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Beier RC, Byrd JA, Andrews K, Caldwell D, Crippen TL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Disinfectant and antimicrobial susceptibility studies of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni isolated from the litter of broiler chicken houses. Poult Sci 2021; 100:1024-1033. [PMID: 33518061 PMCID: PMC7858144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illness is an ongoing problem worldwide and is caused by bacteria that invade the food chain from the farm, slaughter house, restaurant or grocery, or in the home and can be controlled by strategies using biocides (antiseptics and disinfectants). Susceptibility profiles were determined for 96 Campylobacter jejuni strains obtained in 2011-2012 from broiler chicken house environments to antimicrobials and disinfectants as per the methods of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and TREK Diagnostics using CAMPY AST Campylobacter plates. Low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed in C. jejuni strains to tetracycline (TET; 21.9%), ciprofloxacin (CIP; 13.5%), and nalidixic acid (NAL; 12.5%). The resistance profiles had a maximum of 3 antimicrobials, CIP-NAL-TET, with TET being the main profile observed. No cross-resistance was observed between antimicrobials and disinfectants. The C. jejuni strains (99%) were resistant to triclosan, 32% were resistant to chlorhexidine, and they all were susceptible to benzalkonium chloride. The strains had low-level minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to the disinfectants P-128, Food Service Sanitizer, F-25 Sanitizer, Final Step 512 Sanitizer, OdoBan, dioctyldimethylammmonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (C10AC), benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (C12BAC), and benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (C14BAC). Intermediate MICs against DC&R, cetylpyridinium bromide hydrate, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide with elevated intermediate MICs against Tek-Trol, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride, tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane (THN), and formaldehyde. The highest MIC were obtained for povidone-iodine. The components THN and the benzylammonium chlorides C12BAC and C14BAC were responsible for the inhibition by DC&R. The components C10AC and C12BAC may act synergistically causing inhibition of C. jejuni by the disinfectant P-128. The formaldehyde component in DC&R was not effective against C. jejuni compared with the ammonium chloride components. Its use in disinfectants may result in additional unnecessary chemicals in the environment. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is the most effective ammonium chloride component against C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Beier
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - J Allen Byrd
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Denise Caldwell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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de Castro Burbarelli MF, do Valle Polycarpo G, Deliberali Lelis K, Granghelli CA, Carão de Pinho AC, Ribeiro Almeida Queiroz S, Fernandes AM, Moro de Souza RL, Gaglianone Moro ME, de Andrade Bordin R, de Albuquerque R. Cleaning and disinfection programs against Campylobacter jejuni for broiler chickens: productive performance, microbiological assessment and characterization. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3188-3198. [PMID: 28854757 PMCID: PMC5850738 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed cleaning and disinfection programs aims to reduce infection pressure from microorganisms from one flock to the next. However, studies evaluating the benefits to poultry performance, the sanitary status of the facilities, and the sanitary quality of the meat are rarely found. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate 2 cleaning and disinfecting programs regarding their influence on productive performance, elimination of Campylobacter, and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strains when applied to broiler chickens’ facilities. Two subsequent flocks with 960 birds each were distributed into 32 pens containing 30 birds each. In the first, the whole flock was inoculated with a known strain of Campylobacter jejuni in order to contaminate the environment. In the second flock, performance and microbiological evaluations were done, characterizing an observational study between 2 cleaning and disinfection programs, regular and proposed. The regular program consisted of sweeping facilities, washing equipment and environment with water and neutral detergent. The proposed cleaning program consisted of dry and wet cleaning, application of 2 detergents (one acid and one basic) and 2 disinfectants (250 g/L glutaraldehyde and 185 g/L formaldehyde at 0.5% and 210 g/L para-chloro-meta-cresol at 4%). Total microorganism count in the environment and Campylobacter spp. identification were done for the microbiological assessment of the environment and carcasses. The positive samples were submitted to molecular identification of Campylobacter spp. and posterior genetic sequencing of the species identified as Campylobacter jejuni. The birds housed in the facilities and submitted to the proposed treatment had better performance when compared to the ones in the regular treatment, most likely because there was a smaller total microorganism count on the floor, walls, feeders and drinkers. The proposed program also resulted in a reduction of Campylobacter spp. on floors, drinkers and birds. Moreover, it was possible to identify 6 different Campylobacter jejuni strains in the facilities. The proposed treatment resulted in a positive influence on the birds’ performance and reduction of environment contamination for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil.
