1
|
Lagos MAP, Caviativa JAC, Pinzón DCT, Roa DHR, Basso TO, Lozano MEV. Xylose Metabolization by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Isolated in Colombia. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:84-90. [PMID: 37179578 PMCID: PMC10172406 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is the most widely used yeast in biotechnology in the world because its well-known metabolism and physiology as well as its recognized ability to ferment sugars such as hexoses. However, it does not metabolize pentoses such as arabinose and xylose, which are present in lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulose is a widely available raw material, with xylose content of approximately 35% of total sugars. This xylose fraction could be used to obtain high added-value chemical products such as xylitol. One of these yeasts isolated from a Colombian locality, designated as 202-3, showed interesting properties. 202-3 was identified through different approaches as a strain of S. cerevisiae, with an interesting consumption of xylose metabolizing into xylitol, in addition with excellent ability as a hexose fermenter with high ethanol yields and shows resistance to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The xylose metabolization by the 202-3 strain and their kinetics parameters had not been previously reported for any other natural strain of S. cerevisiae. These results suggest the great potential of natural strains for obtaining high value-added chemical products using sugars available in lignocellulosic biomass. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01054-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margareth Andrea Patiño Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá, Calle 44 # 45-67 Bloque B5, oficina 703, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Diana Carolina Tusso Pinzón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá, Calle 44 # 45-67 Bloque B5, oficina 703, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Hernando Romero Roa
- Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thiago Olitta Basso
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Enrique Velásquez Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación en Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rao WQ, Lin Z, Jiang J, Wang JW, Lin ZF, Fu R, Chen WL, Chen YM, Peng XE, Hu ZJ. Esophageal mycobiome landscape and interkingdom interactions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goad022. [PMID: 37124071 PMCID: PMC10147516 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Patients with primary ESCC were recruited from two central hospitals. We performed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA sequencing analysis. We compared differential fungi and explored the ecology of fungi and the interaction of bacteria and fungi. Results The mycobiota diversity was significantly different between tumors and tumor-adjacent samples. We further analysed the differences between the two groups, at the species level, confirming that Rhodotorula toruloides, Malassezia dermatis, Hanseniaspora lachancei, and Spegazzinia tessarthra were excessively colonized in the tumor samples, whereas Preussia persica, Fusarium solani, Nigrospora oryzae, Acremonium furcatum, Golovinomyces artemisiae, and Tausonia pullulans were significantly more abundant in tumor-adjacent samples. The fungal co-occurrence network in tumor-adjacent samples was larger and denser than that in tumors. Similarly, the more complex bacterial-fungal interactions in tumor-adjacent samples were also detected. The expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase was positively correlated with the abundance of N. oryzae and T. pullulans in tumor-adjacent samples. In tumors, the expression of MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) had a negative correlation and a positive correlation with the abundance of R. toruloides and S. tessarthra, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed the landscape of the esophageal mycobiome characterized by an altered fungal composition and bacterial and fungal ecology in ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Services, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Anxi County Hospital, Anxi, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Mei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliation to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xian-E Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jian Hu
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China. Tel: +86-591-83383362; Fax: +86-591-22862510;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patiño MA, Ortiz JP, Velásquez M, Stambuk BU. d-Xylose consumption by nonrecombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review. Yeast 2019; 36:541-556. [PMID: 31254359 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in nature. Its efficient fermentation has been considered as a critical factor for a feasible conversion of renewable biomass resources into biofuels and other chemicals. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of exceptional industrial importance due to its excellent capability to ferment sugars. However, although S. cerevisiae is able to ferment xylulose, it is considered unable to metabolize xylose, and thus, a lot of research has been directed to engineer this yeast with heterologous genes to allow xylose consumption and fermentation. The analysis of the natural genetic diversity of this yeast has also revealed some nonrecombinant S. cerevisiae strains that consume or even grow (modestly) on xylose. The genome of this yeast has all the genes required for xylose transport and metabolism through the xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase pathway, but there seems to be problems in their kinetic properties and/or required expression. Self-cloning industrial S. cerevisiae strains overexpressing some of the endogenous genes have shown interesting results, and new strategies and approaches designed to improve these S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol production from xylose will also be presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margareth Andrea Patiño
