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Rensink S, van Nieuwenhuijzen EJ, Sailer MF, Struck C, Wösten HAB. Use of Aureobasidium in a sustainable economy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:202. [PMID: 38349550 PMCID: PMC10864419 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Aureobasidium is omnipresent and can be isolated from air, water bodies, soil, wood, and other plant materials, as well as inorganic materials such as rocks and marble. A total of 32 species of this fungal genus have been identified at the level of DNA, of which Aureobasidium pullulans is best known. Aureobasidium is of interest for a sustainable economy because it can be used to produce a wide variety of compounds, including enzymes, polysaccharides, and biosurfactants. Moreover, it can be used to promote plant growth and protect wood and crops. To this end, Aureobasidium cells adhere to wood or plants by producing extracellular polysaccharides, thereby forming a biofilm. This biofilm provides a sustainable alternative to petrol-based coatings and toxic chemicals. This and the fact that Aureobasidium biofilms have the potential of self-repair make them a potential engineered living material avant la lettre. KEY POINTS: •Aureobasidium produces products of interest to the industry •Aureobasidium can stimulate plant growth and protect crops •Biofinish of A. pullulans is a sustainable alternative to petrol-based coatings •Aureobasidium biofilms have the potential to function as engineered living materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rensink
- Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Business, Building and Technology, Sustainable Building Technology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Elke J van Nieuwenhuijzen
- Faculty of Technology, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rhijnspoorplein 2, 1091 GC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Sailer
- Department of Business, Building and Technology, Sustainable Building Technology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Struck
- Department of Business, Building and Technology, Sustainable Building Technology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Nongkhai SN, Piemthongkham P, Bankeeree W, Punnapayak H, Lotrakul P, Prasongsuk S. Xylooligosaccharides produced from sugarcane leaf arabinoxylan using xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 58523 and its prebiotic activity toward Lactobacillus spp. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22107. [PMID: 38034795 PMCID: PMC10682688 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to enhance the value of sugarcane leaf, xylan was extracted and used for xylooligosaccharide (XO) production via enzymatic hydrolysis using xylanase from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans. The xylan was extracted from sugarcane leaf using alkali extraction according to the response surface methodology. The highest xylan yield (99.42 ± 4.05 % recovery) was obtained using 14.32 % (w/v) NaOH, 13.25:1 liquid: solid ratio, at 121 °C and 15 lb.in2 for 32 min. Sugar composition and FTIR spectrum analyses confirmed its structure as arabinoxylan. The extracted arabinoxylan had a relatively high molecular weight compared to previous studies. Crude endoxylanase from A. pullulans NRRL 58523 was selected for enzymatic hydrolysis of the xylan. The enzyme hydrolyzed well at 50 °C, pH 4.0 and was relatively stable under this condition (87.38 ± 1.26 % of the activity remained after 60 h). XOs, especially xylobiose and xylotriose, were obtained at the maximum yield of 237.51 ± 17.69 mg/g xylan via endoxylanase hydrolysis under the optimum conditions (50 °C, pH 4.0, 65.31 U/g xylan, 53 h). XOs exhibited species-specific prebiotic activity toward three strains of Lactobacillus spp. but not toward Bifidobacterium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorawit Na Nongkhai
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phitchayakon Piemthongkham
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Pongtharin Lotrakul
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Ibrahim SNMM, Bankeeree W, Prasongsuk S, Punnapayak H, Lotrakul P. Production and characterization of thermostable acidophilic β-mannanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 58524 and its potential in mannooligosaccharide production from spent coffee ground galactomannan. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:237. [PMID: 36003897 PMCID: PMC9393121 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximum yield of the crude mannanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 58524 was 8.42 ± 0.18 U mL-1 when cultured for 72 h in the optimized medium containing 3% (w v-1) defatted spent coffee grounds (SCG) and 0.67% (w v-1) ammonium sulphate. Two forms of mannanase were observed in the crude enzyme and the principal mannanase was enriched to apparent homogeneity via sequential filtration and anion exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was approximately 63 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The enriched mannanase was active at high temperatures (45-75 °C) and a pH range from 3 to 6 with the maximum activity at 55 °C and pH 4.0. The enzyme was relatively thermostable with more than 75% of its initial activity remained after a 12 h incubation at 55 °C. The half-lives of the enriched mannanase were over 8 and 6 h at 60 and 65 °C, respectively. The enzyme was not adversely affected by chelator and most ions tested. This enzyme could hydrolyze both glucomannan and galactomannan and exhibited limited catalytic activity on beta-glucan. When the crude mannanase was used to hydrolyze galactomannan extracted from SCG, the maximum yield of reducing sugars mainly comprising of mannobiose (16.27 ± 0.84 mg 100 mg-1), and mannotriose (2.85 ± 0.20 mg 100 mg-1) was obtained at 58.22 ± 2.04 mg 100 mg-1 dry weight, under optimized condition (84.87 U g-1 mannanase, 41 h 34 min incubation at 55 °C and pH 4.0). These results suggested the prospect of the enzyme in mannan hydrolysis and mannooligosaccharide production at a larger scale. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03301-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahriar Nur Maulana Malik Ibrahim