| | | | - Karoline Deliberali Lelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Granghelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Agatha Cristina Carão de Pinho
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ribeiro Almeida Queiroz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Moro de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo de Albuquerque
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production (VNP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
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3
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Evaluating and improving terminal hygiene practices on broiler farms to prevent Campylobacter cross-contamination between flocks. Food Microbiol 2017; 64:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Preharvest food safety in broiler production is a systematic approach to control the introduction, propagation, and dissemination of
Salmonella
and
Campylobacter
from breeder flocks to the end of their progeny (broilers) life cycle. New and revised more stringent performance standards for these pathogens at the processing plant level require continuous evaluation of the preharvest management practices and intervention strategies used by the poultry industry. The implementation of stricter biosecurity plans, vaccination of breeder flocks for
Salmonella
, and usage of feed that is free of animal by-products are some of the measures recommended to control the pathogens. Interventions shown to be effective in experimental settings need to be assessed for their cost-effectiveness and efficiency when applied at the farm level.
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5
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Evaluation of efficacy of several disinfectants against Campylobacter jejuni strains by a suspension test. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e44-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Scientific Opinion onCampylobacterin broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Comparative efficacy of several disinfectants in suspension and carrier tests against Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 and 5. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:385-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Phenotypes and genotypes of campylobacter strains isolated after cleaning and disinfection in poultry slaughterhouses. Vet Microbiol 2008; 128:313-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
In many temperate countries Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial causes of human infectious intestinal disease. Yet the aetiology of this infection has only partly been described. A majority of human campylobacteriosis cases are associated with food of animal origin. Despite being very sensitive to environmental stressors Campylobacter spp. are able to persist in the food chain and can pose a threat to the consumer. In this review, the survival potential and stress response of Campylobacter spp. in food will be summarized and the importance of food preservation technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alter
- Division of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that Campylobacter species may be responsible for the majority of cases of sporadic gastroenteritis in humans. These studies also suggest that poultry may be one of the most common sources of the bacteria for humans. Campylobacter and related genera in the family Campylobacteraceae are oral and intestinal commensals of vertebrates and some nonvertebrates, a characteristic that complicates rational approaches to controlling Campylobacter contamination of poultry. This review will discuss the phylogeny, genomics, and physiology of campylobacters with the intention of revealing how these organisms have evolved to fill their intestinal ecological niche in poultry and how their physiology must be understood in order to enact effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Moore JE, Barton MD, Blair IS, Corcoran D, Dooley JSG, Fanning S, Kempf I, Lastovica AJ, Lowery CJ, Matsuda M, McDowell DA, McMahon A, Millar BC, Rao JR, Rooney PJ, Seal BS, Snelling WJ, Tolba O. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1955-66. [PMID: 16716632 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, particularly with the fluoroquinolones and macrolide antibiotics, has now emerged globally with thermophilic campylobacters, including Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, giving rise to concerns about how these organisms have acquired such resistance characteristics, as well as consequences for human and animal treatment. This review examines (i) the clinical epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in human and animal thermophilic campylobacters, (ii) an update on resistance rates globally, (iii) surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacters originating from animals, particularly poultry, (iv) the role of the environment in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic-resistant campylobacters, as well as (v) issues of biocide resistance in campylobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Chantarapanont W, Berrang ME, Frank JF. Direct microscopic observation of viability of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin treated with selected chemical sanitizing agents. J Food Prot 2004; 67:1146-52. [PMID: 15222541 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of chlorine, acidified sodium chlorite, and peracetic acid treatments on viable