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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Functional diversity of c-di-GMP receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:259. [PMID: 37749602 PMCID: PMC10519070 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic bis-(3', 5')-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is ubiquitous in many bacterial species, where it functions as a nucleotide-based secondary messenger and is a vital regulator of numerous biological processes. Due to its ubiquity, most bacterial species possess a wide range of downstream receptors that has a binding affinity to c-di-GMP and elicit output responses. In eukaryotes, several enzymes and riboswitches operate as receptors that interact with c-di-GMP and transduce cellular or environmental signals. This review examines the functional variety of receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems that exhibit distinct biological responses after interacting with c-di-GMP. Evolutionary relationships and similarities in distance among the c-di-GMP receptors in various bacterial species were evaluated to understand their specificities. Furthermore, residues of receptors involved in c-di-GMP binding are summarized. This review facilitates the understanding of how distinct receptors from different origins bind c-di-GMP equally well, yet fulfill diverse biological roles at the interspecies, intraspecies, and interkingdom levels. Furthermore, it also highlights c-di-GMP receptors as potential therapeutic targets, particularly those found in pathogenic microorganisms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wei C, Wang S, Liu P, Cheng ST, Qian G, Wang S, Fu Y, Qian W, Sun W. The PdeK-PdeR two-component system promotes unipolar localization of FimX and pilus extension in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabi9589. [PMID: 34520229 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengwei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Shou-Ting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
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3
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Llontop EE, Cenens W, Favaro DC, Sgro GG, Salinas RK, Guzzo CR, Farah CS. The PilB-PilZ-FimX regulatory complex of the Type IV pilus from Xanthomonas citri. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009808. [PMID: 34398935 PMCID: PMC8389850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are thin and flexible filaments found on the surface of a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria that undergo cycles of extension and retraction and participate in a variety of important functions related to lifestyle, defense and pathogenesis. During pilus extensions, the PilB ATPase energizes the polymerization of pilin monomers from the inner membrane. In Xanthomonas citri, two cytosolic proteins, PilZ and the c-di-GMP receptor FimX, are involved in the regulation of T4P biogenesis through interactions with PilB. In vivo fluorescence microscopy studies show that PilB, PilZ and FimX all colocalize to the leading poles of X. citri cells during twitching motility and that this colocalization is dependent on the presence of all three proteins. We demonstrate that full-length PilB, PilZ and FimX can interact to form a stable complex as can PilB N-terminal, PilZ and FimX C-terminal fragments. We present the crystal structures of two binary complexes: i) that of the PilB N-terminal domain, encompassing sub-domains ND0 and ND1, bound to PilZ and ii) PilZ bound to the FimX EAL domain within a larger fragment containing both GGDEF and EAL domains. Evaluation of PilZ interactions with PilB and the FimX EAL domain in these and previously published structures, in conjunction with mutagenesis studies and functional assays, allow us to propose an internally consistent model for the PilB-PilZ-FimX complex and its interactions with the PilM-PilN complex in the context of the inner membrane platform of the X. citri Type IV pilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar E. Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Cenens
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denize C. Favaro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Germán G. Sgro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto K. Salinas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. Guzzo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chuck S. Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Fu Y, Yu Z, Zhu L, Li Z, Yin W, Shang X, Chou SH, Tan Q, He J. The Multiple Regulatory Relationship Between RNA-Chaperone Hfq and the Second Messenger c-di-GMP. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689619. [PMID: 34335515 PMCID: PMC8323549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA chaperone protein Hfq is an important post-transcriptional regulator in bacteria, while c-di-GMP is a second messenger signaling molecule widely distributed in bacteria. Both factors have been found to play key roles in post-transcriptional regulation and signal transduction pathways, respectively. Intriguingly, the two factors show some common aspects in the regulation of certain physiological functions such as bacterial motility, biofilm formation, pathogenicity and so on. Therefore, there may be regulatory relationship between Hfq and c-di-GMP. For example, Hfq can directly regulate the activity of c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes or alter the c-di-GMP level through other systems, while c-di-GMP can indirectly enhance or inhibit the hfq gene expression through intermediate factors. In this article, after briefly introducing the Hfq and c-di-GMP regulatory systems, we will focus on the direct and indirect regulation reported between Hfq and c-di-GMP, aiming to compare and link the two regulatory systems to further study the complicated physiological and metabolic systems of bacteria, and to lay a solid foundation for drawing a more complete global regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Yan W, Wei Y, Fan S, Yu C, Tian F, Wang Q, Yang F, Chen H. Diguanylate Cyclase GdpX6 with