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Pongtharin Lotrakul
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Šuchová K, Fehér C, Ravn JL, Bedő S, Biely P, Geijer C. Cellulose- and xylan-degrading yeasts: Enzymes, applications and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Yeast GH30 Xylanase from Sugiyamaella lignohabitans Is a Glucuronoxylanase with Auxiliary Xylobiohydrolase Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030751. [PMID: 35164030 PMCID: PMC8840591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are the enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the main hemicellulose present in plant cell walls. They have attracted attention due to their biotechnological potential for the preparation of industrially interesting products from lignocellulose. While many xylanases have been characterized from bacteria and filamentous fungi, information on yeast xylanases is scarce and no yeast xylanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 30 has been described so far. Here, we cloned, expressed and characterized GH30 xylanase SlXyn30A from the yeast Sugiyamaella lignohabitans. The enzyme is active on glucuronoxylan (8.4 U/mg) and rhodymenan (linear β-1,4-1,3-xylan) (3.1 U/mg) while its activity on arabinoxylan is very low (0.03 U/mg). From glucuronoxylan SlXyn30A releases a series of acidic xylooligosaccharides of general formula MeGlcA2Xyln. These products, which are typical for GH30-specific glucuronoxylanases, are subsequently shortened at the non-reducing end, from which xylobiose moieties are liberated. Xylobiohydrolase activity was also observed during the hydrolysis of various xylooligosaccharides. SlXyn30A thus expands the group of glucuronoxylanases/xylobiohydrolases which has been hitherto represented only by several fungal GH30-7 members.
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Baldwin EL, Karki B, Johnson TJ, Zahler JD, Gibbons J, Gibbons WR. Enhancing Cellulase Production in Aureobasidium pullulans by Genome Shuffling. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Baldwin
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Bishnu Karki
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Tylor J. Johnson
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jacob D. Zahler
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Jaimie Gibbons
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - William R. Gibbons
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Saika A, Fukuoka T, Mikome S, Kondo Y, Habe H, Morita T. Screening and isolation of the liamocin-producing yeast Aureobasidium melanogenum using xylose as the sole carbon source. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:428-434. [PMID: 31732259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylose, the main component of xylan, is the second most abundant sugar in nature after glucose. Consequently, xylose represents an attractive feedstock for the production of value-added compounds such as biosurfactants (BSs), which are produced by various bacteria and yeasts. In this study, we screened and isolated yeast strains that synthesize BSs using xylose as the sole carbon source. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to screen for BS-producing yeasts and isolated eight strains as the liamocin producers. Two of the eight strains, AS37 and SK25, were identified as Aureobasidium melanogenum, which is known as black yeasts, by based on 26S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Both strains produced a wide variety of liamocin structures from not only xylose but also glucose and sucrose. According to the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, signals corresponding to sodium ion adducts of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-acylated C6-liamocins and di-, tri- and tetra-acylated C5-liamocins were detected. In addition, their mono-acetylated form was also detected. The dominant sugar component of liamocins produced by strains AS37 and SK25 is mannitol as estimated by HPLC analysis. This is the first report to describe the screening of liamocins-producing yeasts using xylose as the sole carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Mikome
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yukishige Kondo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Habe
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of tropical weed xylans using xylanase from Aureobasidium melanogenum PBUAP46 for xylooligosaccharide production. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 30729080 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximum yield of xylanase from Aureobasidium melanogenum PBUAP46 was 5.19 ± 0.08 U ml-1 when cultured in a production medium containing 3.89% (w/v) rice straw and 0.75% (w/v) NaNO3 as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for 72 h. This enzyme catalyzed well and was relatively stable at pH 7.0 and room temperature (28 ± 2 °C). The produced xylanase was used to hydrolyze xylans from four tropical weeds, whereupon it was found that the highest amounts of reducing sugars in the xylan hydrolysates of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrical), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) were at 20.44 ± 0.84, 17.50 ± 0.29, and 19.44 ± 0.40 mg 100 mg xylan-1, respectively, but it was not detectable in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hydrolysate. The highest combined amount of xylobiose and xylotriose was obtained from vetiver grass; thus, it was selected for further optimization. After optimization, xylanase digestion of vetiver grass xylan at 27.94 U g xylan-1 for 92 h 19 min gave the highest amount of reducing sugars (23.65 ± 1.34 mg 100 mg xylan-1), which were principally xylobiose and xylotriose. The enriched XOs exhibited a prebiotic property, significantly stimulating the growth of Lactobacillus brevis and L. casei by a factor of up to 3.5- and 6.5-fold, respectively, compared to glucose.
