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Kalvaitienė G, Vaičiūtė D, Bučas M, Gyraitė G, Kataržytė M. Macrophytes and their wrack as a habitat for faecal indicator bacteria and Vibrio in coastal marine environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115325. [PMID: 37523954 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogenic bacteria, including faecal indicator bacteria and potentially pathogenic Vibrio, are a global concern for diseases transmitted through water. A systematic review was conducted to analyse publications that investigated these bacteria in relation to macrophytes (seagrasses and macroalgae) in coastal marine environments. The highest quantities of FIB were found on brown algae and seagrasses, and the highest quantities of Vibrio bacteria were on red algae. The most extensively studied macrophyte group was brown algae, green algae were the least researched. Macrophyte wrack was found to favor the presence of FIB, but there is a lack of information about Vibrio quantities in this environment. To understand the role of Vibrio bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, molecular methods complementary to cultivation methods should be used. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of FIB and potentially pathogenic Vibrio with macrophytes and their microbiome in the coastal marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Kalvaitienė
- Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipėda, Lithuania.
| | - Diana Vaičiūtė
- Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipėda, Lithuania.
| | - Martynas Bučas
- Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipėda, Lithuania.
| | - Greta Gyraitė
- Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipėda, Lithuania.
| | - Marija Kataržytė
- Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipėda, Lithuania.
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Bhattacharyya D, Banerjee J, Habib M, Thapa G, Samanta I, Nanda PK, Dutt T, Sarkar K, Bandyopadhyay S. Elucidating the resistance repertoire, biofilm production, and phylogenetic characteristics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from community ponds: A study from West Bengal, India. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 94:e1678. [PMID: 34907618 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study details about the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in the fresh community pond water (n = 257) collected from three districts of West Bengal, India. In total, 57 isolates were MDR of which 38 emerged as extended spectrum and 7 as AmpC-type β-lactamase producers in phenotypic assay. Among β-lactamase genes, blaCTXM-1was predominant (87.71%) followed by blaAmpC (77.2%) and blaTEM-1 (22.8%). Six MDR strains carried metallo-β-lactamase (MBL, blaNDM-1) gene. Tissue culture plate assay confirmed strong biofilm (SP) production in four MDR and one non-MDR isolates. In PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT), multiple plasmids of diverse replicon types (Frep, FIB, I1, FIA, K/B, HI1, and Y) were identified. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)-based phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of genetic divergence among the MDR isolates. Multiplex PCR-based phylogrouping categorized 11 isolates as virulent (B2/D/F), which carried blaCTXM-1 gene and three had blaNDM-1 gene. Relative transcriptional activity of AcrAB efflux pump was significantly elevated among the SP and MBL producers. The presence of MDR E. coli isolates, particularly those resistant to carbapenem, in pond water used for daily domestic and household work, is a cause of concern as these pathogens may sneak into human food chain causing life-threatening infections. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Multidrug-resistant biofilm producing E. coli isolated from community pond water. A few of them were carbapenem-resistant and belonged to virulent (B2/D) types. Expression of AcrAB efflux pumps was found significantly elevated among biofilm producers and carbapenem-resistant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaraj Bhattacharyya
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata, India
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | | | - Md Habib
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Indranil Samanta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Triveni Dutt
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Keka Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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Graham JP, Amato H, Mendizabal-Cabrera R, Alvarez D, Ramay B. Waterborne Urinary Tract Infections: Have We Overlooked an Important Source of Exposure? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:12-17. [PMID: 33939640 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in drinking water is well recognized as a risk for diarrhea. The role of drinking water in extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli-such as urinary tract infections (UTIs)-remains poorly understood. Urinary tract infections are a leading cause of outpatient infections globally, with a lifetime incidence of 50-60% in adult women. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) in water supplies to determine whether the waterborne route may be an important, overlooked, source of UPEC. A limited number of studies have assessed whether UPEC isolates are present in drinking water supplies, but no studies have measured whether their presence in water may increase UPEC colonization or the risk of UTIs in humans. Given the prevalence of drinking water supplies contaminated with E. coli across the globe, efforts should be made to characterize UTI-related risks associated with drinking water, as well as other pathways of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Graham
- 1Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Heather Amato
- 2Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | - Danilo Alvarez
- 2Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Brooke Ramay
- 2Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,3Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University Pullman, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Zhang X, Xia S, Zhao R, Wang H. Effect of temperature on opportunistic pathogen gene markers and microbial communities in long-term stored roof-harvested rainwater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108917. [PMID: 31759642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) has received increasing attention in recent years as an alternative water source for domestic use, yet its biological stability during storage is not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of temperature (4 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C) on the microbiological characteristics of RHRW over a storage period of 60 days by targeting different microbial groups including total bacteria and fecal indictor Escherichia coli, bacterial opportunistic pathogen genera and species (Legionella spp, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium spp, Mycobacterium avium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two amoebas (Acanthamoeba and Vermamoeba vermiformis). The rainwater chemistry demonstrated no obvious change during storage. The highest biomass was observed in RHRW stored at 30 °C, as measured by heterotrophic bacterial counts, adenosine triphosphate, and 16S rRNA gene numbers. Gene markers of E. coli, Legionella spp., P. aeruginosa, and V. vermiformis were detected in fresh RHRW and can persist during RHRW storage; whereas P. aeruginosa was the only species demonstrated significant regrowth at higher storage temperatures (P < 0.05). Acanthamoeba spp. was only detected in RHRW after 50 days of storage at three investigated temperatures, highlighting increased health risks in long-term stored RHRW. Bacterial community compositions were significantly different in RHRW stored at different temperatures, with increased variations among triplicate storage bottles noted at higher temperatures along with storage time. The results provide insights into RHRW storage practices in terms of mitigating microbial contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Renzun Zhao