c-di-GMP Binding Activity Involved in the Regulation of Virulence Expression in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030495. [PMID: 33652966 PMCID: PMC7996900 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a secondary messenger present in bacteria. The GGDEF-domain proteins can participate in the synthesis of c-di-GMP as diguanylate cyclase (DGC) or bind with c-di-GMP to function as a c-di-GMP receptor. In the genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice, there are 11 genes that encode single GGDEF domain proteins. The GGDEF domain protein, PXO_02019 (here GdpX6 [GGDEF-domain protein of Xoo6]) was characterized in the present study. Firstly, the DGC and c-di-GMP binding activity of GdpX6 was confirmed in vitro. Mutation of the crucial residues D403 residue of the I site in GGDEF motif and E411 residue of A site in GGDEF motif of GdpX6 abolished c-di-GMP binding activity and DGC activity of GdpX6, respectively. Additionally, deletion of gdpX6 significantly increased the virulence, swimming motility, and decreased sliding motility and biofilm formation. In contrast, overexpression of GdpX6 in wild-type PXO99A strain decreased the virulence and swimming motility, and increased sliding motility and biofilm formation. Mutation of the E411 residue but not D403 residue of the GGDEF domain in GdpX6 abolished its biological functions, indicating the DGC activity to be imperative for its biological functions. Furthermore, GdpX6 exhibited multiple subcellular localization in bacterial cells, and D403 or E411 did not contribute to the localization of GdpX6. Thus, we concluded that GdpX6 exhibits DGC activity to control the virulence, swimming and sliding motility, and biofilm formation in Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
- The MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yiming Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
| | - Susu Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
| | - Qi Wang
- The MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62896063
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (F.T.); (H.C.)
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6
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Shahbaz MU, Qian S, Yun F, Zhang J, Yu C, Tian F, Yang F, Chen H. Identification of the Regulatory Components Mediated by the Cyclic di-GMP Receptor Filp and Its Interactor PilZX3 and Functioning in Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1196-1208. [PMID: 32720873 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0088-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degenerate GGDEF/EAL domain protein Filp was previously shown to function as a cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) signal receptor through its specific interaction with an atypical PilZ domain protein PilZX3 (formerly PXO_02715) and that this interaction is involved in regulating virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. As a step toward understanding the regulatory role of Filp/PilZX3-mediated c-di-GMP signaling in the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) downstream of Filp/PilZX3 were identified by isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 2,346 proteins were identified, of which 157 displayed significant differential expression in different strains. Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that the expression of HrrP (histidine kinase-response regulator hybrid protein), PhrP (PhoPQ-regulated protein), ProP (prophage Lp2 protein 6) were increased in the ∆filp, ∆pilZX3, and ∆filp∆pilZX3 mutant strains, while expression of CheW1 (chemotaxis protein CheW1), EdpX2 (the second EAL domain protein identified in X. oryzae pv. oryzae), HGdpX2 (the second HD-GYP domain protein identified in X. oryzae pv. oryzae) was decreased in all mutant strains compared with that in the wild type, which was consistent with the iTRAQ data. Deletion of the hrrP and proP genes resulted in significant increases in virulence, whereas deletion of the cheW1, hGdpX2, or tdrX2 genes resulted in decreased virulence. Enzyme assays indicated that EdpX2 and HGdpX2 were active phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This study provides a proteomic description of putative regulatory pathway of Filp and PilZX3 and characterized novel factors that contributed to the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae regulated by c-di-GMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Shahbaz
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Plant Pathology Section, Plant Pathology Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad 38850, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Yun
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre/Key Laboratory for Tobacco Cultivation of Tobacco Industry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, Teper D, Li Y, Wang N, Bleris L, Tang JL. Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:1-32. [PMID: 31578554 PMCID: PMC8042644 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL36849, USA
| | - Max Dow
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX75080, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Xie Y, Shao X, Deng X. Regulation of type III secretion system inPseudomonas syringae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4465-4477. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518057 China