- Instituto de Biotecnología.,Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Mario Velásquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Boris U Stambuk
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patel A, Mikes F, Bühler S, Matsakas L. Valorization of Brewers' Spent Grain for the Production of Lipids by Oleaginous Yeast. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123052. [PMID: 30469531 PMCID: PMC6320983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) accounts for 85% of the total amount of by-products generated by the brewing industries. BSG is a lignocellulosic biomass that is rich in proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins. In the present study, BSG was subjected to pretreatment by two different methods (microwave assisted alkaline pretreatment and organosolv) and was evaluated for the liberation of glucose and xylose during enzymatic saccharification trials. The highest amount of glucose (46.45 ± 1.43 g/L) and xylose (25.15 ± 1.36 g/L) were observed after enzymatic saccharification of the organosolv pretreated BSG. The glucose and xylose yield for the microwave assisted alkaline pretreated BSG were 34.86 ± 1.27 g/L and 16.54 ± 2.1 g/L, respectively. The hydrolysates from the organosolv pretreated BSG were used as substrate for the cultivation of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides, aiming to produce microbial lipids. The yeast synthesized as high as 18.44 ± 0.96 g/L of cell dry weight and 10.41 ± 0.34 g/L lipids (lipid content of 56.45 ± 0.76%) when cultivated on BSG hydrolysate with a C/N ratio of 500. The cell dry weight, total lipid concentration and lipid content were higher compared to the results obtained when grown on synthetic media containing glucose, xylose or mixture of glucose and xylose. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using hydrolysates of organosolv pretreated BSG for the growth and lipid production of oleaginous yeast in literature. The lipid profile of this oleaginous yeast showed similar fatty acid contents to vegetable oils, which can result in good biodiesel properties of the produced biodiesel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Fabio Mikes
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Saskja Bühler
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87 Luleå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pinu FR, Edwards PJ, Gardner RC, Villas-Boas SG. Nitrogen and carbon assimilation bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring Sauvignon blanc juice fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1206-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana R. Pinu
- Centre for Microbial Innovation; School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Patrick J.B. Edwards
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Richard C. Gardner
- Centre for Microbial Innovation; School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Wine Science Programme; School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Silas G. Villas-Boas
- Centre for Microbial Innovation; School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Jin G, Gong Z, Shen H, Song Y, Bai F, Zhao ZK. Simultaneous utilization of glucose and mannose from spent yeast cell mass for lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 158:383-7. [PMID: 24661812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
With ever-increasing culture of yeasts for the production of biofuels and other metabolites, spent yeast cell mass exceeds its traditional market demands. Yeast cell mass contains glucose, mannose and other sugars that may be utilized for microbial culture. Here we demonstrated that the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi could utilize glucose and mannose simultaneously for lipid production. Overall substrate consumption rates and lipid coefficients were 0.58 g/L/h and 0.18 g lipid/g sugar, respectively, in flask cultures regardless of glucose, mannose or a mixture of both as the carbon source. L. starkeyi grew well on the hydrolysates of spent cell mass of Rhodosporidium toruloides, consumed both glucose and mannose therein, and produced lipid at a yield of 0.12 g lipid/g total reducing sugars. This co-utilization strategy expands carbon sources for lipid production. It should provide an opportunity for recycling spent cell mass and be of significant interests to biorefinery and biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guojie Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Gong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yehua Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Implementation of a transhydrogenase-like shunt to counter redox imbalance during xylose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1669-78. [PMID: 22851014 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three enzymes responsible for the transhydrogenase-like shunt, including malic enzyme (encoded by MAE1), malate dehydrogenase (MDH2), and pyruvate carboxylase (PYC2), were overexpressed to regulate the redox state in xylose-fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The YPH499XU/MAE1 strain was constructed by overexpressing native Mae1p in the YPH499XU strain expressing xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from Scheffersomyces stipitis, and native