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Huang TT, Liu YN, Huang JX, Yan PP, Wang JJ, Cao YX, Cao L. Sodium sulfite-driven Helicobacter pylori eradication: Unraveling oxygen dynamics through multi-omics investigation. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116055. [PMID: 38354959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Due to the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), its eradication has become difficult. Sodium sulfite (SS), a widely used food additive for ensuring food safety and storage, has been recognized as an effective nonbactericidal agent for H. pylori eradication. However, the mechanism by which H. pylori adapts and eventually succumbs under low- or no-oxygen conditions remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-H. pylori effect of SS and investigated the multiomics mechanism by which SS kills H. pylori. The results demonstrated that SS effectively eradicated H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo. H. pylori responds to the oxygen changes regulated by SS, downregulates the HcpE gene, which is responsible for redox homeostasis in bacteria, decreases the activities of enzymes related to oxidative stress, and disrupts the outer membrane structure, increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. Furthermore, SS downregulates the content of cytochrome C in the microaerobic respiratory chain, leading to a sharp decrease in ATP synthesis. Consequently, the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in bacteria due to oxidative stress supports anaerobic respiration, meeting their energy requirements. The multifaceted death of H. pylori caused by SS does not result in drug resistance. Thus, screening of the redox homeostasis of HcpE as a new target for H. pylori infection treatment could lead to the development of a novel approach for H. pylori eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ni Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Xian Huang
- Software Department, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330032, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lei Cao
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Lemons JMS, Conrad M, Tanes C, Chen J, Friedman ES, Roggiani M, Curry D, Chau L, Hecht AL, Harling L, Vales J, Kachelries KE, Baldassano RN, Goulian M, Bittinger K, Master SR, Liu L, Wu GD. Enterobacteriaceae Growth Promotion by Intestinal Acylcarnitines, a Biomarker of Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:131-148. [PMID: 37739064 PMCID: PMC10694575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Altered plasma acylcarnitine levels are well-known biomarkers for a variety of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders and can be used as an alternative energy source for the intestinal epithelium when short-chain fatty acids are low. These membrane-permeable fatty acid intermediates are excreted into the gut lumen via bile and are increased in the feces of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Herein, based on studies in human subjects, animal models, and bacterial cultures, we show a strong positive correlation between fecal carnitine and acylcarnitines and the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in IBD where they can be consumed by bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Carnitine metabolism promotes the growth of Escherichia coli via anaerobic respiration dependent on the cai operon, and acetylcarnitine dietary supplementation increases fecal carnitine levels with enhanced intestinal colonization of the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. CONCLUSIONS In total, these results indicate that the increased luminal concentrations of carnitine and acylcarnitines in patients with IBD may promote the expansion of pathobionts belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M S Lemons
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Maire Conrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manuela Roggiani
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dylan Curry
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lillian Chau
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron L Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Harling
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Vales
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly E Kachelries
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - LinShu Liu
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania.
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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3
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Yang G, Weng Y, Zhao Y, Wang D, Luo T, Jin Y. Transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic analysis revealed the toxic effects of prochloraz on larval zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153625. [PMID: 35124026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prochloraz (PCZ), an imidazole fungicide, has been extensively used in horticulture and agriculture to protect against pests and diseases. To investigate the potential toxicity of PCZ on aquatic organisms, larval zebrafish, as a model, were exposed to a series of concentrations (0, 20, 100, and 500 μg/L) of PCZ for 7 days. With transcriptomic analysis, we found that exposure to high dose PCZ could produce 76 downregulated and 345 upregulated differential expression genes (DEGs). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were characterized in the pathways of glycolipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress in larval zebrafish. Targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted to verify the effects of PCZ on the levels of acyl-carnitines and some amino acids in larval zebrafish. In addition, biochemical indicators related to glycolipid metabolism were affected obviously, manifested as elevated triglyceride (TG) levels and decreased glucose (Glu) levels in whole larvae. The expression levels of genes associated with glycolipid metabolism were affected in larvae after exposure to PCZ (PK, GK, PEPckc, SREBP, ACO). Interestingly, we further confirmed that PCZ could induce oxidative stress by the changing enzyme activities (T-GSH, GSSG) and upregulating several related genes levels in larval zebrafish. Generally, our results revealed that the endpoints related to glycolipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress were influenced by PCZ in larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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4