Campylobacter jejuni located at various depths within follicles or folds of chicken skin. Chicken skin was inoculated with C. jejuni transformed with P(c)gfp plasmid (GFP-Campylobacter), which also codes for kanamycin resistance. Effectiveness of sanitizer treatments was determined by plate count. C. jejuni were also observed on chicken skin by confocal scanning laser microscopy, whereby viable and nonviable cells were differentiated by their ability to take up staining with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride. Sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and acidified sodium chlorite were each applied at 40 or 100 ppm for 2 or 15 min. Each sanitizer resulted in approximately a 1-log decrease (CFU) when used at 100 ppm for 15 min and no significant decrease when used at 40 ppm for 2 min. Numbers of viable cells observed on the skin by direct microscopic count were similar to numbers obtained by plate count. Although viable counts decreased with sanitizer treatments, the total number of Campylobacter cells (live plus dead) attached to the skin remained unchanged. After each chemical treatment, viable C. jejuni were observed at depths of 0 to 10, 11 to 20, and 21 to 30 microm in folds or follicles of chicken skin. Most of the C. jejuni that survived treatment were located at 0 to 10 microm depth, which is where most of the viable cells were located before treatment. The inability of chemical sanitizers to effectively eliminate C. jejuni on chicken skin does not appear to be a result of protection by location in feather follicles or other depressions in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walairut Chantarapanont
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2106, USA
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Logue CM, Sherwood JS, Elijah LM, Olah PA, Dockter MR. The incidence of Campylobacter spp. on processed turkey from processing plants in the midwestern United States. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:234-41. [PMID: 12859753 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The primary aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Campylobacter spp. on turkey, presented for processing at participating production plants located in the midwest region of the United States. METHODS AND RESULTS The two participating plants were visited on a monthly basis for a period of 1 year. Sampling of carcasses was carried out using a surface swab technique. Swabs were obtained from carcasses at two points on the production line - prechill and postchill. In addition, samples of chill water were also obtained for examination. Isolation and detection of Campylobacter was carried out using enrichment in Preston broth with recovery of the organism on blood free Campylobacter selective agar (CCDA). Isolates recovered were screened and identified using the API Campy identification system. The study found that 34.9% of all samples tested were positive for Campylobacter spp. The overall, contamination rates observed for both plants were relatively similar (39.2% for plant A and 30.6% for plant B). Differences were observed in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. on prechill vs postchill carcasses (i.e. 40.8% prechill vs 37.6% postchill for plant A and 41.8% prechill vs 19.8% postchill for plant B). Campylobacter species most often isolated included Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli. Other species recovered were Camp. fetus fetus, Camp. upsaliensis and Camp. lari. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of Campylobacter spp. on processed poultry was relatively common. Factors such as the processing plant examined, season and the farms presenting birds for processing influenced the incidence of the pathogen. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Differences were observed in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. isolated from the two plants examined. The study suggests a seasonal prevalence of Campylobacter in the cooler months with processing conditions also influencing the overall occurrence of the organism. The incidence, isolation and detection of Campylobacter spp. from processed poultry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Logue
- The Great Plains Institute of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
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Chaveerach P, Keuzenkamp DA, Urlings HAP, Lipman LJA, van Knapen F. In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed. Poult Sci 2002; 81:621-8. [PMID: 12033410 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.5.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter spp. infection has been recognized as one of the important public health problems in the developed countries. Outbreaks mostly originate from the consumption of contaminated poultry or infected water. The aim of this study was to determine the bactericidal activity on Campylobacter spp. of organic acids individually and in combinations at different pH levels and times and to compare bactericidal activities with activities of commercially available products. Ten strains of Campylobacter spp. were added in a mixture of water with commercial broiler feed, separately adjusted by four acids: formic, acetic, propionic, and hydrochloric acids, into pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. A combination of three organic acids was used in two different formulation ratios: formic:acetic:propionic at 1:2:3 and 1:2:5, at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. All organic acids showed the strongest bactericidal effect on Campylobacter at pH 4.0. