inactivation mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. These treatments have been shown to affect at least the capsid proteins of viruses and thus may affect the surface properties (i.e. electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity) of such particles. Our aim was to study the effects of heat and free chlorine on surface properties for a murine norovirus chosen as surrogate for human norovirus. No changes in the surface properties were observed with our methods for murine norovirus exposed to free chlorine. Only the heat treatment led to major changes in the surface properties of the virus with the expression of hydrophobic domains at the surface of the particles after exposure to a temperature of 55 °C. No modification of the expression of hydrophobic domains occurred after exposure to 60 °C, and the low hydrophobic state exhibited by infectious and inactivated particles after exposure to 60 °C appeared to be irreversible for inactivated particles only, which may provide a means to discriminate infectious from inactivated murine noroviruses. When exposed to a temperature of 72 °C or to free chlorine at a concentration of 50 mg/L, the genome became available for RNases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Brié
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint Lô, France
| | | | | | - Aurélie Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint Lô, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France.
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France.
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11
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Murai K, Aochi A. Elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis A virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 326:110-119. [PMID: 28011355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined the removal of representative contaminant candidate list (CCL) viruses (coxsackievirus [CV] B5, echovirus type [EV] 11, and hepatitis A virus [HAV] IB), recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rNV-VLPs), and murine norovirus (MNV) type 1 by coagulation. Water samples were subjected to coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) followed by either settling or settling and filtration. Together with our previously published results, the removal ratio order, as evaluated by a plaque-forming-unit method or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after settling, was HAV>EV=rNV-VLPs≥CV=poliovirus type 1=MNV>adenovirus type 40 (range, 0.1-2.7-log10). Infectious HAV was likely inactivated by the PACl and therefore was removed to a greater extent than the other viruses. A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1), removed the CCL viruses more efficiently than did two other sulfated PACls (basicity 1.5 or 2.1), alum, or ferric chloride. We also examined the removal ratio of two bacteriophages. The removal ratios for MS2 tended to be larger than those of the CCL viruses, whereas those for φX174 were comparable with or smaller than those of the CCL viruses. Therefore, φX174 may be a useful conservative surrogate for CCL viruses during coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - K Murai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - A Aochi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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12
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Fuzawa M, Ku KM, Palma-Salgado SP, Nagasaka K, Feng H, Juvik JA, Sano D, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6214-6222. [PMID: 27520815 PMCID: PMC5068170 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01778-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sanitizers is essential for produce safety. However, little is known about how sanitizer efficacy varies with respect to the chemical surface properties of produce. To answer this question, the disinfection efficacies of an oxidant-based sanitizer and a new surfactant-based sanitizer for porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU were examined. PRV was attached to the leaf surfaces of two kale cultivars with high epicuticular wax contents and one cultivar of endive with a low epicuticular wax content and then treated with each sanitizer. The efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer correlated with leaf wax content as evidenced by the 1-log10 PRV disinfection on endive surfaces (low wax content) and 3-log10 disinfection of the cultivars with higher wax contents. In contrast, the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies (up to 3 log10) that were independent of leaf wax content. A statistical difference was observed with the disinfection efficacies of the oxidant-based sanitizer for suspended and attached PRV, while the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies. Significant reductions in the entry and replication of PRV were observed after treatment with either disinfectant. Moreover, the oxidant-based-sanitizer-treated PRV showed sialic acid-specific binding to the host cells, whereas the surfactant-based sanitizer increased the nonspecific binding of PRV to the host cells. These findings suggest that the surface properties of fresh produce may affect the efficacy of virus disinfection, implying that food sanitizers should be carefully selected for the different surface characteristics of fresh produce. IMPORTANCE Food sanitizer efficacies are affected by the surface properties of vegetables. This study evaluated the disinfection efficacies of two food sanitizers, an oxidant-based sanitizer and a surfactant-based sanitizer, on porcine rotavirus strain OSU adhering to the leaf epicuticular surfaces of high- and low-wax-content cultivars. The disinfection efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer was affected by the surface properties of the vegetables, while the surfactant-based sanitizer was effective for both high- and low-wax leafy vegetable cultivars. This study suggests that the surface properties of vegetables may be an important factor that interacts with disinfection with food sanitizers of rotaviruses adhering to fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sindy Paola Palma-Salgado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenya Nagasaka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Sano D, Amarasiri M, Hata A, Watanabe T, Katayama H. Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:220-9. [PMID: 26985655 PMCID: PMC7111293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10 reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Mohan Amarasiri
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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