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The current status of Aureobasidium pullulans in biotechnology. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:129-140. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Black Liquor Xylan by a Novel Xylose-Tolerant, Thermostable β-Xylosidase from a Tropical Strain of Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 135684. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:919-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yegin S. Xylanase production by Aureobasidium pullulans on globe artichoke stem: Bioprocess optimization, enzyme characterization and application in saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:441-449. [PMID: 27537074 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1224245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Statistical optimization of the factors affecting xylanase production by Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y-2311-1 on globe artichoke stem was performed for the first time. The optimization strategies used resulted in almost six-fold enhancement of xylanase production (66.48 U/ml). Biochemical and thermal characterization of the crude xylanase preparation was performed to elucidate its feasibility for different industrial applications. The optimum conditions for xylanase activity were pH 4.0 and 30-50°C. The enzyme was very stable over a wide pH range of 3.0-8.0. The thermal stability studies revealed an inactivation energy of 183 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy) for thermal inactivation were also determined. Primary application of the crude xylanase preparation in saccharification of corn cob subjected to different pretreatment techniques has been evaluated. The crude xylanase preparation was very promising for saccharification of corn cob pretreated with aqueous ammonia. The maximum yield of reducing sugar was 357 mg/g dry substrate, which revealed that the crude xylanase from A. pullulans could be a very good alternative in saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass for biological fuel generation. This study also provides a basis for further exploitation of globe artichoke by-products in microbial production of several other industrially significant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirma Yegin
- a Department of Food Engineering , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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Leathers TD, Price NPJ, Manitchotpisit P, Bischoff KM. Production of anti-streptococcal liamocins from agricultural biomass by Aureobasidium pullulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:199. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yegin S. Single-step purification and characterization of an extreme halophilic, ethanol tolerant and acidophilic xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y-2311-1 with application potential in the food industry. Food Chem 2016; 221:67-75. [PMID: 27979257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y-2311-1 produced on wheat bran was purified by a single-step chromatographic procedure. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 21.6kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for xylanase activity were 4.0 and 30-50°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0-8.0. The inactivation energy of the enzyme was calculated as 218kJmol-1. The xylanase was ethanol tolerant and kept complete activity in the presence of 10% ethanol. Likewise, it retained almost complete activity at a concentration range of 0-20% NaCl. In general, the enzyme was resistant to several metal ions and reagents. Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, K1+, EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol resulted in enhanced xylanase activity. The Km and Vmax values on beechwood xylan were determined to be 19.43mgml-1 and 848.4Uml-1, respectively. The enzyme exhibits excellent characteristics and could, therefore, be a promising candidate for application in food and bio-industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirma Yegin
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Rich JO, Manitchotpisit P, Peterson SW, Liu S, Leathers TD, Anderson AM. Phylogenetic classification of Aureobasidium pullulans strains for production of feruloyl esterase. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:863-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lara CA, Santos RO, Cadete RM, Ferreira C, Marques S, Gírio F, Oliveira ES, Rosa CA, Fonseca C. Identification and characterisation of xylanolytic yeasts isolated from decaying wood and sugarcane bagasse in Brazil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 105:1107-19. [PMID: 24748334 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, yeasts associated with lignocellulosic materials in Brazil, including decaying wood and sugarcane bagasse, were isolated, and their ability to produce xylanolytic enzymes was investigated. A total of 358 yeast isolates were obtained, with 198 strains isolated from decaying wood and 160 strains isolated from decaying sugarcane bagasse samples. Seventy-five isolates possessed xylanase activity in solid medium and were identified as belonging to nine species: Candida intermedia, C. tropicalis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Scheffersomyces shehatae, Sugiyamaella smithiae, Cryptococcus diffluens, Cr. heveanensis, Cr. laurentii and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans. Twenty-one isolates were further screened for total xylanase activity in liquid medium with xylan, and five xylanolytic yeasts were selected for further characterization, which included quantitative analysis of growth in xylan and xylose and xylanase and β-D-xylosidase activities. The yeasts showing the highest growth rate and cell density in xylan, Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48, Su. smithiae UFMG-HM-80.1 and Sc. shehatae UFMG-HM-9.1a, were, simultaneously, those exhibiting higher xylanase activity. Xylan induced the highest level of (extracellular) xylanase activity in Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 and the highest level of (intracellular, extracellular and membrane-associated) β-D-xylosidase activity in Su. smithiae UFMG-HM-80.1. Also, significant β-D-xylosidase levels were detected in xylan-induced cultures of Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 and Sc. shehatae UFMG-HM-9.1a, mainly in extracellular and intracellular spaces, respectively. Under xylose induction, Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 showed the highest intracellular β-D-xylosidase activity among all the yeast tested. C. tropicalis UFMG-HB 93a showed its higher (intracellular) β-D-xylosidase activity under xylose induction and higher at 30 °C than at 50 °C. This study revealed different xylanolytic abilities and strategies in yeasts to metabolise xylan and/or its hydrolysis products (xylo-oligosaccharides and xylose). Xylanolytic yeasts are able to secrete xylanolytic enzymes mainly when induced by xylan and present different strategies (intra- and/or extracellular hydrolysis) for the metabolism of xylo-oligosaccharides. Some of the unique xylanolytic traits identified here should be further explored for their applicability in specific biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Lara