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and 5.5, the bactericidal activity of the four acids was low. The combination of organic acids showed a synergistic bactericidal activity at pH 4.5. Interestingly, the effect of the combined organic acids was stronger than the commercial products. Morphological cell changes were studied by transmission electron microscopy to determine the effect of the organic acids on the cell structure of Campylobacter. Some loss of outer membranes of the bacteria could be found in treated groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that organic acids, individually or in combination, have a strong bactericidal effect on Campylobacter spp. Routine application of organic acids to the water supply on poultry farms could prevent or diminish Campylobacter transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chaveerach
- Department of Science and Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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15
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Stern NJ, Robach MC, Cox NA, Musgrove MT. Effect of drinking water chlorination on Campylobacter spp. colonization of broilers. Avian Dis 2002; 46:401-4. [PMID: 12061650 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0401:eodwco]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The main source for Campylobacter spp. transmission from the environment to broiler chickens is still unclear. One implicated reservoir for the organism has been untreated broiler drinking water. This study was conducted with broilers first using experimental conditions (isolation units) and second under commercial conditions. We compared the rate of intestinal colonization in chickens provided 2 to 5 parts per million (ppm) chlorinated drinking water in relation to the frequency of colonization in chickens given unsupplemented drinking water. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was detected in isolation frequency or level of Campylobacter spp. colonization in birds provided chlorinated drinking water and control birds provided water without supplemental chlorine. In the isolation unit experiments, 86.3% (69/80) of the control and 85.0% (68/80) of the treated birds were colonized at levels corresponding to an average of 10(5.2) and 10(5.1) log colony-forming units (cfu) Campylobacter spp./g of cecal contents, respectively. Additionally, two sets of paired 20,000 bird broiler houses, with and without chlorination (2-5 ppm chlorine), were monitored in a commercial field trial. Effectiveness of chlorination was judged by prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in fecal droppings (960 samples) taken from the flocks in treated and control houses. Birds from the control houses were 35.5% (175/493) Campylobacter spp. positive, while 45.8% (214/467) of the samples from the houses having chlorinated drinking water yielded the organism. Chlorination of flock drinking water at the levels tested in this study was not effective in decreasing colonization by Campylobacter spp. under commercial production practices presently used in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Stern
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA 30604-5677, USA
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16
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Slader J, Domingue G, Jørgensen F, McAlpine K, Owen RJ, Bolton FJ, Humphrey TJ. Impact of transport crate reuse and of catching and processing on Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination of broiler chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:713-9. [PMID: 11823211 PMCID: PMC126660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.2.713-719.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2001] [Accepted: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of transport, catching, and processing on contamination of broiler chickens with Salmonella and Campylobacter was investigated. Transport crates were reused with high frequency and were often still contaminated with Salmonella and Campylobacter when they arrived at the farm despite the fact that they were washed at the factory, and thus they were a potential route of infection. These organisms contaminated the feathers of previously Campylobacter- and Salmonella-negative birds going to the processing plant and were isolated from processed carcasses, albeit at a low frequency. The Campylobacter types which were the predominant organisms on the live birds when they arrived at the processing plant were not necessarily the types that were most frequently isolated from processed carcasses. This finding may reflect cross-contamination that occurred during processing or differences in the tolerance of the strains to the hostile environments that the bacteria experienced. The process of catching and putting the birds in crates significantly increased the chance of contamination with Campylobacter (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slader
- PHLS Food Microbiology Research Unit, Heavitree, Exeter, Church Lane, Devon EX2 5AD, UK
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17
