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Crippen TL, Kim D, Poole TL, Swiger SL, Anderson RC. The bacterial and archaeal communities of flies, manure, lagoons, and troughs at a working dairy. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1327841. [PMID: 38449879 PMCID: PMC10915237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1327841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fundamental investigations into the location, load, and persistence of microbes, whether beneficial or detrimental, are scarce. Many questions about the retention and survival of microbes on various surfaces, as well as the load necessary for spread, exist. To answer these questions, we must know more about where to find various microbes and in what concentrations, the composition of the microbial communities, and the extent of dissemination between various elements. This study investigated the diversity, composition, and relative abundance of the communities associated with manure, lagoons, troughs, house flies, and stable flies present at a dairy, implementing two different free-stall management systems: flow-through and cross-vent. Shotgun metagenomics at the community level was used to compare the microbiomes within the dairy, allowing confident interpretation at the species level. Results The results showed that there were significant difference in microbial composition between not only each of the dairy elements but also management styles. The primary exceptions were the microbiomes of the house fly and the stable fly. Their compositions heavily overlapped with one another, but interestingly, not with the other components sampled. Additionally, both species of flies carried more pathogens than the other elements of the dairy, indicating that they may not share these organisms with the other components, or that the environments offered by the other components are unsatisfactory for the survival of some pathogens.. Conclusion The lack of overlapping pathogen profiles suggests a lack of transfer from flies to other dairy elements. Dairy health data, showing a low incidence of disease, suggests minimal sharing of bacteria by the flies at a level required for infection, given the health program of this dairy. While flies did carry a multitude of pathogenic bacteria, the mere presence of the bacteria associated with the flies did not necessarily translate into high risk leading to morbidity and mortality at this dairy. Thus, using flies as the sole sentinel of dairy health may not be appropriate for all bacterial pathogens or dairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawni L. Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dongmin Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonja L. Swiger
- Entomology Extension, Texas AgriLife, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
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Effects of low-energy electron beam irradiation on the shelf-life and quality of vacuum-packaged beef steaks during chilled storage. Meat Sci 2022; 193:108932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A Light-Regulated Type I Pilus Contributes to Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm, Motility, and Virulence Functions. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00442-18. [PMID: 29891547 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00442-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 showed that the expression of A1S_2091 was enhanced in cells cultured in darkness at 24°C through a process that depended on the BlsA photoreceptor. Disruption of A1S_2091, a component of the A1S_2088-A1S_2091 polycistronic operon predicted to code for a type I chaperone/usher pilus assembly system, abolished surface motility and pellicle formation but significantly enhanced biofilm formation on plastic by bacteria cultured in darkness. Based on these observations, the A1S_2088-A1S_2091 operon was named the photoregulated pilus ABCD (prpABCD) operon, with A1S_2091 coding for the PrpA pilin subunit. Unexpectedly, comparative analyses of ATCC 17978 and prpA isogenic mutant cells cultured at 37°C showed the expression of light-regulated biofilm biogenesis and motility functions under a temperature condition that drastically affects BlsA production and its light-sensing activity. These assays also suggest that ATCC 17978 cells produce alternative light-regulated adhesins and/or pilus systems that enhance bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation at both 24°C and 37°C on plastic as well as on the surface of polarized A549 alveolar epithelial cells, where the formation of bacterial filaments and cell chains was significantly enhanced. The inactivation of prpA also resulted in a significant reduction in virulence when tested by using the Galleria mellonella virulence model. All these observations provide strong evidence showing the capacity of A. baumannii to sense light and interact with biotic and abiotic surfaces using undetermined alternative sensing and regulatory systems as well as alternative adherence and motility cellular functions that allow this pathogen to persist in different ecological niches.