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Fan S, Tian F, Fang L, Yang CH, He C. Transcriptional responses of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to type III secretion system inhibitor ortho-coumaric acid. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31307395 PMCID: PMC6631524 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified a plant-derived phenolic compound ortho-coumaric acid (OCA) as an inhibitor of type III secretion system (T3SS) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight of rice, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of this staple crop worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms by which OCA suppresses T3SS and the transcriptional responses to the OCA treatments in Xoo remains unclear. Results The present study conducted the RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis to reveal changes in gene expression in Xoo in response to 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h of OCA treatment. Results showed that OCA significantly inhibited the expression of T3SS genes after 30 min, and the inhibition also existed after 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h. After treatment for 30 min, membrane proteins in the functional category of cellular process was the predominant group affected, indicating that Xoo was in the early stress stage. Over time, more differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) gathered in the functional category of biological process. Analysis of common DEGs at all four of time points revealed the core elements of Xoo during the response to OCA treatment. Notable, a multidrug transporter cluster that consisted of a MarR-family protein (PXO_RS13760), a multidrug RND transporter (PXO_RS13755), a multidrug transporter (PXO_RS13750), and an MFS transporter (PXO_RS13745) were significantly up-regulated at all four of the time points. Although these three transporter genes were not upregulated by OCA in the PXO_RS13760 deletion mutant, the deficiency of PXO_RS13760 in Xoo did not affect T3SS transcript, and OCA still had the ability to inhibit the expression of T3SS in the mutant, suggesting that the MarR-family protein was involved in bacterial responses to OCA, but not direct OCA inhibition of T3SS in Xoo. Conclusions We analyzed the transcriptome of Xoo during OCA treatment at both early and late stages, which revealed the landscape of Xoo responses to OCA at the whole-genome transcription level. A multidrug transporter cluster was identified to be involved in the response process, but had no direct relation to T3SS in Xoo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Liwei Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Yang F, Xue D, Tian F, Hutchins W, Yang CH, He C. Identification of c-di-GMP Signaling Components in Xanthomonas oryzae and Their Orthologs in Xanthomonads Involved in Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Expression. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 31354637 PMCID: PMC6637768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight of rice, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of this staple crop worldwide. Xoo produces a range of virulence-related factors to facilitate its pathogenesis in rice, however, the regulatory mechanisms of Xoo virulence expression have been not fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that virulence factor production is regulated via cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) signaling pathway that is well-conserved in Xoo and other Xanthomonas species. A set of GGDEF, EAL, HD-GYP, and PilZ domain proteins with diverse signal sensory domains for c-di-GMP synthesis, hydrolysis, and binding is encoded in the Xoo genome. Bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical analysis has identified an array of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), as well as degenerate GGDEF/EAL, PilZ domain proteins along with a transcription regulator. These signaling components have been characterized to regulate various bacterial cellular processes, such as virulence, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation, motility, and adaptation at the transcriptional, post-translational, and protein-protein interaction levels. This review summarized the recent progress in understanding the importance and complexity of c-di-GMP signaling in regulating bacterial virulence expression, highlighting the identified key signal elements and orthologs found in Xanthomonads, discussing the diverse functions of GGDEF/EAL/HD-GYP domains, existence of a complicated multifactorial network between DGCs, PDEs, and effectors, and further exploration of the new c-di-GMP receptor domains. These findings and knowledge lay the groundwork for future experimentation to further elucidate c-di-GMP regulatory circuits involved in regulation of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, United States
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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López-Baena FJ, Vinardell JM, Medina C. Regulation of Protein Secretion Systems Mediated by Cyclic Diguanylate in Plant-Interacting Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 31263457 PMCID: PMC6584795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is involved in the regulation of different processes in bacteria. In phytopathogens, intracellular fluctuations in the concentration of this molecule contribute to the lifestyle switching from a motile and virulent stage to a sessile and biofilm-forming phase. Among the virulence mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens, different specific type secretion systems (TSSs) and the effector proteins that they translocate are included. Some of these TSS are conceived to suppress host immune responses during bacterial colonization. The modulation of the expression of secretion systems components and/or effector proteins can be influenced by c-di-GMP levels at transcriptional, translational, or post-translational levels and can take place directly by binding to specific or global regulators, or via transducer proteins. Different genera of plant-interacting bacteria have been analyzed to shed some light in the implications of c-di-GMP in the regulation of host plant colonization through protein secretion systems. Expression of (1) adhesins secreted by Type 1 secretion systems to bind the host plant in Pectobacterium (formerly Erwinia) and some beneficial Pseudomonas strains; (2) catalytic exoproteins delivered by Type 2 secretion systems to break plant cell wall in Dickeya; (3) effectors secreted by Type 3 secretion systems to suppress plant immunity in Xanthomonas; or (4) the activity of Type 6 secretion systems to export an ATPase in Pseudomonas, are finely tuned by c-di-GMP levels. In this minireview, we summarize the knowledge available about the implications of c-di-GMP in the regulation of protein secretion in different plant-interacting bacteria. Topic: Secretion systems and effector proteins of phytopathogenic and beneficial bacteria regulated by NSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose María Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Medina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Li H, Xue D, Tian F, Yuan X, Yang F, Chen H, Hutchins W, Yang CH, He C. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Response Regulator TriP Regulates Virulence and Exopolysaccharide Production Via Interacting With c-di-GMP Phosphodiesterase PdeR. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:729-739. [PMID: 30589364 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0260-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PdeR, a response regulator of the two-component system (TCS) with the cognate histidine kinase PdeK, has been shown to be an active phosphodiesterase (PDE) for intracellular cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) turnover and positively regulates the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal pathogen of bacterial blight of rice. To further reveal the key components and pathways involved in the PdeR-mediated c-di-GMP regulation of virulence, 16 PdeR-interacting proteins were identified, using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Among them, PXO_04421 (named as TriP, a putative transcriptional regulator interacting with PdeR) was verified via Y2H and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays, and its regulatory functions in bacterial virulence and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were assessed by biochemical and genetic analysis. The REC domain of TriP specifically interacted with the EAL domain of PdeR. TriP promoted the PDE activity of PdeR to degrade c-di-GMP in the presence of PdeK. In-frame deletion in triP abolished the polar localization of PdeR in the cell. Notably, the ∆triP mutant showed significantly reduced virulence on susceptible rice leaves and impaired EPS production compared with wild type, whereas the double mutant ∆triP∆pdeR, like ∆pdeR, caused shorter lesion lengths and produced less EPS than ∆triP. In addition, cross-complementation showed in trans expression of pdeR in ∆triP restored its EPS production to near wild-type levels but not vice versa. Taken together, our results suggest that TriP is a novel regulator that is epistatic to PdeR in positively regulating virulence expression in X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- 2 Jingtang Port Office of Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Tangshan 063611, China
| | - Dingrong Xue
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Tian
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, U.S.A
| | - Fenghuan Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huamin Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Ching-Hong Yang
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, U.S.A
| | - Chenyang He
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Sun Y, Xie Z, Sui F, Liu X, Cheng W. Identification of Cbp1, a c-di-GMP Binding Chemoreceptor in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 Involved in Chemotaxis and Nodulation of the Host Plant. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:638. [PMID: 31001223 PMCID: PMC6454048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cbp1, a chemoreceptor containing a PilZ domain was identified in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, a nitrogen-fixing free-living soil bacterium that induces nodule formation in both the roots and stems of the host legume Sesbania rostrata. Chemoreceptors are responsible for sensing signals in the chemotaxis pathway, which guides motile bacteria to beneficial niches and plays an important role in the establishment of rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PilZ domain proteins are known to bind the second messenger c-di-GMP, an important regulator of motility, biofilm formation and virulence. Cbp1 was shown to bind c-di-GMP through the conserved RxxxR motif of its PilZ domain. A mutant strain carrying a cbp1 deletion was impaired in chemotaxis, a feature that could be restored by genetic complementation. Compared with the wild type strain, the Δcbp1 mutant displayed enhanced aggregation and biofilm formation. The Δcbp1 mutant induced functional nodules when inoculated individually. However, the Δcbp1 mutant was less competitive than the wild type in competitive root colonization and nodulation. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that the c-di-GMP binding chemoreceptor Cbp1 in A. caulinodans is involved in chemotaxis and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu Sui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wuzeng Cheng
- Shandong Huibang Bohai Agriculture Development Limited Company, Dongying, China
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14
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Emerging paradigms for PilZ domain-mediated C-di-GMP signaling. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:381-388. [PMID: 30710060 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PilZ domain-containing proteins constitute a large family of bacterial signaling proteins. As a widely distributed protein domain for the binding of the second messenger c-di-GMP, the canonical PilZ domain contains a set of motifs that define the binding site for c-di-GMP and an allosteric switch for propagating local conformational changes. Here, we summarize some new insights gathered from recent studies on the commonly occurring single-domain PilZ proteins, YcgR-like proteins and PilZ domain-containing cellulose synthases. The studies collectively illuminate how PilZ domains function as cis- or trans-regulatory domains that enable c-di-GMP to control the activity of its cellular targets. Overall, the review highlights the diverse protein structure, biological function and regulatory mechanism of PilZ domain-containing proteins, as well as the challenge of deciphering the function and mechanism of orphan PilZ proteins.