xylulokinase. Analysis of the xylose fermentation profile under semi-anaerobic conditions revealed that the ethanol yield in the YPH499XU/MAE1 strain (0.38 ± 0.01 g g⁻¹ xylose consumed) was improved from that of the control strain (0.31 ± 0.01 g g⁻¹ xylose consumed). Reduced xylitol production was also observed in YPH499XU/MAE1, suggesting that the redox balance was altered by Mae1p overexpression. Analysis of intracellular metabolites showed that the redox imbalance during xylose fermentation was partly relieved in the transformant. The specific ethanol production rate in the YPH499XU/MAE1-MDH2 strain was 1.25-fold higher than that of YPH499XU/MAE1 due to the additional overexpression of Mdh2p, whereas the ethanol yield was identical to that of YPH499XU/MAE1. The specific xylose consumption rate was drastically increased in the YPH499XU/MAE1-MDH2-PYC2 strain. However, poor ethanol yield as well as increased production of xylitol was observed. These results demonstrate that the transhydrogenase function implemented in S. cerevisiae can regulate the redox state of yeast cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The two metabolically versatile actinobacteria Rhodococcus opacus PD630 and R. jostii RHA1 can efficiently convert diverse organic substrates into neutral lipids mainly consisting of triacylglycerol (TAG), the precursor of energy-rich hydrocarbon. Neither, however, is able to utilize xylose, the important component present in lignocellulosic biomass, as the carbon source for growth and lipid accumulation. In order to broaden their substrate utilization range, the metabolic pathway of d-xylose utilization was introduced into these two strains. This was accomplished by heterogenous expression of two well-selected genes, xylA, encoding xylose isomerase, and xylB, encoding xylulokinase from Streptomyces lividans TK23, under the control of the tac promoter with an Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vector. The recombinant R. jostii RHA1 bearing xylA could grow on xylose as the sole carbon source, and additional expression of xylB further improved the biomass yield. The recombinant could consume both glucose and xylose in the sugar mixture, although xylose metabolism was still affected by the presence of glucose. The xylose metabolic pathway was also introduced into the high-lipid-producing strain R. opacus PD630 by expression of xylA and xylB. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, the fatty acid composition was determined, and lipid produced from xylose by recombinants of R. jostii RHA1 and R. opacus PD630 carrying xylA and xylB represented up to 52.5% and 68.3% of the cell dry weight (CDW), respectively. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to produce lipid from the sugars, including xylose, derived from renewable feedstock by genetic modification of rhodococcus strains.
Collapse
|
9
|
Improving Biomass Sugar Utilization by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21467-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Hu C, Wu S, Wang Q, Jin G, Shen H, Zhao ZK. Simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose for lipid production by Trichosporon cutaneum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:25. [PMID: 21864398 PMCID: PMC3174874 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical conversion of lignocellulose hydrolysates remains challenging, largely because most microbial processes have markedly reduced efficiency in the presence of both hexoses and pentoses. Thus, identification of microorganisms capable of efficient and simultaneous utilization of both glucose and xylose is pivotal to improving this process. RESULTS In this study, we found that the oleaginous yeast strain Trichosporon cutaneum AS 2.571 assimilated glucose and xylose simultaneously, and accumulated intracellular lipid up to 59 wt% with a lipid coefficient up to 0.17 g/g sugar, upon cultivation on a 2:1 glucose/xylose mixture in a 3-liter stirred-tank bioreactor. In addition, no classic pattern of diauxic growth behavior was seen; the microbial cell mass increased during the whole culture process without any lag periods. In shake-flask cultures with different initial glucose:xylose ratios, glucose and xylose were consumed simultaneously at rates roughly proportional to their individual concentrations in the medium, leading to complete utilization of both sugars at the same time. Simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose was also seen during fermentation of corn-stover hydrolysate with a lipid content and coefficient of 39.2% and 0.15 g/g sugar, respectively. The lipid produced had a fatty-acid compositional profile similar to those of conventional vegetable oil, indicating that it could have potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. CONCLUSION Efficient lipid production with simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose was achieved in this study. This process provides an exciting opportunity to transform lignocellulosic materials into biofuel molecules, and should also encourage further study to elucidate this unique sugar-assimilation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siguo Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guojie Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wiegel J, Ljungdahl LG, Demain AL. The Importance of Thermophilic Bacteria in Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558509150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Rao K, Chelikani S, Relue P, Varanasi S. A novel technique that enables efficient conduct of simultaneous isomerization and fermentation (SIF) of xylose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 146:101-17. [PMID: 18421591 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the sugars