1
|
Kakese Mukosa R, Thibodeau A, Morris Fairbrother J, Thériault W, Gaucher ML. Addressing Current Challenges in Poultry Meat Safety: Development of a Cultivation and Colony Hybridization Approach to Recover Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens from Broiler Chicken Carcasses. Pathogens 2023; 13:30. [PMID: 38251337 PMCID: PMC10820424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens is one of the main causes of foodborne illness in Canada. The use of a conventional bacterial culture approach to isolate enterotoxigenic C. perfringens from poultry meat is common. This approach is based on the phenotype attributable to a double hemolysis phenomenon, whereas few enterotoxigenic strains of C. perfringens produce it, which further complicates the study of the reservoirs of this important pathogen. The objectives of the current study were to validate the ability of a digoxigenin-labeled probe to detect the C. perfringens cpe gene and to validate the use of either a filtration or a direct plating approach, combined with colony hybridization to detect enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. Pure DNA and pure colonies of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens and broiler chicken carcass rinsate samples were subjected to colony hybridization. The results showed that the synthesized DNA probe can detect the cpe gene from both DNA and pure colonies of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens, and from colonies grown from carcass rinsates artificially contaminated with enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. Our study suggests that this isolation method is a promising tool for a better understanding of the epidemiology of this zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosette Kakese Mukosa
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (R.K.M.); (A.T.); (W.T.)
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (R.K.M.); (A.T.); (W.T.)
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - William Thériault
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (R.K.M.); (A.T.); (W.T.)
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (R.K.M.); (A.T.); (W.T.)
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eid S, Hassan HM, Al-Atfeehy NM, Selim KM, El Oksh ASA. Composting: A biosecurity measure to maximize the benefit of broilers̕ litter. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:458-468. [PMID: 37969802 PMCID: PMC10636072 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers' litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Eid
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Heba M. Hassan
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moustafa S, Zakaria I, Moustafa A, AboSakaya R, Selim A. Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Clostridium perfringens infections in lambs. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Milton AAP, Momin KM, Priya GB, Ghatak S, Gandhale PN, Angappan M, Das S, Sen A. A novel in situ methodology for visual detection of Clostridium perfringens in pork harnessing saltatory rolling circle amplification. Anaerobe 2021; 69:102324. [PMID: 33508439 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), a prolific toxin-producing anaerobe is an important foodborne pathogen with a huge public health concern. Rapid and on-site detection of C. perfringens is of specific importance in developing countries. In the present study, saltatory rolling circle amplification (SRCA) assay was developed for culture-independent, rapid and visual detection of C. perfringens and evaluated in meat with pork as a model. The specificity of the SRCA assay was ascertained by using 62 C. perfringens and 18 non- C. perfringens strains. The analytical sensitivity of the developed SRCA, conventional and real-time PCR assays were 80 fg, 800 fg and 800 fg DNA per tube, respectively. The limit of detection of the SRCA assay was 80 CFU/g of pork in the absence of enrichment and 8 CFU/g after short enrichment of 6 h. The detection limits of 80 CFU/g and 8 CFU/g of pork were attained within 120 min and 8 h, respectively. Real-world or field relevancy of the developed assay was evaluated by screening 82 raw and processed pork samples. As the developed assay is simple, user-friendly, cost-effective and sophisticated-equipment free, it would be more suitable for on-site testing of C. perfringens in foods. To our information, this is the first report to apply SRCA for the detection of C. perfringens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasanchi M Momin
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Govindarajan Bhuvana Priya
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India; College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Pradeep N Gandhale