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15
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Ogunyemi SO, Fang Y, Qiu W, Li B, Chen J, Yang M, Hong X, Luo J, Wang Y, Sun G. Role of type IV secretion system genes in virulence of rice bacterial brown stripe pathogen Acidovorax oryzae strain RS-2. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:343-350. [PMID: 30468852 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Type IV secretion system (T4SS) is a specialized nanomachine that is utilized for the pathogenicity of gram-negative bacteria. However, the role of T4SS genes in virulence of rice bacterial brown stripe pathogen Acidovorax oryzae (Ao) strain RS-2 is not clear, which contains T4SS gene cluster based on genome-wide analysis. Here we compared the virulence-related phenotypes between the wild-type strain RS-2 and nine T4SS mutants, which were constructed in this study. Results indicated that mutation of pilT, pilM, pilQ, or pilZ3 genes not only significantly reduced bacterial virulence, but also caused a reduction of 20.4-62.0% in biofilm formation and 37.7-47.7% reduction in motility, but had no effect on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production or extracellular enzymatic activities when compared to the wild type. The four T4SS genes had a differential effect on bacterial growth after 24 h post-incubation. The complemented strains of the four T4SS mutants restored similar virulence symptom as the wild type. In addition, no change was observed in bacterial virulence by mutation of the other five T4SS genes. Totally, these results demonstrated that T4SS played vital roles in bacterial virulence, motility and biofilm formation in plant pathogen Ao strain RS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solabomi Olaitan Ogunyemi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China; Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Yushi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianxian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Yangli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Phosphodiesterase EdpX1 Promotes Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Virulence, Exopolysaccharide Production, and Biofilm Formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01717-18. [PMID: 30217836 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01717-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, there are over 20 genes encoding GGDEF, EAL, and HD-GYP domains, which are potentially involved in the metabolism of second messenger c-di-GMP. In this study, we focused on the characterization of an EAL domain protein, EdpX1. Deletion of the edpX1 gene resulted in a 2-fold increase in the intracellular c-di-GMP levels, which were restored to the wild-type levels in the complemented ΔedpX1(pB-edpX1) strain, demonstrating that EdpX1 is an active phosphodiesterase (PDE) in X. oryzae pv. oryzae. In addition, colorimetric assays further confirmed the PDE activity of EdpX1 by showing that the E153A mutation at the EAL motif strongly reduced its activity. Virulence assays on the leaves of susceptible rice showed that the ΔedpX1 mutant was severely impaired in causing disease symptoms. In trans expression of wild-type edpX1, but not edpX1 E153A, was able to complement the weakened virulence phenotype. These results indicated that an active EAL domain is required for EdpX1 to regulate the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. We then demonstrated that the ΔedpX1 mutant was defective in secreting exopolysaccharide (EPS) and forming biofilms. The expression of edpX1 in the ΔedpX1 mutant, but not edpX1 E153A, restored the defective phenotypes to near-wild-type levels. In addition, we observed that EdpX1-green fluorescent protein (EdpX1-GFP) exhibited multiple subcellular localization foci, and this pattern was dependent on its transmembrane (TM) region, which did not seem to directly contribute to the regulatory function of EdpX1. Thus, we concluded that EdpX1 exhibits PDE activity to control c-di-GMP levels, and its EAL domain is necessary and sufficient for its regulation of virulence in X. oryzae pv. oryzae.IMPORTANCE Bacteria utilize c-di-GMP as a second messenger to regulate various biological functions. The synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP are catalyzed by GGDEF domains and an EAL or HD-GYP domain, respectively. Multiple genes encoding these domains are often found in one bacterial strain. For example, in the genome of X. oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A, 26 genes encoding proteins containing these domains were identified. Therefore, to fully appreciate the complexity and specificity of c-di-GMP signaling in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, the enzymatic activities and regulatory functions of each GGDEF, EAL, and HD-GYP domain protein need to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that the EAL domain protein EdpX1 is a major PDE to regulate diverse virulence phenotypes through the c-di-GMP signaling pathway.