recovered from lignocellulose, D-glucose can be readily converted into ethanol by baker's or brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, xylose that is obtained by the hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic portion is not fermentable by the same species of yeasts. Xylose fermentation by native yeasts can be achieved via isomerization of xylose to its ketose isomer, xylulose. Isomerization with exogenous xylose isomerase (XI) occurs optimally at a pH of 7-8, whereas subsequent fermentation of xylulose to ethanol occurs at a pH of 4-5. We present a novel scheme for efficient isomerization of xylose to xylulose at conditions suitable for the fermentation by using an immobilized enzyme system capable of sustaining two different pH microenvironments in a single vessel. The proof-of-concept of the two-enzyme pellet is presented, showing conversion of xylose to xylulose even when the immobilized enzyme pellets are suspended in a bulk solution whose pH is sub-optimal for XI activity. The co-immobilized enzyme pellets may prove extremely valuable in effectively conducting "simultaneous isomerization and fermentation" (SIF) of xylose. To help further shift the equilibrium in favor of xylulose formation, sodium tetraborate (borax) was added to the isomerization solution. Binding of tetrahydroxyborate ions to xylulose effectively reduces the concentration of xylulose and leads to increased xylose isomerization. The formation of tetrahydroxyborate ions and the enhancement in xylulose production resulting from the complexation was studied at two different bulk pH values. The addition of 0.05 M borax to the isomerization solution containing our co-immobilized enzyme pellets resulted in xylose to xylulose conversion as high as 86% under pH conditions that are suboptimal for XI activity. These initial findings, which can be optimized for industrial conditions, have significant potential for increasing the yield of ethanol from xylose in an SIF approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Rao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
SLAFF GF, HUMPHREY A. THE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM THERMO - HYDROSULFURICUM ON MULTIPLE SUBSTRATES. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00986448608911370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. F. SLAFF
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015
| | - A.E. HUMPHREY
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jeffries TW. Utilization of xylose by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 27:1-32. [PMID: 6437152 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0009101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
15
|
Magee RJ, Kosaric N. Bioconversion of hemicellulosics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 32:61-93. [PMID: 2932894 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
16
|
Carvalho W, Silva SS, Converti A, Vitolo M. Metabolic behavior of immobilized Candida guilliermondii cells during batch xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse acid hydrolyzate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:165-9. [PMID: 12115432 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Candida guilliermondii cells, immobilized in Ca-alginate beads, were used for batch xylitol production from concentrated sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate. Maximum xylitol concentration (20.6 g/L), volumetric productivity (0.43 g/L. h), and yield (0.47 g/g) obtained after 48 h of fermentation were higher than similar immobilized-cell systems but lower than free-cell cultivation systems. Substrates, products, and biomass concentrations were used in material balances to study the ways in which the different carbon sources were utilized by the yeast cells under microaerobic conditions. The fraction of xylose consumed to produce xylitol reached a maximum value (0.70) after glucose and oxygen depletion while alternative metabolic routes were favored by sub-optimal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Carvalho
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering of Lorena, Rodovia Itajubá-Lorena, km 74.5, Lorena, S.P., Brazil, 12600-000
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tavares JM, Duarte LC, Amaral-Collaço MT, Gírio FM. The influence of hexoses addition on the fermentation of d-xylose in Debaryomyces hansenii under continuous cultivation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:743-747. [PMID: 10862880 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hexoses (glucose and galactose) addition to the feed xylose mineral medium of Debaryomyces hansenii chemostat cultures grown at a constant dilution rate of 0.055 h(-1) was studied. Xylitol was the major product detected amongst all tested conditions. The maximal values for xylitol yield and volumetric productivity (0.56 gg(-1) xylose and 0.21 gl(-1)h(-1), respectively) were obtained for a glucose/xylose feeding ratio of 10%, showing that the addition of small amounts of glucose, but not galactose, enhanced the xylitol production. A xylitol yield increase of 30%, compared with the sole xylose-containing feed medium, was observed. It was found that the oxygen requirement for D. hansenii growth is lower under glucose compared with xylose. Ethanol and glycerol were only produced for glucose/xylose feeding ratio above 30%. The byproducts accumulation was correlated with glucose metabolism, because a direct relationship between the increase of ethanol (and glycerol) concentration and the increase of glucose in the feed medium was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JM Tavares