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Bae S, Maestre JP, Kinney KA, Kirisits MJ. An examination of the microbial community and occurrence of potential human pathogens in rainwater harvested from different roofing materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:406-413. [PMID: 31121408 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While harvested rainwater can serve as an alternative water supply, microbial contaminants within the collection system can negatively affect water quality. Here, we investigated the impact of roofing material on the microbial quality of rainwater freshly harvested from pilot-scale roofs (concrete tile, cool, green, Galvalume® metal, and asphalt fiberglass shingle). The microbial quality of freshly harvested rainwater from six rain events over two years was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent and -independent techniques. The concentrations of total coliform were significantly different among rainwaters harvested from the various roofing materials (p-value >0.05). However, the fecal coliform concentrations and the copy numbers of Enterococcus 23S rRNA genes and total Bacteria 16S rRNA genes did not vary by type of roofing material in a statistically significant way. Potential human pathogens such as Legionella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and adenovirus were detected at least once in rainwater harvested from the different roofing materials, even though the lowest occurrence of those potential human pathogens was noted from the metal roof. Also, substantial variation in the microbial communities from the different roofing materials was observed at the family and genus levels. These results demonstrate that the type of roofing material affects the microbial quality of freshly harvested rainwater, indicating that the choice of roofing material could shape the microbial community structure entering a rainwater storage tank. Given that detection of potential pathogens in the freshly harvested rainwater also differed between roofing materials, the type of roofing used to capture rainwater needs to be considered in rainwater harvesting system design, particularly if the water is intended for potable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, 11576, Singapore.
| | - Juan P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mary Jo Kirisits
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Ibrahim EME, El-Liethy MA, Abia ALK, Hemdan BA, Shaheen MN. Survival of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, HAdV2 and MNV-1 in river water under dark conditions and varying storage temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1297-1304. [PMID: 30340275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2) and Murine Norovirus 1 (MNV-1) to survive in river water at -20, 4, room temperature (~24 °C) and 37 °C, were evaluated under dark conditions. The tested surface water was obtained from the main Nile River in the Dokki area, Giza and sterilized by autoclaving. The pathogens were inoculated separately in the autoclaved river water. Each microcosm was sampled and the test microorganisms counted after zero (immediately following inoculation), 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Physicochemical parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates and nitrites, and sulphate, were also measured. For HAdV2, the highest decay rates were observed at 37 °C and room temperature compared to 4 and -20 °C. A similar trend was found for the MNV-1, although unlike the HAdV2, the decay rate was higher at -20 than at 4 °C. Also, 4 °C was the best temperature for the survival of MNV-1 (T90 = 76.9 days), E. coli O157:H7 (T90 = 103 days) and Salmonella Typhimurium (T90 = 105 days). The least survival of the pathogens, except MNV-1, was recorded at 37 °C. These results indicate that under dark conditions and low temperatures, enteric pathogens could be stable for extended periods. No significant statistical correlation was observed between the experimental temperatures and the infectivity of the viral particles. This study provided useful information about the stability of these pathogens in the Nile River water and could serve as an early warning when considering the water of the river for agricultural irrigation or household use in areas with limited or no access to potable water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Azab El-Liethy
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, X54001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bahaa Ahmed Hemdan
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Malema MS, Abia ALK, Tandlich R, Zuma B, Mwenge Kahinda JM, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Rooftop Rainwater-Harvesting Tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050892. [PMID: 29723970 PMCID: PMC5981931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many developing countries use harvested rainwater (HRW) for drinking and other household purposes, its quality is seldom monitored. Continuous assessment of the microbial quality of HRW would ensure the safety of users of such water. The current study investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in HRW tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rainwater samples were collected weekly between June and September 2016 from 11 tanks in various areas of the province. Enumeration of E. coli was performed using the Colilert®18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 method. E. coli isolates were obtained and screened for their virulence potentials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequently tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. The pathotype most detected was the neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) (ibeA 28%) while pathotype enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was not detected. The highest resistance of the E. coli isolates was observed against Cephalothin (76%). All tested pathotypes were susceptible to Gentamicin, and 52% demonstrated multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR). The results of the current study are of public health concern since the use of untreated harvested rainwater for potable purposes may pose a risk of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokaba Shirley Malema
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Roman Tandlich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Bonga Zuma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind Street, Doornfontein 2094, South Africa.