- Departamento de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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Bankeeree W, Lotrakul P, Prasongsuk S, Chaiareekij S, Eveleigh DE, Kim SW, Punnapayak H. Effect of polyols on thermostability of xylanase from a tropical isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans and its application in prebleaching of rice straw pulp. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:37. [PMID: 24478945 PMCID: PMC3901851 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to find a thermostable xylanase enzyme for potential application in the pretreatment prior to H2O2 bleaching of paper pulp for industry, an extracellular xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 135684 was purified 17.3-fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery yield of 13.7%. Its molecular mass was approximately 72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature for activity of the purified enzyme were pH 6.0 and 70°C, respectively. The enzyme was relatively stable at 50°C, retaining more than half of its original activity after 3-h incubation. The thermostability of the enzyme was improved by the addition of 0.75 mM sorbitol prolonging the enzyme's activity up to 10-fold at 70°C. When the potential of using the enzyme in pretreatment of rice straw pulp prior to bleaching was evaluated, the greatest efficiency was obtained in a mixture containing xylanase and sorbitol. Treatment of the rice straw pulp with xylanase prior to treatment with 10% (v/v) H2O2 and production of hand sheets increased the ISO sheet brightness by 13.5% and increased the tensile and tear strengths of the pulp by up to 1.16 and 1.71-fold, respectively, compared with pulps treated with H2O2 alone. The results suggested the potential application of the enzyme before the bleaching process of paper pulp when the maintenance of high temperature and enzyme stability are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichanee Bankeeree
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ; Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Pongtharin Lotrakul
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Somporn Chaiareekij
- Department of Imaging and Printing Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Douglas E Eveleigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Rutgers, NJ 08901-8525 USA
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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17
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Lipase production by diverse phylogenetic clades of Aureobasidium pullulans. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1701-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Laccases from Aureobasidium pullulans. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:33-7. [PMID: 23683702 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are polyphenol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.2) that have numerous industrial and bioremediation applications. Laccases are well known as lignin-degrading enzymes, but these enzymes can play numerous other roles in fungi. In this study, 41 strains of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans were examined for laccase production. Enzymes from A. pullulans were distinct from those from lignin-degrading fungi and associated with pigment production. Laccases from strains in phylogenetic clade 5, which produced a dark vinaceous pigment, exhibited a temperature optimum of 50-60°C and were stable for an hour at 50°C, unlike enzymes from the lignin-degrading fungi Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Laccase purified from A. pullulans strain NRRL 50381, a representative of clade 5, was glycosylated but had a molecular weight of 60-70kDa after Endo H treatment. Laccase purified from strain NRRL Y-2568, which produced a dark olivaceous pigment, was also glycosylated, but had a molecular weight of greater than 100kDa after Endo H treatment.
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19
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Leathers TD, Nunnally MS, Côté GL. Optimization of process conditions for enzymatic modification of alternan using dextranase from Chaetomium erraticum. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Saha BC, Freer SN, Bothast RJ. Production, Purification, and Properties of a Thermostable beta-Glucosidase from a Color Variant Strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:3774-80. [PMID: 16349415 PMCID: PMC201886 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.10.3774-3780.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A color variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (NRRL Y-12974) produced beta-glucosidase activity when grown in liquid culture on a variety of carbon sources, such as cellobiose, xylose, arabinose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, glucose, xylitol, xylan, cellulose, starch, and pullulan. An extracellular beta-glucosidase was purified 129-fold to homogeneity from the cell-free culture broth of the organism grown on corn bran. The purification protocol included ammonium sulfate treatment, CM Bio-Gel A agarose column chromatography, and gel filtrations on Bio-Gel A-0.5m and Sephacryl S-200. The beta-glucosidase was a glycoprotein with native molecular weight of 340,000 and was composed of two subunits with molecular weights of about 165,000. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at 75 degrees C and pH 4.5 and had a specific activity of 315 mumol . min . mg of protein under these conditions. The purified beta-glucosidase was active against p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucoside, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, cellohexaose, and celloheptaose, with K(m) values of 1.17, 1.00, 0.34, 0.36, 0.64, 0.68, and 1.65 mM, respectively. The enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by glucose (K(i) = 5.65 mM), while fructose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, and xylose (each at 56 mM) and sucrose and lactose (each at 29 mM) were not inhibitory. The enzyme did not require a metal ion for activity, and its activity was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate (0.2 mM), EDTA (10 mM), or dithiothreitol (10 mM). Ethanol (7.5%, vol/vol) stimulated the initial enzyme activity by 15%. Glucose production was enhanced by 7.9% when microcrystalline cellulose (2%, wt/vol) was treated for 48 h with a commercial cellulase preparation (5 U/ml) that was supplemented with the purified beta-glucosidase (0.21 U/ml) from A. pullulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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21