- Unidade de Microbiologia Industrial e Bioprocessos, Departamento de Biotecnologia, IBQTA, INETI, Azinhaga dos Lameiros 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Application of a compatible xylose isomerase in simultaneous bioconversion of glucose and xylose to ethanol. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Jeffries TW, Shi NQ. Genetic engineering for improved xylose fermentation by yeasts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 65:117-61. [PMID: 10533434 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49194-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylose utilization is essential for the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials to fuels and chemicals. A few yeasts are known to ferment xylose directly to ethanol. However, the rates and yields need to be improved for commercialization. Xylose utilization is repressed by glucose which is usually present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, so glucose regulation should be altered in order to maximize xylose conversion. Xylose utilization also requires low amounts of oxygen for optimal production. Respiration can reduce ethanol yields, so the role of oxygen must be better understood and respiration must be reduced in order to improve ethanol production. This paper reviews the central pathways for glucose and xylose metabolism, the principal respiratory pathways, the factors determining partitioning of pyruvate between respiration and fermentation, the known genetic mechanisms for glucose and oxygen regulation, and progress to date in improving xylose fermentations by yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T W Jeffries
- USDA, Forest Service, Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars and sugar mixtures to xylitol by Candida parapsilosis. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Pfeifer MJ, Silva SS, Felipe MG, Roberto IC, Mancilha IM. Effect of culture conditions on xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 57-58:423-30. [PMID: 8669909 DOI: 10.1007/bf02941722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Pfeifer
- Faculdade de Engenharia QuImica de Lorena-Centro de Biotecnologia, Lorena S.P. Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
du Preez J. Process parameters and environmental factors affecting d-xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Marounek M, Kopecný J. Utilization of Glucose and Xylose in Ruminal Strains of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:738-9. [PMID: 16349201 PMCID: PMC201376 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.2.738-739.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual-substrate utilization pattern in cultures of five ruminal strains of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
growing on glucose and xylose was investigated. Strains ATCC 19171 and 86 utilized glucose and xylose simultaneously. Other strains exhibited diauxic growth. Strains X1 and CE 51 exhibited classical diauxic growth in which glucose was utilized during the first phase. Strain X2D62 displayed atypical diauxic growth in which slow utilization of xylose was followed by rapid utilization of glucose after the xylose depletion. The ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose was found in all strains tested. The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of glucose was detected only in
B. fibrisolvens
CE 51.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marounek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 104 00 Prague 10, Uhríneves, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Biesterveld S, Oude Elferink SJ, Zehnder AJ, Stams AJ. Xylose and Glucose Utilization by
Bacteroides xylanolyticus
X5-1 Cells Grown in Batch and Continuous Culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:576-80. [PMID: 16349187 PMCID: PMC201351 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.2.576-580.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During cultivation on a mixture of xylose and glucose,
Bacteroides xylanolyticus
X5-1 showed neither diauxic growth nor a substrate preference. Xylose-limited continuous-culture cells were able to consume xylose and glucose both as single substrates and as mixed substrates without any lag phase. When glucose was the growth-limiting substrate, the microorganism was unable to consume xylose. However, in the presence of a small amount of glucose or pyruvate, xylose was utilized after a short lag phase. In glucose-limited cells, xylose isomerase was present at low activity but xylulose kinase activity could not be detected. On addition of a mixture of xylose and glucose, xylose isomerase was induced immediately and xylulose kinase was induced after about 30 min. The induction of the two enzymes was sensitive to chloramphenicol, showing de novo synthesis. Xylose uptake in glucose-grown cells was very low, but the uptake rate could be increased when incubated with a xylose-glucose mixture. The increase in the uptake rate was not affected by chloramphenicol, indicating that a constitutive uptake system had to be activated. The inability of
B. xylanolyticus
X5-1 cells undergoing glucose-limited continuous culture to induce the xylose catabolic pathway after the addition of only xylose probably was caused by energy limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Biesterveld