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria 0081, South Africa.
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Gwenzi W, Chaukura N. Organic contaminants in African aquatic systems: Current knowledge, health risks, and future research directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1493-1514. [PMID: 29734625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants (OCs) are increasingly being reported in African aquatic systems, yet a critical evaluation of the literature is still lacking. The objectives of this review were to: (1) identify hotspot reservoirs, transfer pathways and ecological and human risks of OCs, (2) identify potential interventions to minimize the health risks, and (3) highlight knowledge gaps and research constraints. OCs widely reported in aquatic systems include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, solvents, endocrine disrupting compounds, and antimicrobial resistance genes, originating from applications in crop protection, veterinary and animal husbandry, human sanitation and hygiene, human vector and disease control. Potential hotspot reservoirs of OCs include wastewaters, on-site sanitation systems, leachates from non-engineered landfills and contaminated recharge of shallow groundwater systems. OCs could be transferred into humans via drinking of contaminated water, consumption of contaminated crops and aquatic foods, and to a lesser extent, inhalation and dermal contact. Ecological effects including intersex, estrogenicity, and acute and chronic toxicity occur in avian and aquatic species. Although the evidence base of human ecotoxicological effects of OC remains weak, pesticides have been reported in human milk, serum and sperms, pointing to potential chronic and acute toxicity and endocrine disruption. The prevalence of antimicrobials and their resistance genes could in turn lead to antimicrobial resistance in humans. The lack of OC monitoring in drinking water, coupled with over-reliance on untreated drinking water vulnerable to OC contamination predisposes humans to OC health risks. Appropriate water treatment methods, were identified, and a conceptual framework developed to minimize the ecological and human health risks. Future research directions on OC hotspot reservoirs, environmental behaviour and fate, ecotoxicology, epidemiology and interventions to minimize health risks are highlighted. However, lack of advanced analytical facilities in most African countries and other developing regions will continue to constrain OC research for now and in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Chidamba L, Korsten L. Relative proportions of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. may be a good indicator of potential health risks associated with the use of roof harvested rainwater stored in tanks. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:177. [PMID: 29488034 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 285 water samples were collected from 71 roof harvested rainwater tanks from four villages in different provinces over a two-year (2013-2014) period during the early (October to December) and late (January to March) rainy season. Water quality was evaluated based on Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms and Enterococcus spp. prevalence using the IDEXX Quanti-Tray quantification system. Real-Time PCR was used to analyse a subset of 168 samples for the presence of Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli virulence genes (stx1, stx2 and eaeA). Escherichia coli were detected in 44.1% of the samples, Enterococcus spp. in 57.9% and faecal coliforms in 95.7%. The most prevalent E. coli concentrations in harvested rainwater were observed in 29.1% of samples and 22.5% for Enterococcus spp. and, were within 1-10 cfu/100 ml and 10-100 cfu/100 ml, respectively, whereas those for faecal coliforms (36.6%) were within 100-1000 cfu/100 ml. On average 16.8% of the samples had neither E. coli nor Enterococcus spp. detected, while 33.9% had only Enterococcus spp. and 23.7% had only E. coli. E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected together in 25.5% of the samples. Evaluation of samples for potential pathogenic bacteria showed all tested samples to be negative for the Shigella spp. ipaH gene, while five tested positive for Salmonella ipaB gene. None of the samples tested positive for the stx1 and stx2 genes, and only two tested positive for the eaeA gene. These findings are potentially useful in the development of a simplified risk assessment strategy based on the concentrations of indicator bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizyben Chidamba
- Research Group for Plant Health and Food Safety, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Room: 2-18, Hatfield Campus, Agriculture Building, Private Bag X20, Hatfield/Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Research Group for Plant Health and Food Safety, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Room: 2-18, Hatfield Campus, Agriculture Building, Private Bag X20, Hatfield/Pretoria, South Africa.