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Madesh Angappan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Development of a novel polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) assay for rapid and visual detection of Clostridium perfringens in meat. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05941. [PMID: 33490689 PMCID: PMC7810786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C. perfringens is a widespread foodborne pathogen and one of the major concerns in the meat industry. There is a need for a simple, rapid and equipment free detection system for C. perfringens as conventional anaerobic culture method is labour and resource intensive. Here, we applied a novel polymerase spiral reaction phenomenon to develop and evaluate an assay for effortless and visual detection of C. perfringens in meat foods employing pork as a representative model. Specificity of the assay was determined using 51 C perfringens and 20 non- C. perfringens strains. Analytical sensitivity of the developed test was 80 fg DNA per tube indicating 100 times more sensitivity than end-point PCR assay. The detection limits were 980 CFU/g and 9.8 × 104 CFU/g of pork for PSR and PCR assays, respectively. The operation time of the PSR assay including DNA extraction was 120 min. The developed PSR assay was accurate and effective in comparison to culture method, in detecting C. perfringens in 38 of 74 pork samples. Therefore the specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and accuracy rate of the developed PSR assay were 100%. The developed PSR assay is easy to perform, rapid, affordable, permitting sophisticated-equipment free amplification and naked eye interpretation. This is the initial report in which the PSR assay was optimized for the detection of C. perfringens.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sridapan T, Tangkawsakul W, Janvilisri T, Kiatpathomchai W, Dangtip S, Ngamwongsatit N, Nacapricha D, Ounjai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S. Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens in food by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow biosensor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245144. [PMID: 33411848 PMCID: PMC7790239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a key anaerobic pathogen causing food poisoning. Definitive detection by standard culture method is time-consuming and labor intensive. Current rapid commercial test kits are prohibitively expensive. It is thus necessary to develop rapid and cost-effective detection tool. Here, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in combination with a lateral-flow biosensor (LFB) was developed for visual inspection of C. perfringens-specific cpa gene. The specificity of the developed test was evaluated against 40 C. perfringens and 35 other bacterial strains, which showed no cross-reactivity, indicating 100% inclusivity and exclusivity. LAMP-LFB detection limit for artificially contaminated samples after enrichment for 16 h was 1-10 CFU/g sample, which was comparable to the commercial real-time PCR kit. The detection performance of LAMP-LFB was also compared to culture-based method using 95 food samples, which revealed the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) of 88.0% (95% CI, 75.6%-95.4%), 95.5% (95% CI, 84.8%-99.4%) and 0.832 (95% CI, 0.721-0.943), respectively. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.918 (95% CI, 0.854-0.981), indicating LAMP-LFB as high relative accuracy test. In conclusion, LAMP-LFB assay is a low-cost qualitative method and easily available for routine detection of C. perfringens in food samples, which could serve as an alternative to commercial test kit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Sridapan
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Tangkawsakul
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wansika Kiatpathomchai
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Dangtip
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farag MA, Mesak MA, Saied DB, Ezzelarab NM. Uncovering the dormant food hazards, a review of foodborne microbial spores' detection and inactivation methods with emphasis on their application in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Nguyen AV, Orlofsky A, Pubill K, Tawde M, Li G, Mata D, Bermudes O, Fernandez M, Santana J, Kim W, Chimbay E, Kim Y, Nguyen T, Fox M, Eralte J, Metz M, Smyth DS, Panzeca C, Khan MI. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) as a Rapid, Affordable and Effective Tool to Involve Students in Undergraduate Research. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603381. [PMID: 33362748 PMCID: PMC7756096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undergraduate research (UR) is a high-impact practice (HIP) to engage undergraduate student in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), especially from underrepresented groups. UR experiences (UREs) can be integrated into the classroom, making authentic research experiences inclusive and available to all students. However, developing UR pedagogy can be challenging for faculty in resource-limited labs, such as community colleges and small liberal arts colleges. Often molecular biology research methods are expensive, time-consuming and need equipment not readily available or affordable in small schools. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most commonly used techniques in research labs and many UREs. We have investigated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as an inexpensive, accessible alternative to PCR for DNA amplification enabling the identification of microorganisms in the context of UREs. LAMP does not require expensive instrumentation or reagents and uses equipment commonly found in teaching labs. By performing the technique, students learn several key scientific skills that will be useful in their undergraduate or graduate STEM careers. We designed guided independent research experiences for several undergraduates that included the use of LAMP. Students successfully applied the technique to culture samples of common environmental bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus, and were in addition, able to detect both Salmonella and Enterococcus in directly sampled environmental waters. To highlight the accessibility and affordability of this URE, a simple boiling method was used for DNA preparation from environmental samples. Student response data show positive attitudes toward UR when LAMP is utilized as a research tool to tackle relevant biological questions. The feasibility of using simplified LAMP in UREs points to a potential, more expanded application to public engagement with science and broader and more inclusive interactions with the research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Amos Orlofsky
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Kaylynn Pubill
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Mangala Tawde
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Gaozhen Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Diana Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Oscar Bermudes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Miguel Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Santana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Woochul Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Enzon Chimbay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Malcolm Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, The City University of New York, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Janelly Eralte
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Molly Metz
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts of the New School, New York, NY, United States
| | - Davida S Smyth
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts of the New School, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caterina Panzeca
- Department of Science, SUNY Maritime College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mazhar I Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, Storrs, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eijlander RT, Breitenwieser F, de Groot R, Hoornstra E, Kamphuis H, Kokken M, Kuijpers A, de Mello IIG, de Rijdt GV, Vadier CÉ, Wells-Bennik MHJ. Enumeration and Identification of Bacterial Spores in Cocoa Powders. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1530-1539. [PMID: 32338739 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The presence of bacterial spores in cocoa powders is inevitable due to the cocoa bean fermentation process, during which members of the genera Bacillus and Geobacillus are typically present. Spores are a concern in heat-treated foods when they survive heat treatments and the finished product supports germination, growth, and potentially toxin production. In this study, available methods for the enumeration of total mesophilic and thermophilic spores (TMS and TTS, respectively) were evaluated, leading to the recommendation of one global method specifically for cocoa powders. The proposed method was validated during a ring test on seven selected cocoa powders and applied during routine analyses on commercial powders. The method includes dilution of cocoa powder using buffered peptone water, heating at 80°C for 10 min for TMS and TTS counts, and heating at 100°C for 30 min for a heat-resistant (HR) spore count. Tryptic soy agar is used as a recovery medium with a maximal concentration of cocoa powder of 2.5 mg/mL (to prevent growth inhibition) and a nonnutrient agar overlay to prevent swarming of bacteria. Plates are incubated for at least 72 h at 30°C for recovery of mesophilic bacteria and 55°C for thermophilic bacteria. Suitable alternatives to specific method parameters are provided. Median values of total spore concentrations are low (<400 CFU/g for TMS and <75 CFU/g for TTS), and concentrations of HR spores are very low (<5 CFU/g). Importantly, the relation between concentrations of HR spores in cocoa powder and incidence of spoilage of heat-treated beverages containing cocoa is currently unclear. In the powders included in this study, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were the predominant spore-forming species identified (49 and 39%, respectively). Both species are known for high variability in spore heat resistance. The development of reliable and sensitive molecular methods is therefore required to assess the risk of spoilage caused by spores present in cocoa powders. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Eijlander
- NIZO Food Research, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB Ede, The Netherlands.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-6526 [R.T.E.])