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Obiri-Danso K, Paul N, Jones K. The effects of UVB and temperature on the survival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, Camp. lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:256-67. [PMID: 11168729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether diurnal and seasonal variations in campylobacters in surface waters result from the effects of temperature and u.v. radiation, and whether natural populations of Campylobacter lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) from birds survive better in surface waters than Camp. jejuni from sewage. METHODS AND RESULTS Natural populations of Camp. lari and UPTC in sea water, and Camp. jejuni in river water, were exposed to artificial sunlight (equivalent to a sunny day in June). Both populations became non-culturable within 30 min, with T90s of 15 min and 25 min, respectively. Cultures of Camp. jejuni became non-culturable within 40 min and those of Camp. coli, Camp. lari and UPTC, within 60 min. In darkness, survival was temperature-dependent. Natural populations took 12 h at 37 degrees C and 5 days at 4 degrees C to become non-culturable in sea water, and slightly less in river water. Cultures of Camp. lari and UPTCs survived for significantly longer than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli. Loss of culturability for all isolates was most rapid at 37 degrees C and slowest at 4 degrees C. Newly isolated strains from sea water and river water behaved in an almost identical manner to NCTC strains. CONCLUSION Campylobacter lari and UPTCs survive for longer in surface waters than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli, particularly in the dark. Low Campylobacter numbers in coastal waters in the summer, especially in the afternoon, are due to the combined effects of higher temperatures and higher levels of u.v. radiation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Campylobacter lari and UPTCs from birds predominate in bathing waters in Morecambe Bay because they are better able to survive; they also originate from closer to the shore than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli in sewage effluent, which survive poorly and die before the incoming tide reaches the shore. The predominance of Camp. jejuni in river water results from its dominance of the inputs and not from its ability to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Obiri-Danso
- Department of Biological Science, I.E.N.S., Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Nogva HK, Bergh A, Holck A, Rudi K. Application of the 5'-nuclease PCR assay in evaluation and development of methods for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4029-36. [PMID: 10966425 PMCID: PMC92255 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.9.4029-4036.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2000] [Accepted: 07/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is recognized as a leading human food-borne pathogen. Traditional diagnostic testing for C. jejuni is not reliable due to special growth requirements and the possibility that this bacterium can enter a viable but nonculturable state. Nucleic acid-based tests have emerged as a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing. In this article, we present a 5'-nuclease PCR assay for quantitative detection of C. jejuni and describe its evaluation. A probe including positions 381121 to 381206 of the published C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168 genome sequence was identified. When this probe was applied, the assay was positive for all of the isolates of C. jejuni tested (32 isolates, including the type strain) and negative for all other Campylobacter spp. (11 species tested) and several other bacteria (41 species tested). The total assay could be completed in 3 h with a detection limit of approximately 1 CFU. Quantification was linear over at least 6 log units. Quantitative detection methods are important for both research purposes and further development of C. jejuni detection methods. In this study, we used the assay to investigate to what extent the PCR signals generated by heat-killed bacteria interfere with the detection of viable C. jejuni after exposure at elevated temperatures for up to 5 days. An approach to the reduction of the PCR signal generated by dead bacteria was also investigated by employing externally added DNases to selectively inactivate free DNA and exposed DNA in heat-killed bacteria. The results indicated relatively good discrimination between exposed DNA from dead C. jejuni and protected DNA in living bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Nogva
- MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, N-1430 As, Norway
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Griffiths PL, Park RW. Campylobacters associated with human diarrhoeal disease. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:281-301. [PMID: 2246137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, University of Reading, UK
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Aho M, Kauppi M, Hirn J. The stability of small number of campylobacteria in four different transport media. Acta Vet Scand 1988; 29:437-42. [PMID: 3076745 PMCID: PMC8161581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Four different transport media (SIFF, Cary–Blair, RAPW and brucella broth with charcoal and FBP) were evaluated for their ability to support small number of campylobacteria. The best medium was SIFF, although Cary–Blair medium was almost equally efficient. It was possible to store less than 1 000 CFU (5/7 strains) for 1 week at room temperature in SIFF medium and less than 100 000 CFU (5/7 strains) for 3 days at room temperature in Cary–Blair medium. On the basis of the results of this study SIFF medium is recommended for use with samples having low campylobachter concentrations.