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A Review of Roof Harvested Rainwater in Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:6471324. [PMID: 29606962 PMCID: PMC5828256 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6471324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To address concern regarding water sustainability, the Australian Federal Government and many state governments have implemented regulatory mechanisms and incentives to support households to purchase and install rainwater harvesting systems. This has led to an increase in rainwater harvesting in regional and urban Australia. This review examines the implementation of the regulatory mechanisms across Australia. In addition, the literature investigating the potential health consequences of rainwater consumption in Australia was explored. Studies demonstrated that although trace metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and iron were present in Australian rainwater, these metallic elements were generally found below the health limit guideline, except in high industrial areas. In addition, pathogenic or indicator microorganisms that include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, total and faecal coliforms, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Cryptosporidium, Enterococci, Giardia, Aeromonas, and Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) have been detected in rainwater collected in Australia. However, epidemiological evidence suggests that drinking rainwater does not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disease. It was also identified that there is a need for further research investigating the potential for rainwater to be a source of infection for opportunistic pathogens.
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Abstract
Agricultural water is a precious and limited resource. Increasingly more water types and sources are being explored for use in irrigation within the United States and across the globe. As outlined in this chapter, the Produce Safety Rule (PSR) in the Food Safety and Modernization Act (FSMA) provide irrigation water standards for application of water to fruits and vegetables consumed raw. These rules for production and use of water will continue to develop and be required as the world experiences aspects of a changing climate including flooding as well as drought conditions. Research continues to assess the use of agricultural water types. The increased use of reclaimed water in the United States as well as for selected irrigation water needs for specific crops may provide increased water availability. The use of surface water can be used in irrigation as well, but several studies have shown the presence of some enteric bacterial pathogens (enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) in these waters that may contaminate fruits and vegetables. There have been outbreaks of foodborne illness in the U.S., South America, Europe, and Australia related to the use of contaminated water in fruit and vegetable irrigation or washing. Unreliable water supplies, more stringent microbial water standards, mitigation technologies and expanded uses of reclaimed waters have all increased interest in agricultural water.
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Hamilton KA, Ahmed W, Toze S, Haas CN. Human health risks for Legionella and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) from potable and non-potable uses of roof-harvested rainwater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:288-303. [PMID: 28500949 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of opportunistic pathogens Legionella pneumophila (LP) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was undertaken for various uses of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) reported in Queensland, Australia to identify appropriate usages and guide risk management practices. Risks from inhalation of aerosols due to showering, swimming in pools topped up with RHRW, use of a garden hose, car washing, and toilet flushing with RHRW were considered for LP while both ingestion (drinking, produce consumption, and accidental ingestion from various activities) and inhalation risks were considered for MAC. The drinking water route of exposure presented the greatest risks due to cervical lymphadenitis and disseminated infection health endpoints for children and immune-compromised populations, respectively. It is therefore not recommended that these populations consume untreated rainwater. LP risks were up to 6 orders of magnitude higher than MAC risks for the inhalation route of exposure for all scenarios. Both inhalation and ingestion QMRA simulations support that while drinking, showering, and garden hosing with RHRW may present the highest risks, car washing and clothes washing could constitute appropriate uses of RHRW for all populations, and toilet flushing and consumption of lettuce irrigation with RHRW would be appropriate for non- immune-compromised populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Hamilton
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia; Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Simon Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Charles N Haas
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cools P. The role of Escherichia coli in reproductive health: state of the art. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:892-901. [PMID: 28242352 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a well-known commensal of the normal intestinal microbiome that can also colonize the vaginal microbiome, usually without symptoms. However, E. coli can also be a highly virulent and frequently deadly pathogen. In this review, I will discuss the role E. coli has in reproductive health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Cools