| | | | - Rosanne de Groot
- Olam Cocoa BV, Stationsstraat 76, 1541 LJ Koog aan de Zaan, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hoornstra
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Kamphuis
- Cargill Cocoa and Chocolate, Eenhoornweg 12, 1531 ME Wormer, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kokken
- Olam Cocoa BV, Stationsstraat 76, 1541 LJ Koog aan de Zaan, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - CÉcile Vadier
- Barry Callebaut France, rue de la mécanique, 27400 Louviers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Development and evaluation of isothermal amplification assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of Clostridium perfringens from chevon. Anaerobe 2018; 54:178-187. [PMID: 30248446 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a promising, simple, rapid and sensitive molecular detection method. In the present study, LAMP assay was developed for detecting Clostridium perfringens in chevon. Primers were designed to detect the cpa gene of C. perfringens. A panel of 19 bacterial strains, including 3 C. perfringens and 16 other strains, were included in this study to standardize and evaluate the LAMP assay. No false positive amplification was observed indicating 100% specificity of the assay. The detection limit of LAMP and conventional PCR in the DNA extracted from pure C. perfringens was 0.34 pg and 3.4 pg, respectively. This revealed that LAMP assay is 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay for the detection of C. perfringens in raw chevon was found to be 1.2 × 102 CFU/g after 6-h enrichment and 1.2 × 105 CFU/g without enrichment in artificial spiking studies. Improved C. perfringens detection of 12 CFU/g within 12 h was obtained proving that LAMP assay is significantly faster than traditional methods that take >2 d. The developed LAMP assay also detected the targeted organism in clinical and environmental samples with the sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 84%, respectively with Kappa agreement of 0.824 respects to PCR assay. This method shows immense potential for routine diagnosis and monitoring of C. perfringens in food, environment and clinical samples. This is the first report in which the LAMP assay was optimized for the detection of C. perfringens in chevon.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gaucher ML, Thibodeau A, Fravalo P, Archambault M, Arsenault J, Fournaise S, Letellier A, Quessy S. Broiler chicken carcasses and their associated abattoirs as a source of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens: Prevalence and critical steps for contamination. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:439-454. [PMID: 31294226 PMCID: PMC6604940 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens ranks among the three most frequent bacterial pathogens causing human foodborne diseases in Canada, and poultry meat products are identified as a source of infection for humans. The objective of the current study was to estimate the proportion of broiler chicken flocks, carcasses and various environmental samples from critical locations of the slaughter plant positive for the presence of C. perfringens enterotoxin encoding gene (cpe). From the 16 visits conducted, 25% of the 79 flocks sampled, 10% of the 379 carcasses sampled and 5% of the 217 environmental samples collected were found positive for cpe. The proportion of cpe-positive carcasses was statistically different between surveyed plants, with 17.0% for one abattoir and 2.2% for the other. For the most contaminated plant, cpe-positive carcasses were identified at each step of the processing line, with prevalence varying between 10.0% and 25.0%, whereas this prevalence varied between 0% and 25.0% for the environmental surfaces sampled. Based on the results obtained, enterotoxigenic C. perfringens strains could potentially represent a risk for the consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Fournaise
- Olymel S.E.C./L.P., Québec, Canada, 2200 Avenue Léon-Pratte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of Bile Acids and Nisin on the Production of Enterotoxin by Clostridium perfringens in a Nutrient-Rich Medium. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:7276523. [PMID: 29675044 PMCID: PMC5838459 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7276523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, with nearly a million cases each year. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), produced during sporulation, damages intestinal epithelial cells by pore formation, which results in watery diarrhea. The effects of low concentrations of nisin and bile acids on sporulation and toxin production were investigated in C. perfringens SM101, which carries an enterotoxin gene on the chromosome, in a nutrient-rich medium. Bile acids and nisin increased production of enterotoxin in cultures; bile acids had the highest effect. Both compounds stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes and production of spores during the early growth phase. They also delayed spore outgrowth and nisin was more inhibitory. Bile acids and nisin enhanced enterotoxin production in some but not all other C. perfringens isolates tested. Low concentrations of bile acids and nisin may act as a stress signal for the initiation of sporulation and the early transcription of sporulation-related genes in some strains of C. perfringens, which may result in increased strain-specific production of enterotoxin in those strains. This is the first report showing that nisin and bile acids stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes in a nutrient-rich bacterial culture medium.