- Department of Microbiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cultivation ofCandida blankii in simulated bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Webb SR, Lee H. Regulation of d-xylose utilization by hexoses in pentose-fermenting yeasts. Biotechnol Adv 1990; 8:685-97. [PMID: 14543690 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(90)91991-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aldopentose D-xylose is one of the most abundant sugars in plant biomass and its efficient microbial utilization is of fundamental importance in the overall bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into liquid fuels and chemicals. The discovery of pentose-fermenting yeasts in the early 1980's led to world wide interest because of the perceived potential for improved D-xylose fermentation to enhance the prospect of biomass conversions. However, the utilization of D-xylose by pentose-fermenting yeasts can be adversely affected by the hexoses, mainly D-glucose and D-mannose, which are usually present in high amounts in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Research in the past several years has uncovered some of the regulatory effects of D-glucose on D-xylose utilization. However, much remains unknown about the mechanisms responsible for these effects. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the induction, repression and inactivation of D-xylose utilization in pentose-fermenting yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Webb
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Fermentation of D-xylose is of interest in enhancing the yield of ethanol obtainable from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Such hydrolysates can contain both pentoses and hexoses, and while technology to convert hexoses to ethanol is well established, the fermentation of pentoses had been problematical. To overcome the difficulty, yeasts and fungi have been sought and identified in recent years that can convert D-xylose into ethanol. However, operation of their cultures in the presence of the pentose to obtain rapid and efficient ethanol production is somewhat more complex than in the archetype alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucose. The complexity stems, in part, from the association of ethanol accumulation in cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source with conditions that limit growth, by oxygen in particular, although limitation by other nutrients might also be implicated. Aspects of screening for appropriate organisms and of the parameters that play a role in determining culture variables, especially those associated with ethanol productivity, are reviewed. Performance with D-xylose as sole carbon source, in sugar mixtures, and in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is discussed. A model that involves biochemical considerations of D-xylose metabolism is presented that rationalizes the effects of oxygen on cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source, notably effects of the specific rate of oxygen use on the rate and extent of ethanol accumulation. Alternate methods to direct fermentation of D-xylose have been developed that depend on its prior isomerization to D-xylose, followed by fermentation of the pentulose by certain yeasts and fungi. Factors involved in the biochemistry, use, and performance of these methods, which with some organisms involves sensitivity to oxygen, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Schneider
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bicho PA, Runnals PL, Cunningham JD, Lee H. Induction of Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase Activities in
Pachysolen tannophilus
and
Pichia stipitis
on Mixed Sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:50-54. [PMID: 16347538 PMCID: PMC202395 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.1.50-54.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities on mixed sugars was investigated in the yeasts
Pachysolen tannophilus
and
Pichia stipitis
. Enzyme activities induced on
d
-xylose served as the controls. In both yeasts,
d
-glucose,
d
-mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited enzyme induction by
d
-xylose to various degrees. Cellobiose,
l
-arabinose, and
d
-galactose were not inhibitory. In liquid batch culture,
P. tannophilus
utilized
d
-glucose and
d
-mannose rapidly and preferentially over
d
-xylose, while
d
-galactose consumption was poor and lagged behind that of the pentose sugar. In
P. stipitis
, all three hexoses were used preferentially over
d
-xylose. The results showed that the repressibility of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase may limit the potential of yeast fermentation of pentose sugars in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bicho
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Batt CA, Caryallo S, Easson DD, Akedo M, Sinskey AJ. Direct evidence for a xylose metabolic pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 28:549-53. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260280411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
31
|
Factors in acid treated bagasse inhibiting ethanol production from d-xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus. Enzyme Microb Technol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(84)90095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Krauel U, Krauel HH, Weide H. Abbau von Mischsubstraten durch Hefen II. Substrate der Sulfitablauge, Vergleich von Produktionsstämmen. J Basic Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630240106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
34
|
Microbial Biomass from Renewables: A Second Review of Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040307-3.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
35
|
Hsiao HY, Chiang LC, Yang CM, Chen LF, Tsao GT. Preparation and performance of immobilized yeast cells in columns containing no inert carrier. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:363-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
Gong CS. Recent Advances in D-Xylose Conversion by Yeasts. ANNUAL REPORTS ON FERMENTATION PROCESSES 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040306-6.50015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|