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Scheinberg JA, Dudley EG, Campbell J, Roberts B, DiMarzio M, DebRoy C, Cutter CN. Prevalence and Phylogenetic Characterization of Escherichia coli and Hygiene Indicator Bacteria Isolated from Leafy Green Produce, Beef, and Pork Obtained from Farmers' Markets in Pennsylvania. J Food Prot 2017; 80:237-244. [PMID: 28221988 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of farmers' markets in the United States has led to over 8,400 farmers' markets being in operation in 2015. As farmers' markets have increased in size and complexity in the kinds of foods sold at these venues, so have the potential food safety risks. Since 2008, seven major foodborne illness outbreaks and two recalls associated with food products from farmers' markets have occurred, causing 80 known reported illnesses and one death. Various researchers also have observed vendors performing high-risk food safety retail behaviors, and others have identified microbiological hazards in foods sold at farmers' markets. In this study, the presence of hygiene indicators (coliforms, fecal coliforms, Listeria spp., and Escherichia coli ) was assessed in select samples of leafy green produce and meat obtained from farmers' markets in Pennsylvania. E. coli isolates were further characterized by phylogenetic profile and virulence potential. E. coli was present in 40% (20 of 50) and 18% (9 of 50) of beef and pork samples, respectively, and in 28% (15 of 54), 29% (15 of 52), and 17% (8 of 46) of kale, lettuce, and spinach samples, respectively. Listeria spp. was found in 8% (4 of 50) of beef samples, 2% (1 of 54) of kale samples, 4% (2 of 52) of lettuce samples, and 7% (3 of 46) of spinach samples. Among the 10 Listeria spp. isolates, 3 were identified as L. monocytogenes . E. coli isolated from meat samples mainly clustered into phylogroup B1 (66%; 19 of 29), whereas produce isolates clustered into phylogroups B2 (36%; 14 of 39) and B1 (33%; 13 of 39). These E. coli isolates possessed the fimH, iroN, hlyD, and eae genes associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli . The high prevalence but low levels of E. coli and Listeria spp. found on both produce and meat products obtained from farmers' markets in this study strongly indicate that farmers' market vendors would benefit greatly from food safety training and increased public health oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Scheinberg
- Department of Food Science, 202 Food Science Building, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Edward G Dudley
- Department of Food Science, 202 Food Science Building, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan Campbell
- Department of Animal Sciences, 350 Agricultural Science and Industries Building, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Beth Roberts
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael DiMarzio
- Department of Food Science, 202 Food Science Building, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Chitrita DebRoy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Catherine N Cutter
- Department of Food Science, 202 Food Science Building, 115 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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15
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Waso M, Ndlovu T, Dobrowsky PH, Khan S, Khan W. Presence of microbial and chemical source tracking markers in roof-harvested rainwater and catchment systems for the detection of fecal contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16987-7001. [PMID: 27206748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers were utilized to identify fecal contamination in harvested rainwater and gutter debris samples. Throughout the sampling period, Bacteroides HF183 was detected in 57.5 % of the tank water samples and 95 % of the gutter debris samples, while adenovirus was detected in 42.5 and 52.5 % of the tank water and gutter debris samples, respectively. Human adenovirus was then detected at levels ranging from below the detection limit to 316 and 1253 genome copies/μL in the tank water and debris samples, respectively. Results for the CST markers showed that salicylic acid (average 4.62 μg/L) was the most prevalent marker (100 %) in the gutter debris samples, caffeine (average 18.0 μg/L) was the most prevalent in the tank water samples (100 %) and acetaminophen was detected sporadically throughout the study period. Bacteroides HF183 and salicylic acid (95 %) and Bacteroides HF183 and caffeine (80 %) yielded high concurrence frequencies in the gutter debris samples. In addition, the highest concurrence frequency in the tank water samples was observed for Bacteroides HF183 and caffeine (60 %). The current study thus indicates that Bacteroides HF183, salicylic acid and caffeine may potentially be applied as source tracking markers in rainwater catchment systems in order to supplement fecal indicator analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - T Ndlovu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - P H Dobrowsky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - S Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - W Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Abstract
Several potential reservoirs for the Escherichia coli strains that cause most human extraintestinal infections (extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; ExPEC) have been identified, including the human intestinal tract and various non-human reservoirs, such as companion animals, food animals, retail meat products, sewage, and other environmental sources. Understanding ExPEC reservoirs, chains of transmission, transmission dynamics, and epidemiologic associations will assist greatly in finding ways to reduce the ExPEC-associated disease burden. The need to clarify the ecological behavior of ExPEC is all the more urgent because environmental reservoirs may contribute to acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants and selection for and amplification of resistant ExPEC. In this chapter, we review the evidence for different ExPEC reservoirs, with particular attention to food and food animals, and discuss the public health implications of these reservoirs for ExPEC dissemination and transmission.