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang T, Devadhasan JP, Lee DY, Kim S. Real-time DNA Amplification and Detection System Based on a CMOS Image Sensor. ANAL SCI 2018; 32:653-8. [PMID: 27302586 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a polypropylene well-integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) platform to perform the loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for real-time DNA amplification and detection simultaneously. An amplification-coupled detection system directly measures the photon number changes based on the generation of magnesium pyrophosphate and color changes. The photon number decreases during the amplification process. The CMOS image sensor observes the photons and converts into digital units with the aid of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In addition, UV-spectral studies, optical color intensity detection, pH analysis, and electrophoresis detection were carried out to prove the efficiency of the CMOS sensor based the LAMP system. Moreover, Clostridium perfringens was utilized as proof-of-concept detection for the new system. We anticipate that this CMOS image sensor-based LAMP method will enable the creation of cost-effective, label-free, optical, real-time and portable molecular diagnostic devices.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hong J. Development and application of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterotoxigenicClostridium perfringensin food. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Hong
- Food & Microbiology Team, Test & Research Department; Consumer Safety Center, Korea Consumer Agency; Chungcheongbukdo 27738 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Radhika B, Kumar NV, Sreenivasulu D. Detection of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene in lambs by loop mediated isothermal amplification. Vet World 2016; 9:60-4. [PMID: 27051186 PMCID: PMC4819352 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.60-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was standardized for rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 fecal samples were collected from enterotoxemia suspected lambs were used for screening of C. perfringens cpa gene by LAMP. The specificity of the LAMP amplified products was tested by digesting with restriction enzyme XmnI for alpha toxin gene. Results: Out of 120 samples screened 112 (93.3%) samples were positive by both LAMP and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of cpa gene which indicated the equal sensitivity of both the tests. The enzyme produced single cut in 162 base pair amplified product of alpha toxin gene at 81 base pair resulting in a single band in gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: Both LAMP and PCR for detection of cpa gene indicated the equal sensitivity of both the tests. Standardization of LAMP reaction for amplification of epsilon and beta toxin genes will help to identify the C. perfringens toxin types from the clinical samples. The test could be a suitable alternative to the PCR in detection of toxin types without the help of sophisticated machinery like thermal cycler. Considering its simplicity in operation and high sensitivity, there is the potential use of this technique in clinical diagnosis and surveillance of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Radhika
- State Level Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Vinod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Sreenivasulu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nagpal R, Ogata K, Tsuji H, Matsuda K, Takahashi T, Nomoto K, Suzuki Y, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Yamashiro Y. Sensitive quantification of Clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time PCR targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:219. [PMID: 26482797 PMCID: PMC4615878 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. Also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. Therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of C. perfringens in human feces by targeting its α-toxin and enterotoxin genes. To validate the assays, we finally observed the occurrence of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in the fecal microbiota of healthy Japanese infants and young adults. METHODS The plc-specific qPCR assay was newly validated, while primers for 16S rRNA and cpe genes were retrieved from literature. The assays were validated for specificity and sensitivity in pre-inoculated fecal samples, and were finally applied to quantify C. perfringens in stool samples from apparently healthy infants (n 124) and young adults (n 221). RESULTS The qPCR assays were highly specific and sensitive, with a minimum detection limit of 10(3) bacterial cells/g feces. Alpha-toxigenic C. perfringens was detected in 36% infants and 33% adults, with counts ranging widely (10(3)-10(7) bacterial cells/g). Intriguingly, the mean count of α-toxigenic C. perfringens was significantly higher in infants (6.0±1.5 log10 bacterial cells/g), as compared to that in adults (4.8±1.2). Moreover, the prevalence of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens was also found to be significantly higher in infants, as compared to that in adults. The mean enterotoxigenic C. perfringens count was 5.9±1.9 and 4.8±0.8 log10 bacterial cells/g in infants and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that some healthy infants and young adults carry α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens at significant levels, and may be predisposed to related diseases. Thus, high fecal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens in healthy children warrants further investigation on its potential sources and clinical significance in these subjects. In summary, we present a novel qPCR assay for sensitive and accurate quantification of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in human feces, which should facilitate prospective studies of the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazunori Matsuda