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Annan-Prah A, Janc M. The mode of spread of Campylobacter jejuni/coli to broiler flocks. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1988; 35:11-8. [PMID: 3376623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Aho M, Kauppi M, Hirn J. The stability of small number of campylobacteria in four different transport media. Acta Vet Scand 1988. [PMID: 3076745 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yogasundram K, Shane SM, Grodner RM, Lambremont EN, Smith RE. Decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken drumsticks using chemicals and radiation. Vet Res Commun 1987; 11:31-40. [PMID: 3576968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00361324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of four disinfectants and radiation to reduce the level of C. jejuni contamination on poultry meat. Two levels of each treatment were applied to chicken drumsticks inoculated with a known concentration of a strain of Campylobacter jejuni, biotype 1, isolated from a human patient with diarrhea. Radiation using a cobalt-60 source at a level of 0.5 KGy effected a 99% surface reduction in C. jejuni. With a mean initial surface contamination level of 1.1 X 10(3) Colony Forming Units/cm2, 1 KGy completely eliminated C. jejuni. Glutaraldehyde at 0.5% concentration for 30 minutes had an efficacy similar to the lower dose of radiation. Chlorine showed a negligible effect on C. jejuni. Succinic acid and Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride) were statistically similar in their effectiveness, ranking between glutaraldehyde and chlorine. These results strongly indicate that, of the alternatives tested, low-dose radiation is the method of choice for reducing Campylobacter contamination of poultry products.
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Blaser MJ, Smith PF, Wang WL, Hoff JC. Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by chlorine and monochloramine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:307-11. [PMID: 3954344 PMCID: PMC238864 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.2.307-311.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and closely related organisms are important bacterial causes of acute diarrheal illness in the United States. Both endemic and epidemic infections have been associated with consuming untreated or improperly treated surface water. We compared susceptibility of three C. jejuni strains and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 with standard procedures used to disinfect water. Inactivation of bacterial preparations with 0.1 mg of chlorine and 1.0 mg of monochloramine per liter was determined at pH 6 and 8 and at 4 and 25 degrees C. Under virtually every condition tested, each of the three C. jejuni strains was more susceptible than the E. coli control strain, with greater than 99% inactivation after 15 min of contact with 1.0 mg of monochloramine per liter or 5 min of contact with 0.1 mg of free chlorine per liter. Results of experiments in which an antibiotic-containing medium was used suggest that a high proportion of the remaining cells were injured. An animal-passaged C. jejuni strain was as susceptible to chlorine disinfection as were laboratory-passaged strains. These results suggest that disinfection procedures commonly used for treatment of drinking water to remove coliform bacteria are adequate to eliminate C. jejuni and further correlate with the absence of outbreaks associated with properly treated water.
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Gondrosen B. Survival of thermotolerant campylobacters in water. Acta Vet Scand 1986; 27:1-10. [PMID: 3751807 PMCID: PMC8189417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1985] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three bacterial strains, classified as Campylobacter jejuni biotype 1, Campylobacter coli, and NARTG (nalidixic-acid-resistant thermophilic Campylobacters), were tested for survival in water specimens kept at 4, 12, and 20°C. Five different water milieus were compared: sterile physiological saline, chlorinated tap water, dechlorinated tap water, polluted river water, and sterile filtered river water. With few exceptions, all organisms survived better at 4°C than at 12 or 20°C, regardless of the water milieu. Briefest survival was detected at 20°C; no viable Campylobacters could be demonstrated after more than 2 days at this temperature. Of the 5 waiter milieus tested, the highest mean survival time for all strains was obtained with dechlorinated tap water. In this medium, all 3 strains remained viable for 15 days at 4°C, 10 days at 12°C, and 2 days ait 20°C. Briefest survival was obtained in chlorinated tap water. Even residual amounts of Cl2 drastically reduced the survival of all strains tested. Only small variations in viability were detected for 2 of the strains tested after sterile filtration of a water source with a dense bacterial population. The results are discussed in relation to waterborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis.
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EMSWILER-ROSE BONNIE, KOTULA ANTHONYW. Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Two Chlorine Sources in a Model System. J Food Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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