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17
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Kuczkowski M, Krawiec M, Voslamber B, Książczyk M, Płoskońska-Bugla G, Wieliczko A. Virulence Genes and the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Isolated from Wild Waterbirds, in the Netherlands and Poland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:528-36. [PMID: 27348207 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Affiliation to four phylogroups (A, B1, B2, and D) was examined, among 190 Escherichia coli strains, collected from five, wild waterbird species, including the following: the Greylag goose-Anser anser (61) and the Canada goose-Branta canadensis (33) obtained in the Netherlands, and the Mallard-Anas platyrhynchos (38), the Mute swan-Cygnus olor (37), and the Great cormorant-Phalacrocorax carbo (21) obtained in Poland. Moreover, the prevalence of 10 virulence factors: astA, iss, iucD, irp2, papC, tsh, vat, cva/cvi, stx2f, and bfp, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility to amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] using E-tests) were investigated, in the examined E. coli strains. Results demonstrated that the greatest number of E. coli strains belonged to phylogenetic groups, B1 (86 strains-45.3%) and D (49 strains-25.8%), whereas 40 (21.0%) and only 15 (7.9%) isolates were classified as being of phylogenetic groups, A and B2, respectively. Among the 10 tested virulence-associated genes, 7 genes were detected in 61 examined strains (32.1%) with highly varying frequency. Virulence profiles showed that astA, iss, and irp2 genes were detected most frequently among all examined E. coli strains, isolated from every chosen bird species. Antimicrobial susceptibility, as detected by MIC for the examined antibiotics, is variable among strains isolated from different species of birds. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of E. coli strains, isolated from different species of wild waterbirds and determine their potential pathogenicity to the environment, other birds, and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kuczkowski
- 1 Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawiec
- 1 Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Berend Voslamber
- 2 Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology , Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Książczyk
- 3 Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, the Faculty of Biological Sciences, the University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Płoskońska-Bugla
- 3 Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, the Faculty of Biological Sciences, the University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- 1 Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw, Poland
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18
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Ranjbar R, Hosseini S, Zahraei-Salehi T, Kheiri R, Khamesipour F. Investigation on prevalence of Escherichia coli strains carrying virulence genes ipaH, estA, eaeA and bfpA isolated from different water sources. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Gwenzi W, Dunjana N, Pisa C, Tauro T, Nyamadzawo G. Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: Review and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Chidamba L, Korsten L. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from roof-harvested rainwater tanks and urban pigeon faeces as the likely source of contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:405. [PMID: 26045040 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the risks associated with the use of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) and the implication of pigeons as the most likely source of contamination by testing for antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli. A total of 239 E. coli were isolated from thirty fresh pigeon faecal samples (130 isolates), 11 RHRW tanks from three sites in Pretoria (78) and two in Johannesburg (31). E. coli isolates were tested against a panel of 12 antibiotics which included ampicillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. In all samples, resistance to ampicillin (22.7.9%), gentamicin (23.6%), amikacin (24%), tetracycline (17.4) and amoxicillin (16.9%) were the most frequently encountered form of resistance. However, a relatively higher proportion of isolates from pigeon faeces (67.3%) were antibiotic resistant than those from RHRW (53.3%). The highest number of phenotypes was observed for single antibiotics, and no single antibiotic resistance was observed for chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, although they were detected in multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were observed for a combination of four antibiotics, on isolates from JHB (18.8%), pigeon faeces (15.2%) and Pretoria (5.1%). The most abundant resistance phenotype to four antibiotics, Ak-Gm-Cip-T was dominated by isolates from pigeon faeces (6.8%) with Pretoria and Johannesburg isolates having low proportions of 1.3 and 3.1%, respectively. Future studies should target isolates from various environmental settings in which rainwater harvesting is practiced and the characterisation of the antibiotic resistance determinant genes among the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizyben Chidamba
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa,
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21
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Quero GM, Fasolato L, Vignaroli C, Luna GM. Understanding the association of Escherichia coli with diverse macroalgae in the lagoon of Venice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10969. [PMID: 26043415 PMCID: PMC4455311 DOI: 10.1038/srep10969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provided evidence that the macroalga Cladopohora in lakes hosts associated Escherichia coli, with consequences on the environmental and human health. We expanded these investigations to other macroalgae (Ulva spp., Sargassum muticum and Undaria pinnatifida) widespread in the lagoon of Venice (Italy). Attached E. coli were abundant, accounting up to 3,250 CFU gram−1 of alga. Macroalgal-associated isolates belonged to all E. coli phylogroups, including pathogenic ones, and to Escherichia cryptic clades. Attached E. coli showed potential to grow even at in situ temperature on macroalgal extracts as only source of carbon and nutrients, and ability to produce biofilm in vitro. The genotypic diversity of the attached isolates was high, with significant differences between algae and the overlying water. Our evidences suggest that attached populations consist of both resident and transient strains, likely resulting from the heterogeneous input of fecal bacteria from the city. We report that cosmopolitan and invasive macroalgae may serve as source of E. coli, including pathogenic genotypes, and that this habitat can potentially support their growth. Considering the global diffusion of the macroalgae here studied, this phenomenon is likely occurring in other coastal cities worldwide and deserves further investigations from either the sanitary and ecological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Quero