- Yakult Honsha European Research Center for Microbiology, Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | - Satoru Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kawase J, Kurosaki M, Kawakami Y, Kashimoto T, Tsunomori Y, Sato K, Ikeda T, Yamaguchi K, Watahiki M, Shima T, Kameyama M, Etoh Y, Horikawa K, Fukushima H, Goto R, Shirabe K. Comparison of two methods of bacterial DNA extraction from human fecal samples contaminated with Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 67:441-6. [PMID: 25410559 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 2 methods of DNA extraction were evaluated for use in conjunction with the screening system Rapid Foodborne Bacterial Screening 24 (RFBS24), which employs multiplex real-time SYBR Green polymerase chain reaction (SG-PCR) and can simultaneously detect 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in fecal DNA samples. The QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (Qkit) and Ultra Clean Fecal DNA Isolation Kit (Ukit) were used for bacterial DNA extraction from fecal samples artificially inoculated with Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni. SG-PCR and simplex real-time quantitative PCR (S-qPCR) analyses revealed higher copy numbers (8-234 times) of DNA in samples obtained using Ukit compared with those obtained using Qkit, resulting in lower cycle threshold values for the Ukit samples of the 4 bacteria on SG-PCR analysis. Fecal DNA samples from patients infected during foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella and Campylobacter were also prepared by Qkit and Ukit methods and subjected to RFBS24 analyses. Higher numbers of RFBS24 bacterial target genes were detected in DNA samples obtained using Ukit compared with those obtained using Qkit. Thus, the higher DNA extraction efficiency of the Ukit method compared with Qkit renders the former more useful in achieving improved detection rates of these 4 bacteria in fecal samples using SG-PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kawase
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barkway CP, Pocock RL, Vrba V, Blake DP. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the species-specific detection of Eimeria that infect chickens. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741643 PMCID: PMC4354661 DOI: 10.3791/52552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the absence of effective control clinical coccidiosis can be devastating. Resistance to the chemoprophylactics frequently used to control Eimeria is common and sub-clinical infection is widespread, influencing feed conversion ratios and susceptibility to other pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens. Despite the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tools, diagnosis of Eimeria infection still relies almost entirely on traditional approaches such as lesion scoring and oocyst morphology, but neither is straightforward. Limitations of the existing molecular tools include the requirement for specialist equipment and difficulties accessing DNA as template. In response a simple field DNA preparation protocol and a panel of species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays have been developed for the seven Eimeria recognised to infect the chicken. We now provide a detailed protocol describing the preparation of genomic DNA from intestinal tissue collected post-mortem, followed by setup and readout of the LAMP assays. Eimeria species-specific LAMP can be used to monitor parasite occurrence, assessing the efficacy of a farm's anticoccidial strategy, and to diagnose sub-clinical infection or clinical disease with particular value when expert surveillance is unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca L Pocock
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, London
| | - Vladimir Vrba
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, London;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cho AR, Dong HJ, Seo KH, Cho S. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detecting Listeria monocytogenes prfA in milk. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
22
|
Niessen L, Luo J, Denschlag C, Vogel RF. The application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in food testing for bacterial pathogens and fungal contaminants. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:191-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Dong X, Wu Q, Wu K, Zhang J. Real-time PCR targeting OmpA gene for detection of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
24
|
Miyamoto K, Li J, McClane BA. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens: detection and identification. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:343-9. [PMID: 22504431 PMCID: PMC4103540 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. Sequence-based PCR genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping PCR assays) has provided new information about cpe-positive type A C. perfringens including: 1) Foodborne C. perfringens outbreaks can be caused not only by chromosomal cpe type A strains with extremely heat-resistant spores, but also less commonly by less heat-resistant spore-forming plasmid cpe type A strains; 2) Both chromosomal cpe and plasmid cpe C. perfringens type A strains can be found in retail foods, healthy human feces and the environment, such as in sewage; 3) Most environmental cpe-positive C. perfringens type A strains carry their cpe gene on plasmids. Moreover, recent studies indicated that the cpe loci of type C, D, and E strains differ from the cpe loci of type A strains and from the cpe loci of each other, indicating that the cpe loci of C. perfringens have remarkable diversity. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) indicated that the chromosomal cpe strains responsible for most food poisoning cases have distinct genetic characteristics that provide unique biological properties, such as the formation of highly heat-resistant spores. These and future advances should help elucidate the epidemiology of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens and also contribute to the prevention of C. perfringens food poisoning outbreaks and other CPE-associated human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811–1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641–0012, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|