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Reales-Calderón JA, Sun Z, Mascaraque V, Pérez-Navarro E, Vialás V, Deutsch EW, Moritz RL, Gil C, Martínez JL, Molero G. A wide-ranging Pseudomonas aeruginosa PeptideAtlas build: A useful proteomic resource for a versatile pathogen. J Proteomics 2021; 239:104192. [PMID: 33757883 PMCID: PMC8668395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic human pathogen with high prevalence in nosocomial infections. This microorganism is a good model for understanding biological processes such as the quorum-sensing response, the metabolic integration of virulence, the mechanisms of global regulation of bacterial physiology, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Till now, P. aeruginosa proteomic data, although available in several on-line repositories, were dispersed and difficult to access. In the present work, proteomes of the PAO1 strain grown under different conditions and from diverse cellular compartments have been joined to build the Pseudomonas PeptideAtlas. This resource is a comprehensive mass spectrometry-derived peptide and inferred protein database with 71.3% coverage of the total predicted proteome of P. aeruginosa PAO1, the highest coverage among bacterial PeptideAtlas datasets. The proteins included cover 89% of metabolic proteins, 72% of proteins involved in genetic information processing, 83% of proteins responsible for environmental information processing, more than 88% of the ones related to quorum sensing and biofilm formation, and 89% of proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance. It exemplifies a necessary tool for targeted proteomics studies, system-wide observations, and cross-species observational studies. The manuscript describes the building of the PeptideAtlas and the contribution of the different proteomic data used. SIGNIFICANCE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the most versatile human bacterial pathogens. Studies of its proteome are very important as they can reveal virulence factors and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The construction of a proteomic resource such as the PeptideAtlas enables targeted proteomics studies, system-wide observations, and cross-species observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Reales-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Z Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - V Mascaraque
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - E Pérez-Navarro
- Unidad de Proteómica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vialás
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - E W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Proteómica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Molero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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Gregory GJ, Boyd EF. Stressed out: Bacterial response to high salinity using compatible solute biosynthesis and uptake systems, lessons from Vibrionaceae. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1014-1027. [PMID: 33613867 PMCID: PMC7876524 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved mechanisms that allow them to adapt to changes in osmolarity and some species have adapted to live optimally in high salinity environments such as in the marine ecosystem. Most bacteria that live in high salinity do so by the biosynthesis and/or uptake of compatible solutes, small organic molecules that maintain the turgor pressure of the cell. Osmotic stress response mechanisms and their regulation among marine heterotrophic bacteria are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss what is known about compatible solute metabolism and transport and new insights gained from studying marine bacteria belonging to the family Vibrionaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Fidelma Boyd
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biological Sciences, 341 Wolf Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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L-carnitine exerts a nutrigenomic effect via direct modulation of nuclear receptor signaling in adipocytes, hepatocytes and SKMC, demonstrating its nutritional impact. Nutr Res 2020; 85:84-98. [PMID: 33453499 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
L-carnitine is an indispensable metabolite facilitating the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix and has been previously postulated to exert a nutrigenomic effect. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain mostly unclear. We hypothesized that L-carnitine interacts with nuclear receptors involved in metabolic regulation, thereby modulating downstream targets of cellular metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on protein activity, mRNA expression, and binding affinities of nuclear receptors as well as mRNA expression of downstream targets in skeletal muscle cells, hepatocytes, and differentiated adipocytes. L-carnitine supplementation to hepatocytes increased the protein activity of multiple nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR, VDR, PPAR, HNF4, ER, LXR). Diverging effects on the mRNA expression of PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, PPAR-γ, RAR-β, LXR-α, and RXR-α were observed in adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. mRNA levels of PPAR-α, a key regulator of lipolysis and β-oxidation, were significantly upregulated, emphasizing a role of L-carnitine as a promoter of lipid catabolism. L-carnitine administration to hepatocytes modulated the transcription of key nuclear receptor target genes, including ALDH1A1, a promoter of adipogenesis, and OGT, a contributor to insulin resistance. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays proved L-carnitine to increase binding affinities of nuclear receptors to their promoter target sequences, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the observed transcriptional modulation. Overall, these findings indicate that L-carnitine modulates the activity and expression of nuclear receptors, thereby promoting lipolytic gene expression and decreasing transcription of target genes linked to adipogenesis and insulin resistance.