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR - ISMAR), National Research Council, Venezia, Italy
| | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR - ISMAR), National Research Council, Venezia, Italy
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22
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Gomi R, Matsuda T, Fujimori Y, Harada H, Matsui Y, Yoneda M. Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in River Water by Simultaneous Detection and Sequencing of 14 Virulence Genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6800-6807. [PMID: 25919763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in environmental waters increases the risk of waterborne disease. In this study, 14 virulence genes in 669 E. coli isolates (549 isolates from the Yamato River in Japan, and 30 isolates from each of the following hosts: humans, cows, pigs, and chickens) were simultaneously quantified by multiplex PCR and dual index sequencing to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli. Among the 549 environmental isolates, 64 (12%) were classified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) while eight (1.5%) were classified as intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC). Only ExPEC-associated genes were detected in human isolates and pig isolates, and 11 (37%) and five (17%) isolates were classified as ExPEC, respectively. A high proportion (63%) of cow isolates possessed Shiga-toxin genes (stx1 or stx2) and they were classified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among the chicken isolates, 14 (47%) possessed iutA, which is an ExPEC-associated gene. This method can determine the sequences as well as the presence/absence of virulence genes. By comparing the sequences of virulence genes, we determined that sequences of iutA were different among sources and may be useful for discriminating isolates, although further studies including larger numbers of isolates are needed. Results indicate that humans are a likely source of ExPEC strains in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Gomi
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- ‡Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, 520-0811, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujimori
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Harada
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Matsui
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Schoen ME, Xue X, Hawkins TR, Ashbolt NJ. Comparative human health risk analysis of coastal community water and waste service options. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9728-36. [PMID: 24988142 DOI: 10.1021/es501262p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As a pilot approach to describe adverse human health effects from alternative decentralized community water systems compared to conventional centralized services (business-as-usual [BAU]), selected chemical and microbial hazards were assessed using disability adjusted life years (DALYs) as the common metric. The alternatives included: (1) composting toilets with septic system, (2) urine-diverting toilets with septic system, (3) low flush toilets with blackwater pressure sewer and on-site greywater collection and treatment for nonpotable reuse, and (4) alternative 3 with on-site rainwater treatment and use. Various pathogens (viral, bacterial, and protozoan) and chemicals (disinfection byproducts [DBPs]) were used as reference hazards. The exposure pathways for BAU included accidental ingestion of contaminated recreational water, ingestion of cross-connected sewage to drinking water, and shower exposures to DBPs. The alternative systems included ingestion of treated greywater from garden irrigation, toilet flushing, and crop consumption; and ingestion of treated rainwater while showering. The pathways with the highest health impact included the ingestion of cross-connected drinking water and ingestion of recreational water contaminated by septic seepage. These were also among the most uncertain when characterizing input parameters, particularly the scale of the cross-connection event, and the removal of pathogens during groundwater transport of septic seepage. A comparison of the health burdens indicated potential health benefits by switching from BAU to decentralized water and wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Schoen
- Soller Environmental, Inc. , 3022 King Street, Berkeley, California 94703, United States
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24
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Prevalence of virulence genes associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from domestically harvested rainwater during low- and high-rainfall periods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1633-8. [PMID: 24375127 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03061-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible health risks associated with the consumption of harvested rainwater remains one of the major obstacles hampering its large-scale implementation in water limited countries such as South Africa. Rainwater tank samples collected on eight occasions during the low- and high-rainfall periods (March to August 2012) in Kleinmond, South Africa, were monitored for the presence of virulence genes associated with Escherichia coli. The identity of presumptive E. coli isolates in rainwater samples collected from 10 domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) tanks throughout the sampling period was confirmed through universal 16S rRNA PCR with subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Species-specific primers were also used to routinely screen for the virulent genes, aggR, stx, eae, and ipaH found in enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli, respectively, in the rainwater samples. Of the 92 E. coli strains isolated from the rainwater using culture based techniques, 6% were presumptively positively identified as E. coli O157:H7 using 16S rRNA. Furthermore, virulent pathogenic E. coli genes were detected in 3% (EPEC and EHEC) and 16% (EAEC) of the 80 rainwater samples collected during the sampling period from the 10 DRWH tanks. This study thus contributes valuable information to the limited data available regarding the ongoing prevalence of virulent pathotypes of E. coli in harvested rainwater during a longitudinal study in a high-population-density, periurban setting.