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Ozeki K, Takagi Y, Oda S, Ohashi S. Production of Xylanase with a transformant of Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 in a Liquid-Surface Immobilization (LSI) System. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:224-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Manitchotpisit P, Leathers TD, Peterson SW, Kurtzman CP, Li XL, Eveleigh DE, Lotrakul P, Prasongsuk S, Dunlap CA, Vermillion KE, Punnapayak H. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses, pullulan production and xylanase activity of tropical isolates of Aureobasidium pullulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 113:1107-20. [PMID: 19619651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is the source of the commercially valuable polysaccharide pullulan and the enzyme xylanase. Isolates are typically off-white to pale pink or black on solid media, while some tropical isolates have been described as 'color variants' with bright pigments of red, yellow or purple. We sequenced 5 loci (internal transcribed spacer, intergenic spacer 1, translation elongation factor-1 alpha, beta tubulin, and RNA polymerase II) from 45 new isolates from Thailand. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, isolates were classified into 12 clades. Each clade showed different colors on different culture media including two clades with 'color variants' and some clades exhibited high levels of pullulan production or xylanase activity. Colony characteristics do not correlate perfectly with DNA sequence phylogeny or the physiological characters, but DNA sequence differences rapidly identify isolates with genetic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennapa Manitchotpisit
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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23
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Chi Z, Chi Z, Zhang T, Liu G, Li J, Wang X. Production, characterization and gene cloning of the extracellular enzymes from the marine-derived yeasts and their potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:236-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Bioproducts from Aureobasidium pullulans, a biotechnologically important yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:793-804. [PMID: 19198830 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that Aureobasidium pullulans is widely distributed in different environments. Different strains of A. pullulans can produce amylase, proteinase, lipase, cellulase, xylanase, mannanase, transferases, pullulan, siderophore, and single-cell protein, and the genes encoding proteinase, lipase, cellulase, xylanase, and siderophore have been cloned and characterized. Therefore, like Aspergillus spp., it is a biotechnologically important yeast that can be used in different fields. So it is very important to sequence the whole genomic DNA of the yeast cells in order to find new more bioproducts and novel genes from this yeast.
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25
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Bhadra B, Rao RS, Singh PK, Sarkar PK, Shivaji S. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi associated with tree bark: diversity and identification of yeasts producing extracellular endoxylanases. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:489-94. [PMID: 18219522 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 239 yeast strains was isolated from 52 tree bark samples of the Medaram and Srisailam forest areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. Based on analysis of D1/D2 domain sequence of 26S rRNA gene, 114 strains were identified as ascomycetous; 107 strains were identified as basidiomycetous yeasts; and 18 strains were identified as yeast-like fungi. Among the ascomycetous yeasts, 51% were identified as members of the genus Pichia, and the remaining 49% included species belonging to the genera Clavispora, Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, Hanseniaspora, Issatchenkia, Lodderomyces, Kodamaea, Metschnikowia, and Torulaspora. The predominant genera in the basidiomycetous yeasts were Cryptococcus (48.6%), Rhodotorula (29%), and Rhodosporidium (12.1%). The yeast-like fungi were represented by Aureobasidium pullulans (6.7%) and Lecythophora hoffmanii (0.8%). Of the 239 yeast strains tested for Xylanase, only five strains of Aureobasidium sp. produced xylanase on xylan-agar medium. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis and N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the xylanase of isolate YS67 showed high similarity with endo-1-4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) of Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Bhadra
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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26
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Characterization of a family 54 α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:975-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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de Wet B, van Zyl W, Prior B. Characterization of the Aureobasidium pullulans α-glucuronidase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Tanaka H, Muguruma M, Ohta K. Purification and properties of a family-10 xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 20524 and characterization of the encoding gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:202-11. [PMID: 15988573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular endo-1,4-beta-xylanase was purified from the culture supernatant of the ascomycete Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 20524 grown on xylan. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, which showed an apparent M (r) of 39 kDa and a pI of 8.9, respectively. Xylanase activity was optimal at pH 6.0 and 70 degrees C. The genomic DNA and cDNAs encoding this protein were cloned and sequenced. The xylanase gene (xynII) encoded a 26 amino acid signal peptide and a 335 amino acid mature protein. DNA regions encoding the signal sequence and the mature protein were interrupted by introns of 56 and 73 bp, respectively. The xynII 5'-noncoding region had two consensus binding sites (5'-GCCARG-3') for the transcription factor PacC mediating pH regulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the transcription levels at pH 6.0 and 8.0 were 8-fold and 22-fold higher than that at pH 2.7, respectively. A cloned xynII cDNA was expressed and secreted in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the XynII belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 10 and that it is evolutionarily distant from two clusters formed by other family-10 xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Japan