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7
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Meadows JA, Willsey GG, Wargo MJ. Differential requirements for processing and transport of short-chain versus long-chain O-acylcarnitines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2018; 164:635-645. [PMID: 29517479 PMCID: PMC5982139 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can metabolize carnitine and O-acylcarnitines, which are abundant in host muscle and other tissues. Acylcarnitines are metabolized to carnitine and a fatty acid. The liberated carnitine and its catabolic product, glycine betaine, can be used as osmoprotectants, to induce the secreted phospholipase C PlcH, and as sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources. P. aeruginosa is incapable of de novo synthesis of carnitine and acylcarnitines, therefore they must be imported from an exogenous source. In this study, we present the first characterization of bacterial acylcarnitine transport. Short-chain acylcarnitines are imported by the ABC transporter CaiX-CbcWV. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (MCACs and LCACs) are hydrolysed extracytoplasmically and the free carnitine is transported primarily through CaiX-CbcWV. These findings suggest that the periplasmic protein CaiX has a binding pocket that permits short acyl chains on its carnitine ligand and that there are one or more secreted hydrolases that cleave MCACs and LCACs. To identify the secreted hydrolase(s), we used a saturating genetic screen and transcriptomics followed by phenotypic analyses, but neither led to identification of a contributing hydrolase, supporting but not conclusively demonstrating redundancy for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Meadows
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Wargo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- The Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Ghonimy A, Zhang DM, Farouk MH, Wang Q. The Impact of Carnitine on Dietary Fiber and Gut Bacteria Metabolism and Their Mutual Interaction in Monogastrics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1008. [PMID: 29597260 PMCID: PMC5979481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine has vital roles in the endogenous metabolism of short chain fatty acids. It can protect and support gut microbial species, and some dietary fibers can reduce the available iron involved in the bioactivity of carnitine. There is also an antagonistic relationship between high microbial populations and carnitine bioavailability. This review shows the interactions between carnitine and gut microbial composition. It also elucidates the role of carnitine bacterial metabolism, mitochondrial function, fiber fermentability, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ghonimy
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Dong Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134000, China.
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Qiuju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Transcriptional Regulation of Carnitine Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by CdhR. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00480-17. [PMID: 29435492 PMCID: PMC5806209 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00480-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens must metabolize host-derived compounds during infection and properly regulate the responsible pathways. Carnitine is a common eukaryotic-associated quaternary amine compound that can be catabolized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we expand on our understanding of how this metabolic pathway is regulated and provide details on how carnitine catabolism is intertwined with glycine betaine catabolism at the level of transcriptional control. The common environmental bacterium and opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes diverse metabolic pathways and associated regulatory networks allowing it to thrive in these different environments. In an effort to understand P. aeruginosa metabolism and detection of host-derived compounds, we previously identified CdhR and GbdR as members of the AraC transcription factor family that regulate catabolism of the quaternary amine compounds carnitine and glycine betaine, respectively. In this study, our goal was to further characterize regulation of carnitine catabolism by the transcription factor CdhR. CdhR binds in a concentration-dependent manner upstream of the carnitine catabolism operon promoter (PcaiXcdhCABhocS). We identified the CdhR binding site and determined that it overlaps with the GbdR binding site in the caiX-cdhR intergenic region. Carnitine catabolism is repressed by glucose and glycine betaine, and here we show this happens at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, we show that CdhR enhances its own expression and that GbdR contributes to cdhR expression by enhancing the level of basal expression. The intertwined regulation of caiX and cdhR transcription by GbdR and CdhR suggests that carnitine catabolism is under tight but tuneable control. IMPORTANCE Pathogens must metabolize host-derived compounds during infection and properly regulate the responsible pathways. Carnitine is a common eukaryotic-associated quaternary amine compound that can be catabolized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we expand on our understanding of how this metabolic pathway is regulated and provide details on how carnitine catabolism is intertwined with glycine betaine catabolism at the level of transcriptional control.