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25
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Ahmed W, Richardson K, Sidhu J, Jagals P, Toze S. Inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria in a roof-captured rainwater system under ambient meteorological conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:199-207. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
- Faculty of Science; Health and Education; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - K. Richardson
- CSIRO Land and Water; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - J.P.S. Sidhu
- CSIRO Land and Water; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
- Faculty of Science; Health and Education; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - P. Jagals
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - S. Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
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26
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Skjøt-Rasmussen L, Jakobsen L, Olsen SS, Frimodt-Møller N, Hammerum AM. Unusual pathogenic B1 genotype (yjaA/TspE4.C2) detected among Escherichia coli from pig, chicken broiler meat and human extraintestinal infection. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1259-1262. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.055178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Line Skjøt-Rasmussen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lotte Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Stefan S. Olsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Niels Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anette M. Hammerum
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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27
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Ahmed W, Richardson K, Sidhu JPS, Toze S. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in rainwater tank samples: comparison of culture-based methods and 23S rRNA gene quantitative PCR assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11370-11376. [PMID: 22963205 DOI: 10.1021/es302222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, culture-based methods and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were compared with each other for the measurement of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in water samples collected from rainwater tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Among the 50 rainwater tank samples tested, 26 (52%) and 46 (92%) samples yielded E. coli numbers as measured by EPA Method 1603 and E. coli 23S rRNA gene qPCR assay, respectively. Similarly, 49 (98%) and 47 (94%) samples yielded Enterococcus spp. numbers as measured by EPA Method 1600 and Enterococcus spp. 23S rRNA gene qPCR assay, respectively. The mean E. coli (2.49 ± 0.85) log(10) and Enterococcus spp. (2.72 ± 0.32) log(10) numbers as measured by qPCR assays were significantly (P < 0001) different than E. coli (0.91 ± 0.80) log(10) and Enterococcus spp. (1.86 ± 0.60) log(10) numbers as measured by culture-based method. Weak but significant correlations were observed between both EPA Method 1603 and the E. coli qPCR assay (r = 0.47, P = 0.0009), and EPA Method 1600 and the Enterococcus spp. qPCR assay (r = 0.42, P = 0.002). Good qualitative agreement was found between the culture-based method and the Enterococcus spp. qPCR assay in terms of detecting fecal pollution in water samples from the studied rainwater tanks. More research studies, however, are needed to shed some light on the discrepancies associated with the culture-based methods and qPCR assays for measuring fecal indicator bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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28
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli found in sewage treatment plants and environmental waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5536-41. [PMID: 22660714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00657-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that some Escherichia coli strains with uropathogenic properties survived treatment stages of sewage treatment plants (STPs), suggesting that they may be released into the environment. We investigated the presence of such strains in the surrounding environmental waters of four STPs from which these persistent strains were isolated. In all, 264 E. coli isolates were collected from 129 receiving water sites in a 20-km radius surrounding STPs. We also included 93 E. coli strains collected from 18 animal species for comparison. Isolates were typed using a high-resolution biochemical fingerprinting method (the PhPlate system), and grouped into common (C) types. One hundred forty-seven (56%) environmental isolates were identical to strains found in STPs' final effluents. Of these, 140 (95%) carried virulence genes (VGs) associated with intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC) or uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and were found in a variety of sites within areas sampled. Of the remaining 117 environmental strains not identical to STP strains, 105 belonged to 18 C types and 102 of them carried VGs found among IPEC or UPEC strains. These strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic groups A (A0 and A1) and B1 and to a lesser extent B2(2), B2(3), D1, and D2. Eight of 18 environmental C types, comprising 50 isolates, were also identical to bird strains. The presence of a high percentage of environmental E. coli in waters near STPs carrying VGs associated with IPEC and UPEC suggests that they may have derived from STP effluents and other nonpoint sources.
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29
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Ahmed W, Sidhu JPS, Toze S. An attempt to identify the likely sources of Escherichia coli harboring toxin genes in rainwater tanks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5193-5197. [PMID: 22489653 DOI: 10.1021/es300292y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 200 Escherichia coli isolates from 22 rainwater tank samples in Southeast Queensland, Australia were tested for the presence of 10 toxin genes (i.e., stx(1), stx(2), hlyA, ehxA, LT1, ST1, cdtB, east1, cnf1, and cvaC) associated with intestinal and extraintestinal pathotypes. Among the 22 rainwater tanks tested, 5 (28%), 7 (32%), 7 (32%), and 1 (5%) tanks contained E. coli harboring ST1, east1, cdtB, and cvaC genes, respectively. Of the 200 E. coli isolates from the 22 tanks, 43 (22%) strains from 13 (59%) tanks were harboring toxin gene. An attempt was made to establish a link between bird and possum fecal contamination and the presence of these potential clinically significant E. coli strains harboring toxin genes in rainwater tanks. Among the 214 E. coli isolates tested from birds, 30 (14%), 11 (5%) and 18 (8%) strains contained east1, cdtB, and cvaC toxin genes, respectively. Similarly, among the 214 possum E. coli isolates, 74 (35%) contained only the east1 toxin gene. All E. coli strains from rainwater tanks, bird and possum fecal samples harboring toxin genes were biochemically fingerprinted. Biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) of 14 (33%) E. coli strains from 7 rainwater tanks and 9 (21%) E. coli strains from 6 rainwater tanks were identical to a number of BPTs of E. coli strains isolated from bird and possum feces suggesting that these animals may be the sources of these E. coli in rainwater tanks. as a precautionary measure, it is recommended that rainwater should be treated prior to drinking. In addition, proper maintenance of roof and gutter hygiene and elimination of overhanging tree branches and other structures where possible to prevent the movement of possums are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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