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29
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Kudanga T, Mwenje E. Extracellular cellulase production by tropical isolates of Aureobasidium pullulans. Can J Microbiol 2006; 51:773-6. [PMID: 16391656 DOI: 10.1139/w05-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase production by Aureobasidium pullulans from the temperate regions has remained speculative, with most studies reporting no activity at all. In the current study, tropical isolates from diverse sources were screened for cellulase production. Isolates were grown on a synthetic medium containing cell walls of Msasa tree (Brachystegia sp.) as the sole carbon source, and their cellulolytic activities were measured using carboxymethyl cellulose and alpha-cellulose as substrates. All isolates studied produced carboxymethyl cellulase (endoglucanase) and alpha-cellulase (exoglucanase) activity. Endoglucanase-specific activities of ten selected isolates ranged from 2.375 to 12.884 micromol glucose.(mg protein)-1.h-1, while activities on alpha-cellulose (exoglucanase activity) ranged from 0.293 to 22.442 micromol glucose.(mg protein)-1.day-1. Carboxymethyl cellulose induced the highest cellulase activity in the selected isolates, while the isolates showed variable responses to nitrogen sources. The current study indicates that some isolates of A. pullulans of tropical origin produce significant extracellular cellulolytic activity and that crude cell walls may be good inducers of cellulolytic activity in A. pullulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kudanga
- Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
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30
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Raghukumar C, Muraleedharan U, Gaud VR, Mishra R. Xylanases of marine fungi of potential use for biobleaching of paper pulp. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 31:433-41. [PMID: 15372306 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases that are thermostable, active at alkaline pH and cellulase-free are generally preferred for biobleaching of paper pulp. We screened obligate and facultative marine fungi for xylanase activity with these desirable traits. Several fungal isolates obtained from marine habitats showed alkaline xylanase activity. The crude enzyme from NIOCC isolate 3 (Aspergillus niger), with high xylanase activity, cellulase-free and unique properties containing 580 U l(-1) xylanase, could bring about bleaching of sugarcane bagasse pulp by a 60 min treatment at 55 degrees C, resulting in a decrease of ten kappa numbers and a 30% reduction in consumption of chlorine during bleaching. The culture filtrate showed peaks of xylanase activity at pH 3.5 and pH 8.5. When assayed at pH 3.5, optimum activity was detected at 50 degrees C, with a second peak of activity at 90 degrees C. When assayed at pH 8.5, optimum activity was seen at 80 degrees C. The crude enzyme was thermostable at 55 degrees C for at least 4 h and retained about 60% activity. Gel filtration of the 50-80% ammonium sulphate-precipitated fraction of the crude culture filtrate separated into two peaks of xylanase with specific activities of 393 and 2,457 U (mg protein)(-1). The two peaks showing xylanase activity had molecular masses of 13 and 18 kDa. Zymogram analysis of xylanase of crude culture filtrate as well as the 50-80% ammonium sulphate-precipitated fraction showed two distinct xylanase activity bands on native PAGE. The crude culture filtrate also showed moderate activities of beta-xylosidase and alpha- l-arabinofuranosidase, which could act synergistically with xylanase in attacking xylan. This is the first report showing the potential application of crude culture filtrate of a marine fungal isolate possessing thermostable, cellulase-free alkaline xylanase activity in biobleaching of paper pulp.
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Rumbold K, Biely P, Mastihubová M, Gudelj M, Gübitz G, Robra KH, Prior BA. Purification and properties of a feruloyl esterase involved in lignocellulose degradation by Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5622-6. [PMID: 12957952 PMCID: PMC194929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5622-5626.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lignocellulolytic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y 2311-1 produces feruloyl esterase activity when grown on birchwood xylan. Feruloyl esterase was purified from culture supernatant by ultrafiltration and anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatography. The pure enzyme is a monomer with an estimated molecular mass of 210 kDa in both native and denatured forms and has an apparent degree of glycosylation of 48%. The enzyme has a pI of 6.5, and maximum activity is observed at pH 6.7 and 60 degrees C. Specific activities for methyl ferulate, methyl p-coumarate, methyl sinapate, and methyl caffeate are 21.6, 35.3, 12.9, and 30.4 micro mol/min/mg, respectively. The pure feruloyl esterase transforms both 2-O and 5-O arabinofuranosidase-linked ferulate equally well and also shows high activity on the substrates 4-O-trans-feruloyl-xylopyranoside, O-[5-O-[(E)-feruloyl]-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1,3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1,4)-D-xylopyranose, and p-nitrophenyl-acetate but reveals only low activity on p-nitrophenyl-butyrate. The catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of the enzyme was highest on methyl p-coumarate of all the substrates tested. Sequencing revealed the following eight N-terminal amino acids: AVYTLDGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rumbold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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Abstract
Agricultural residues are abundant potential feedstocks for bioconversions to industrial fuels and chemicals. Every bushel of maize (approximately 25 kg) processed for sweeteners, oil, or ethanol generates nearly 7 kg of protein- and fiber-rich residues. Currently these materials are sold for very low returns as animal feed ingredients. Yeast-like fungi are promising biocatalysts for conversions of agricultural residues. Although corn fiber (pericarp) arabinoxylan is resistant to digestion by commercially available enzymes, a crude mixture of enzymes from the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium partially saccharifies corn fiber without chemical pretreatment. Sugars derived from corn fiber can be converted to ethanol or other valuable products using a variety of naturally occurring or recombinant yeasts. Examples are presented of Pichia guilliermondii strains for the conversion of corn fiber hydrolysates to the alternative sweetener xylitol. Corn-based fuel ethanol production also generates enormous volumes of low-value stillage residues. These nutritionally rich materials are prospective substrates for numerous yeast fermentations. Strains of Aureobasidium and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma utilize stillage residues for production of the polysaccharide pullulan and the carotenoid astaxanthin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Leathers