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17
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Yu C, Chen H, Tian F, Yang F, Yuan X, Yang C, He C. A ten gene-containing genomic island determines flagellin glycosylation: implication for its regulatory role in motility and virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:579-592. [PMID: 28213905 PMCID: PMC6638077 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin glycosylation plays a crucial role in flagellar assembly, motility and virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. However, little is known about the genetic determinants and biological functions of flagellin glycosylation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal pathogen of bacterial blight of rice. Here, the structure, regulation and functions of a ten-gene cluster gigX (glycosylation island genes of Xoo), which was embedded in a flagellar regulon, were characterized. gigX1 to gigX10 encoded putative enzymes or proteins involved in glycan biosynthesis and transfer, including a nucleotide sugar transaminase, an acyl-carrier protein (ACP), a 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase, a 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase, a dehydrogenase, an acetyltransferase, a ring hydroxylating dioxygenase, a hypothetical protein, a methyltransferanse and a glycosyltransferase, respectively. The gigX genes were co-transcribed in an operon and up-regulated by the upstream σ54 factor RpoN2 and transcriptional activator FleQ. In-frame deletion of each gigX gene affected flagellin glycosylation modification, meaning that the unglycosylated flagellin of the mutants was smaller than the glycosylated flagellin of the wild-type. No significant changes in flagellar filament and motility were observed in the ΔgigX mutants, among which only ΔgigX6 displayed increased swimming ability. Importantly, all mutants, except ΔgigX9, showed significantly increased virulence and bacterial growth in the susceptible rice cultivar IR24, and ΔgigX1 and ΔgigX10 showed enhanced type III secretion system (T3SS)-related gene expression. Moreover, the glycosylated flagellin of the wild-type induced higher H2 O2 levels in rice leaves than did the unglycosylated flagellins of ΔgigX1 or ΔgigX10. Taken together, this study reveals that the gigX cluster determines flagellin glycosylation, and implicates the regulatory role of post-translational modification with the glycosylation, acetylation and methylation of flagellin in the regulation of motility and virulence of Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Ching‐Hong Yang
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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18
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Fu Y, Yu Z, Liu S, Chen B, Zhu L, Li Z, Chou SH, He J. c-di-GMP Regulates Various Phenotypes and Insecticidal Activity of Gram-Positive Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29487570 PMCID: PMC5816809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C-di-GMP has been well investigated to play significant roles in the physiology of many Gram-negative bacteria. However, its effect on Gram-positive bacteria is less known. In order to more understand the c-di-GMP functions in Gram-positive bacteria, we have carried out a detailed study on the c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes and their physiological functions in Bacillus thuringiensis, a Gram-positive entomopathogenic bacterium that has been applied as an insecticide successfully. We performed a systematic study on the ten putative c-di-GMP-synthesizing enzyme diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and c-di-GMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in B. thuringiensis BMB171, and artificially elevated the intracellular c-di-GMP level in BMB171 by deleting one or more pde genes. We found increasing level of intracellular c-di-GMP exhibits similar activities as those in Gram-negative bacteria, including altered activities in cell motility, biofilm formation, and cell-cell aggregation. Unexpectedly, we additionally found a novel function exhibited by the increasing level of c-di-GMP to promote the insecticidal activity of this bacterium against Helicoverpa armigera. Through whole-genome transcriptome profile analyses, we found that 4.3% of the B. thuringiensis genes were differentially transcribed when c-di-GMP level was increased, and 77.3% of such gene products are involved in some regulatory pathways not reported in other bacteria to date. In summary, our study represents the first comprehensive report on the c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes, their effects on phenotypes, and the transcriptome mediated by c-di-GMP in an important Gram-positive bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- NCHU Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Xu L, Xin L, Zeng Y, Yam JKH, Ding Y, Venkataramani P, Cheang QW, Yang X, Tang X, Zhang LH, Chiam KH, Yang L, Liang ZX. A cyclic di-GMP-binding adaptor protein interacts with a chemotaxis methyltransferase to control flagellar motor switching. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra102. [PMID: 27811183 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf7584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) binds to various effectors, the most common of which are single-domain PilZ proteins. These c-di-GMP effectors control various cellular functions and multicellular behaviors at the transcriptional or posttranslational level. We found that MapZ (methyltransferase-associated PilZ; formerly known as PA4608), a single-domain PilZ protein from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, directly interacted with the methyltransferase CheR1 and that this interaction was enhanced by c-di-GMP. In vitro assays indicated that, in the presence of c-di-GMP, MapZ inhibited CheR1 from methylating the chemoreceptor PctA, which would be expected to increase its affinity for chemoattractants and promote chemotaxis. MapZ localized to the poles of P. aeruginosa cells, where the flagellar motor and other chemotactic proteins, including PctA and CheR1, are also located. P. aeruginosa cells exhibit a random walk behavior by frequently switching the direction of flagellar rotation in a uniform solution. We showed that binding of c-di-GMP to MapZ decreased the frequency of flagellar motor switching and that MapZ was essential for generating the heterogeneous motility typical of P. aeruginosa cell populations and for efficient surface attachment during biofilm formation. Collectively, the studies revealed that c-di-GMP affects flagellar motor output by regulating the methylation of chemoreceptors through a single-domain PilZ adaptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lingyi Xin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yukai Zeng