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Junqueira ACM, Ratan A, Acerbi E, Drautz-Moses DI, Premkrishnan BNV, Costea PI, Linz B, Purbojati RW, Paulo DF, Gaultier NE, Subramanian P, Hasan NA, Colwell RR, Bork P, Azeredo-Espin AML, Bryant DA, Schuster SC. The microbiomes of blowflies and houseflies as bacterial transmission reservoirs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16324. [PMID: 29176730 PMCID: PMC5701178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blowflies and houseflies are mechanical vectors inhabiting synanthropic environments around the world. They feed and breed in fecal and decaying organic matter, but the microbiome they harbour and transport is largely uncharacterized. We sampled 116 individual houseflies and blowflies from varying habitats on three continents and subjected them to high-coverage, whole-genome shotgun sequencing. This allowed for genomic and metagenomic analyses of the host-associated microbiome at the species level. Both fly host species segregate based on principal coordinate analysis of their microbial communities, but they also show an overlapping core microbiome. Legs and wings displayed the largest microbial diversity and were shown to be an important route for microbial dispersion. The environmental sequencing approach presented here detected a stochastic distribution of human pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori, thereby demonstrating the potential of flies as proxies for environmental and public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina M Junqueira
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Aakrosh Ratan
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Enzo Acerbi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniela I Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan N V Premkrishnan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Paul I Costea
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, GA, USA
| | - Rikky W Purbojati
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel F Paulo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Nicolas E Gaultier
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Nur A Hasan
- CosmosID Inc, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland. Institute for Computational Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- CosmosID Inc, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland. Institute for Computational Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Ana Maria L Azeredo-Espin
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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Bashir M, Ahmed M, Weinmaier T, Ciobanu D, Ivanova N, Pieber TR, Vaishampayan PA. Functional Metagenomics of Spacecraft Assembly Cleanrooms: Presence of Virulence Factors Associated with Human Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1321. [PMID: 27667984 PMCID: PMC5017214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Strict planetary protection practices are implemented during spacecraft assembly to prevent inadvertent transfer of earth microorganisms to other planetary bodies. Therefore, spacecraft are assembled in cleanrooms, which undergo strict cleaning and decontamination procedures to reduce total microbial bioburden. We wanted to evaluate if these practices selectively favor survival and growth of hardy microorganisms, such as pathogens. Three geographically distinct cleanrooms were sampled during the assembly of three NASA spacecraft: The Lockheed Martin Aeronautics' Multiple Testing Facility during DAWN, the Kennedy Space Center's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility (KSC-PHSF) during Phoenix, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Spacecraft Assembly Facility during Mars Science Laboratory. Sample sets were collected from the KSC-PHSF cleanroom at three time points: before arrival of the Phoenix spacecraft, during the assembly and testing of the Phoenix spacecraft, and after removal of the spacecraft from the KSC-PHSF facility. All samples were subjected to metagenomic shotgun sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Strict decontamination procedures had a greater impact on microbial communities than sampling location Samples collected during spacecraft assembly were dominated by Acinetobacter spp. We found pathogens and potential virulence factors, which determine pathogenicity in all the samples tested during this study. Though the relative abundance of pathogens was lowest during the Phoenix assembly, potential virulence factors were higher during assembly compared to before and after assembly, indicating a survival advantage. Decreased phylogenetic and pathogenic diversity indicates that decontamination and preventative measures were effective against the majority of microorganisms and well implemented, however, pathogen abundance still increased over time. Four potential pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila, and their corresponding virulence factors were present in all cleanroom samples. This is the first functional metagenomics study describing presence of pathogens and their corresponding virulence factors in cleanroom environments. The results of this study should be considered for microbial monitoring of enclosed environments such as schools, homes, hospitals and more isolated habitation such the International Space Station and future manned missions to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Bashir
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Mahjabeen Ahmed
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic UniversityPomona, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Weinmaier
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Doina Ciobanu
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Parag A Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA
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Abstract
About 25% of humans with chronic gastritis are negative for Helicobacter pylori, suggesting that other bacteria are capable of causing inflammation. Bacterial overgrowth may occur in the stomach under conditions of reduced acid secretion. In this review, we will explore what is generally known about non-H. pylori organisms and their ability to induce gastritis, with particular focus on Acinetobacter lwoffi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Rathinavelu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 3510 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA
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Andrews LS, Ahmedna M, Grodner RM, Liuzzo JA, Murano PS, Murano EA, Rao RM, Shane S, Wilson PW. Food preservation using ionizing radiation. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1998; 154:1-53. [PMID: 9414630 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2208-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation processing has been researched extensively and is now in use worldwide for many food commodities. Irradiation has been successfully used to reduce pathogenic bacteria, eliminate parasites, decrease postharvest sprouting, and extend the shelf life of fresh perishable foods. Although food irradiation is widely accepted in world food markets, U.S. markets have been slower to accept the idea of irradiated food products. For fruits and vegetables, irradiation is not a cure for shelf life problems; cost and quality problems damage preclude its general use. It appears that the most likely use of irradiation in fruits and vegetables is as an insect control in those commodities for which there is no effective alternative method. For grains such as rice and wheat, irradiation has been used primarily to control insect infestation when insects have been shown to develop resistance to the traditional fumigation methods. Treatment of spices with irradiation doses of 10 kGy has proved to extend shelf life without causing significant changes in sensory or chemical quality. Higher doses that effectively sterilize spices, however, may cause undesirable chemical and sensorial changes. For meat, especially red meat, irradiation is considered a viable alternative in the effort to improve the safety of meat products. With time, the authors believe that economic realities and the technical superiority of irradiation for specific poultry products will lead to public acceptance of the process. Irradiation of seafood products is still being considered for approval by the USFDA, although it is currently used in Asian and European markets, especially for shrimp. It is our belief that scientifically based research in food irradiation and the positive results thereof will also prove economical in the twenty-first century. As we move to a more peaceful world with reduced threat of nuclear holocaust, these valid opinions will prevail and will overshadow the distortions and misinformation generated by the opponents of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Andrews
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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TAN SHIEHTE, MAXCY RB. Inactivation and Injury of a Hemolytic Radiation-Resistant Micrococcus Isolated From Chicken Meat. J Food Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb07682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CALDIRONI HUGOA, BAZAN NICOLASG. Effect of Antioxidants on Malonaldehyde Production and Fatty Acid Composition in Pieces of Bovine Muscle and Adipose Tissue Stored Fresh and Frozen. J Food Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb07679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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