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Biely P, Ahlgren JA, Leathers TD, Greene RV, Cotta MA. Aryl-Glycosidase Activities in Germinating Maize. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jeffrey A. Ahlgren
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Current address: Wyatt Technology Corp., Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Timothy D. Leathers
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: 309-681-6377. Fax: 309-681-6427. E-mail:
| | - Richard V. Greene
- Office of International Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Michael A. Cotta
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
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Purification and characterization of an acidophilic xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum and sequence analysis of the encoding gene. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Ohta K, Moriyama S, Tanaka H, Shige T, Akimoto H. Purification and Characterization of an Acidophilic Xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum and Sequence Analysis of the Encoding Gene. J Biosci Bioeng 2001; 92:262-70. [PMID: 16233094 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.92.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2001] [Accepted: 06/27/2001] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular endo-1,4-beta-xylanase was purified from the culture supernatant of Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum (ATCC 20524) grown on oat-spelt xylan. The purified enzyme showed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent M(r) of 24 kDa and had an isoelectric point of 6.7. Xylanase activity was optimal at pH 2.0 and 50 degrees C. The genomic DNA and cDNAs encoding this protein were cloned and sequenced. Southern blot analysis indicated that the xylanase gene (xynI) was present as a single copy in the genome. An open reading frame, consisting of 663 bp, encoded a presumed prepropeptide of 34 amino acids and a mature protein of 187 amino acid. The DNA region encoding the prepeptide was interrupted by a 59-bp intron. A single transcription start point was observed at position -46 (A) from the start codon. The 5'-noncoding region had a putative TATA box at -91 (TATATAA) and two possible CCAAT boxes at -247 (CAAT) and -283 (CCAAT). A cloned xynI cDNA was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 94% identity with that of a previously reported equivalent gene (xynA) encoding a xylanase with an optimal pH of 4.8 from a color variant strain, NRRL Y-2311-1, of A. pullulans. A neighbor-joining tree showed that the Aureobasidium enzymes are closely related to several other family-11 xylanases from black aspergilli and Penicillium purpurogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Saha BC, Bothast RJ. Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from a color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:216-20. [PMID: 9435077 PMCID: PMC124696 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.216-220.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1997] [Accepted: 10/29/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (NRRL Y-12974) produced alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-AFase) when grown in liquid culture on oat spelt xylan. An extracellular alpha-L-AFase was purified 215-fold to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate treatment, DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose column chromatography, gel filtration on a Bio-Gel A-0.5m column, arabinan-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography, and SP-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 210,000 and was composed of two equal subunits. It had a half-life of 8 h at 75 degrees C, displayed optimal activity at 75 degrees C and pH 4.0 to 4.5, and had a specific activity of 21.48 mumol min-1. mg-1 of protein against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (pNP alpha AF). The purified alpha-L-AFase readily hydrolyzed arabinan and debranched arabinan and released arabinose from arabinoxylans but was inactive against arabinogalactan. The K(m) values of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of pNP alpha AF, arabinan, and debranched arabinan at 75 degrees C and pH 4.5 were 0.26 mM, 2.14 mg/ml, and 3.25 mg/ml, respectively. The alpha-L-AFase activity was not inhibited at all by L-arabinose (1.2 M). The enzyme did not require a metal ion for activity, and its activity was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate (0.2 mM), EDTA (10 mM), or dithiothreitol (10 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Saha
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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Samain E, Debeire P, Touzel JP. High level production of a cellulase-free xylanase in glucose-limited fed batch cultures of a thermophilic Bacillus strain. J Biotechnol 1997; 58:71-8. [PMID: 9383981 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. strain XE and its mutant derivative strain D3 produce a thermostable xylanase which is suitable for enzymatic bleaching of kraft pulp. Xylanase synthesis was shown to be induced by the soluble products of xylan hydrolysis (xylooligosaccharide) and equally, catabolically-repressed when these oligosaccharides accumulate in the medium. An optimal balance between these two antagonistic effects was obtained in a carbon-limited, fed-batch culture with continuous xylooligosaccharide feeding. To reduce substrate cost, the xylooligosaccharide could be 90% substituted by glucose without reduction of the xylanase production rate. Xylanase production ceased when the activity reached approximately 380 U ml-1 due to an amino acid shortage. A continuous supply of exogenous amino acids allowed the production to continue to more than 1000 U ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samain
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolecules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Grenoble, France
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39