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Joey Kuok Hoong Yam
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yichen Ding
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Prabhadevi Venkataramani
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Qing Wei Cheang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaobei Yang
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuhua Tang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore. .,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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20
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Sundin GW, Wang N, Charkowski AO, Castiblanco LF, Jia H, Zhao Y. Perspectives on the Transition From Bacterial Phytopathogen Genomics Studies to Applications Enhancing Disease Management: From Promise to Practice. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1071-1082. [PMID: 27183301 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-16-0117-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genomics has advanced science into a new era, providing a plethora of "toys" for researchers in many related and disparate fields. Genomics has also spawned many new fields, including proteomics and metabolomics, furthering our ability to gain a more comprehensive view of individual organisms and of interacting organisms. Genomic information of both bacterial pathogens and their hosts has provided the critical starting point in understanding the molecular bases of how pathogens disrupt host cells to cause disease. In addition, knowledge of the complete genome sequence of the pathogen provides a potentially broad slate of targets for the development of novel virulence inhibitors that are desperately needed for disease management. Regarding plant bacterial pathogens and disease management, the potential for utilizing genomics resources in the development of durable resistance is enhanced because of developing technologies that enable targeted modification of the host. Here, we summarize the role of genomics studies in furthering efforts to manage bacterial plant diseases and highlight novel genomics-enabled strategies heading down this path.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Sundin
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Nian Wang
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Amy O Charkowski
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Luisa F Castiblanco
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Hongge Jia
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Youfu Zhao
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing; second and fifth authors: Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; sixth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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21
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Xu L, Venkataramani P, Ding Y, Liu Y, Deng Y, Yong GL, Xin L, Ye R, Zhang L, Yang L, Liang ZX. A Cyclic di-GMP-binding Adaptor Protein Interacts with Histidine Kinase to Regulate Two-component Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16112-23. [PMID: 27231351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) binds to a diverse range of effectors to exert its biological effect. Despite the fact that free-standing PilZ proteins are by far the most prevalent c-di-GMP effectors known to date, their physiological function and mechanism of action remain largely unknown. Here we report that the free-standing PilZ protein PA2799 from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts directly with the hybrid histidine kinase SagS. We show that PA2799 (named as HapZ: histidine kinase associated PilZ) binds directly to the phosphoreceiver (REC) domain of SagS, and that the SagS-HapZ interaction is further enhanced at elevated c-di-GMP concentration. We demonstrate that binding of HapZ to SagS inhibits the phosphotransfer between SagS and the downstream protein HptB in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner. In accordance with the role of SagS as a motile-sessile switch and biofilm growth factor, we show that HapZ impacts surface attachment and biofilm formation most likely by regulating the expression of a large number of genes. The observations suggest a previously unknown mechanism whereby c-di-GMP mediates two-component signaling through a PilZ adaptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Xu
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology and
| | | | - Yichen Ding
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551 and
| | - Yang Liu
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551 and
| | - Yinyue Deng
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology and
| | | | - Lingyi Xin
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
| | - Ruijuan Ye
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
| | - Lianhui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- From the School of Biological Sciences and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551 and
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22
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Su J, Zou X, Huang L, Bai T, Liu S, Yuan M, Chou SH, He YW, Wang H, He J. DgcA, a diguanylate cyclase from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae regulates bacterial pathogenicity on rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25978. [PMID: 27193392 PMCID: PMC4872155 DOI: 10.1038/srep25978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of rice blight disease as well as a serious phytopathogen worldwide. It is also one of the model organisms for studying bacteria-plant interactions. Current progress in bacterial signal transduction pathways has identified cyclic di-GMP as a major second messenger molecule in controlling Xanthomonas pathogenicity. However, it still remains largely unclear how c-di-GMP regulates the secretion of bacterial virulence factors in Xoo. In this study, we focused on the important roles played by DgcA (XOO3988), one of our previously identified diguanylate cyclases in Xoo, through further investigating the phenotypes of several dgcA-related mutants, namely, the dgcA-knockout mutant ΔdgcA, the dgcA overexpression strain OdgcA, the dgcA complemented strain CdgcA and the wild-type strain. The results showed that dgcA negatively affected virulence, EPS production, bacterial autoaggregation and motility, but positively triggered biofilm formation via modulating the intracellular c-di-GMP levels. RNA-seq data further identified 349 differentially expressed genes controlled by DgcA, providing a foundation for a more solid understanding of the signal transduction pathways in Xoo. Collectively, the present study highlights DgcA as a major regulator of Xoo virulence, and can serve as a potential target for preventing rice blight diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xia Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Liangbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tenglong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry, and NCHU Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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23