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Park N, Lee TK, Nguyen TTH, An EB, Kim NM, You YH, Park TS, Kim D. The effect of fermented buckwheat on producing l-carnitine- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched designer eggs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2891-2897. [PMID: 27790703 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of fermented buckwheat as a feed additive was studied to increase l-carnitine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in designer eggs. Buckwheat contains high levels of lysine, methionine and glutamate, which are precursors for the synthesis of l-carnitine and GABA. Rhizopus oligosporus was used for the fermentation of buckwheat to produce l-carnitine and GABA that exert positive effects such as enhanced metabolism, antioxidant activities, immunity and blood pressure control. RESULTS A novel analytical method for simultaneously detecting l-carnitine and GABA was developed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS. The fermented buckwheat extract contained 4 and 34 times more l-carnitine and GABA respectively compared with normal buckwheat. Compared with the control, the fermented buckwheat extract-fed group showed enriched l-carnitine (13.6%) and GABA (8.4%) in the yolk, though only l-carnitine was significantly different (P < 0.05). Egg production (9.4%), albumen weight (2.1%) and shell weight (5.8%) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in yolk weight, and total cholesterol (1.9%) and triglyceride (4.9%) in the yolk were lowered (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Fermented buckwheat as a feed additive has the potential to produce l-carnitine- and GABA-enriched designer eggs with enhanced nutrition and homeostasis. These designer eggs pose significant potential to be utilized in superfood production and supplement industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhyeon Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Eun-Bae An
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Nahyun M Kim
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Tae-Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea
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11
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Sarcosine Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Transcriptionally Regulated by SouR. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:301-10. [PMID: 26503852 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00739-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) is present in many environments inhabited by pseudomonads and is likely most often encountered as an intermediate in the metabolism of choline, carnitine, creatine, and glyphosate. While the enzymology of sarcosine metabolism has been relatively well studied in bacteria, the regulatory mechanisms governing catabolism have remained largely unknown. We previously determined that the sarcosine-catabolic (sox) operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is induced by the AraC family regulator GbdR in response to glycine betaine and dimethylglycine. However, induction of these genes was still observed in response to sarcosine in a gbdR deletion mutant, indicating that an independent sarcosine-responsive transcription factor also acted at this locus. Our goal in this study was to identify and characterize this regulator. Using a transposon-based genetic screen, we identified PA4184, or SouR (sarcosine oxidation and utilization regulator), as the sarcosine-responsive regulator of the sox operon, with tight induction specificity for sarcosine. The souR gene is required for appreciable growth on sarcosine as a carbon and nitrogen source. We also characterized the transcriptome response to sarcosine governed by SouR using microarray analyses and performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays to identify promoters directly regulated by the transcription factor. Finally, we characterized PA3630, or GfnR (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde neutralization regulator), as the regulator of the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde detoxification system in P. aeruginosa that is expressed in response to formaldehyde released during the catabolism of sarcosine. This study expands our understanding of sarcosine metabolic regulation in bacteria through the identification and characterization of the first known sarcosine-responsive transcriptional regulator. IMPORTANCE The Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome encodes many diverse metabolic pathways, yet the specific transcription regulators controlling their expression remain mostly unknown. Here, we used a genetic screen to identify the sarcosine-specific regulator of the sarcosine oxidase operon, which we have named SouR. SouR is the first bacterial regulator shown to respond to sarcosine, and it is required for growth on sarcosine. Sarcosine is found in its free form and is also an intermediate in the catabolic pathways of glycine betaine, carnitine, creatine, and glyphosate. The similarity of SouR to the regulators of carnitine and glycine betaine catabolism suggests evolutionary diversification within this regulatory family to allow response to structurally similar but physiologically distinct ligands.
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Meadows JA, Wargo MJ. Carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2015; 161:1161-74. [PMID: 25787873 PMCID: PMC4635513 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. In bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. Carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized through one of a few distinct pathways as a nutrient source. In this review, we summarize what is known about carnitine physiology and metabolism in bacteria. In particular, recent advances in the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways as well as the use of carnitine as an electron acceptor have addressed some long-standing questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Meadows
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Wargo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Carnitine metabolism to trimethylamine by an unusual Rieske-type oxygenase from human microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4268-73. [PMID: 24591617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316569111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of L-carnitine can promote cardiovascular diseases in humans through microbial production of trimethylamine (TMA) and its subsequent oxidation to trimethylamine N-oxide by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases. Although our microbiota are responsible for TMA formation from carnitine, the underpinning molecular and biochemical mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using bioinformatics approaches, we first identified a two-component Rieske-type oxygenase/reductase (CntAB) and associated gene cluster proposed to be involved in carnitine metabolism in representative genomes of the human microbiota. CntA belongs to a group of previously uncharacterized Rieske-type proteins and has an unusual "bridging" glutamate but not the aspartate residue, which is believed to facilitate intersubunit electron transfer between the Rieske center and the catalytic mononuclear iron center. Using Acinetobacter baumannii as the model, we then demonstrate that cntAB is essential in carnitine degradation to TMA. Heterologous overexpression of cntAB enables Escherichia coli to produce TMA, confirming that these genes are sufficient in TMA formation. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have confirmed that this unusual "bridging glutamate" residue in CntA is essential in catalysis and neither mutant (E205D, E205A) is able to produce TMA. Taken together, the data in our study reveal the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underpinning carnitine metabolism to TMA in human microbiota and assign the role of this novel group of Rieske-type proteins in microbial carnitine metabolism.
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