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Christov L, Myburgh J, van Tonder A, Prior B. Hydrolysis of extracted and fibre-bound xylan with Aureobasidium pullulans enzymes. J Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Bothast RJ, Saha BC. Ethanol Production from Agricultural Biomass Substrates. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saccharification of corn fiber using enzymes fromAureobasidium sp. strain NRRL Y-2311-1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02783575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Twenty-Fifth Annual Conference on Yeasts organized by theCommission on Yeasts of the Czechoslovak Society for Microbiology. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li XL, Ljungdahl LG. Expression of Aureobasidium pullulans xynA in, and secretion of the xylanase from, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:209-13. [PMID: 8572698 PMCID: PMC167788 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.1.209-213.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous report dealt with the cloning in Escherichia coli and sequencing of both the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding a highly active xylanase (XynA) of Aureobasidium pullulans (X.-L. Li and L. G. Ljungdahl, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3160-3166, 1994). Now we show that the gene was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the GAL1 promoter in pYES2 and that its product was secreted into the culture medium. S. cerevisiae clone pCE4 with the whole open reading frame of xynA, including the part coding for the signal peptide, had xylanase activity levels of 6.7 U ml-1 in the cell-associated fraction and 26.2 U ml-1 in the culture medium 4 h after galactose induction. Two protein bands with sizes of 25 and 27 kDa and N-terminal amino acid sequences identical to that of APX-II accounted for 82% of the total proteins in the culture medium of pCE4. These proteins were recognized by anti-APX-II antibody. The results suggest that the XynA signal peptide supported the posttranslational processing of xynA product and the efficient secretion of the active xylanase from S. cerevisiae. Clones pCE3 and pGE3 with inserts of cDNA and genomic DNA, respectively, containing only the mature enzyme region attached by a Met codon had low levels of xylanase activity in the cell-associated fractions (1.6 U ml-1) but no activity in the culture media. No xylanase activity was detected in clone pGE4, which was the same as pCE4, except that pGE4 had a 59-bp intron in the signal peptide region. A comparison of the A. pullulans and S. cerevisiae signal peptides demonstrated that the XynA signal peptide was at least three times more efficient than those of S. cerevisiae invertase or mating alpha-factor pheromone in secreting the heterologous xylanase from S. cerevisiae cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Li
- Center for Biological Resource Recovery, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7229, USA
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Kremnický L, Sláviková E, Mislovicová D, Biely P. Production of extracellular beta-mannanases by yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1996; 41:43-7. [PMID: 9090823 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new screening method for simultaneous detection of endo-beta-1,4-mannanase and endo-beta-1,4-xylanase producing microorganisms is described. Two differently dyed substrates Ostazin Brilliant Red-galactomannan and Remazol Brilliant Blue-xylan were incorporated into the same agar media. Decolorizing of one or both substrates around the cell colonies indicates secretion of the corresponding enzyme(s). The method was used to screen 449 yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms belonging to 68 different genera. The secretion of endo-beta-1,4-mannanases and/or endo-beta-1,4-xylanases was found within 10 genera (42 positive strains out of 261 tested). A low frequency of occurrence of endo-beta-1,4-mannanases was observed within the genera Cryptococcus (1 positive strain out of 15 tested), Geotrichum (1 of 6) and Pichia (1 of 35). The highest frequency of occurrence of endo-beta-1,4-mannanases was found within the genera Stephanoascus (2 of 2) and Aureobasidium (14 of 14). Strains hydrolyzing Ostazin Brilliant Red-galactomannan were cultivated in liquid media containing 1% locust bean gum. The best producers of extracellualr endo-beta-1,4-mannanases were found to be the strains of Aureobasidium pullulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kremnický
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Leathers TD, Hayman GT, Cote GL. Rapid screening of Leuconostoc mesenteroides mutants for elevated proportions of alternan to dextran. Curr Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00294628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Singh A, Kuhad RC, Kumar M. Xylanase production by a hyperxylanolytic mutant of Fusarium oxysporum. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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48
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Leathers TD, Gupta SC. Production of pullulan from fuel ethanol byproducts byAureobasidium sp. strain NRRl Y-12,974. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Li XL, Ljungdahl LG. Cloning, sequencing, and regulation of a xylanase gene from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3160-6. [PMID: 7944361 PMCID: PMC201784 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.9.3160-3166.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1 growing on xylan secretes four major xylanases with different masses and isoelectric points. Two of these enzymes, named APX-I and APX-II, have been purified previously. Their N-terminal amino acid sequences are identical except that APX-I has Asp and APX-II has Asn at position 7. An 83-bp DNA region was amplified by PCR and used as a probe for the xylanase gene cloning. The longest cDNA (xynA) obtained by cDNA cloning and PCR amplification consisted of 895 bp. A. pullulans xynA had an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 221 amino acids with a calculated mass of 23,531 Da and contained a putative 34-amino-acid signal peptide in front of the amino terminus of the mature enzyme. Strong homology was found between the deduced amino acid sequence of XynA and some xylanases from bacterial and fungal sources. It is suggested that A. pullulans XynA belongs to the family G glycanases. Northern (RNA blot) analysis revealed that only one transcript of 900 bases was present in cultures grown in medium containing D-xylose or oat spelt xylan. Transcription was completely repressed in the presence of glucose in the medium. Southern blot analysis indicated that A. pullulans xynA was present as a single copy in the genome. Comparison between the genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that one intron of 59 bp was present in the coding region. The data presented suggest that the highly active xylanases, APX-I and APX-II, secreted by A. pullulans are encoded by the same gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7229
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