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Yang F, Qian S, Tian F, Chen H, Hutchins W, Yang CH, He C. The GGDEF-domain protein GdpX1 attenuates motility, exopolysaccharide production and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1646-57. [PMID: 26929398 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that is synthesized by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) with the GGDEF-domain, regulates diverse virulence phenotypes in pathogenic bacteria. Although 11 genes encoding GGDEF-domain proteins have been shown in the genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99(A) , the causal pathogen of bacterial blight of rice, however, little is known about their roles in the c-di-GMP regulation of virulence in the pathogen. GdpX1, one of the GGDEF-domain proteins in Xoo was investigated in this study to reveal its regulatory function of bacterial virulence expression through genetic analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS GdpX1 was functionally characterized in virulence expression through deletion and overexpression analysis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the GGDEF-domain in GdpX1 was well conserved, indicating it is a putative DGC. Deletion of gdpX1 resulted in significant increases in virulence, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and flagellar motility. In contrast, overexpression of gdpX1 dramatically reduced these virulence phenotypes. qRT-PCR analysis showed genes related to the type III secretion system (T3SS), EPS synthesis, and flagellar motility, were up-regulated in ∆gdpX1 and down-regulated in the gdpX1-overexpressed strains. In addition, overexpression of gdpX1 promoted biofilm formation and xylanase activity. CONCLUSION GdpX1 is the first GGDEF-domain protein functionally characterized in Xoo, which functions as a negative regulator of bacterial virulence via suppression of virulence-related gene transcription. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Identification and functional characterization of GdpX1 provided additional insights into molecular mechanisms of c-di-GMP regulation of bacterial virulence expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - W Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - C-H Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - C He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Wang XY, Zhou L, Yang J, Ji GH, He YW. The RpfB-Dependent Quorum Sensing Signal Turnover System Is Required for Adaptation and Virulence in Rice Bacterial Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:220-30. [PMID: 26667598 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0206-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, produces diffusible signal factor (DSF) family quorum sensing signals to regulate virulence. The biosynthesis and perception of DSF family signals require components of the rpf (regulation of pathogenicity factors) cluster. In this study, we report that RpfB plays an essential role in DSF family signal turnover in X. oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A. The production of DSF family signals was boosted by deletion of the rpfB gene and was abolished by its overexpression. The RpfC/RpfG-mediated DSF signaling system negatively regulates rpfB expression via the global transcription regulator Clp, whose activity is reversible in the presence of cyclic diguanylate monophosphate. These findings indicate that the DSF family signal turnover system in PXO99A is generally consistent with that in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, this study has revealed several specific roles of RpfB in PXO99A. First, the rpfB deletion mutant produced high levels of DSF family signals but reduced extracellular polysaccharide production, extracellular amylase activity, and attenuated pathogenicity. Second, the rpfB/rpfC double-deletion mutant was partially deficient in xanthomonadin production. Taken together, the RpfB-dependent DSF family signal turnover system is a conserved and naturally presenting signal turnover system in Xanthomonas spp., which plays unique roles in X. oryzae pv. oryzae adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Yang
- 2 College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guang-Hai Ji
- 2 College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ya-Wen He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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25
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Dunger G, Llontop E, Guzzo CR, Farah CS. The Xanthomonas type IV pilus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 30:88-97. [PMID: 26874963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type IV pili, a special class of bacterial surface filaments, are key behavioral mediators for many important human pathogens. However, we know very little about the role of these structures in the lifestyles of plant-associated bacteria. Over the past few years, several groups studying the extensive genus of Xanthomonas spp. have gained insights into the roles of played by type IV pili in bacteria-host interactions and pathogenesis, motility, biofilm formation, and interactions with bacteriophages. Protein-protein interaction studies have identified T4P regulators and these, along with structural studies, have begun to reveal some of the possible molecular mechanisms that may control the extension/retraction cycles of these dynamic filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Dunger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edgar Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R Guzzo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Chuck S Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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26
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PilZ Domain Proteins of the Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Function Differentially in Virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4233-4. [PMID: 25911486 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01322-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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