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Temperature Dependence of the Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A byStaphylococcus aureus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:30-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Molecular Screening of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type P Encoding Gene From Clinical Isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Oliveira Calsolari RAD, Pereira VC, Araújo Júnior JP, de Souza da Cunha MDLR. Determination of toxigenic capacity by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from newborns in Brazil. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:394-407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cunha, Calsolari R. Toxigenicity in Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. Microbiol Insights 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Representatives of the Staphylococcus genus are the most common pathogens found in hospital environments, and they are etiological agents for a large variety of infections. Various virulence factors are responsible for the symptoms and severity of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Among them are staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), which cause staphylococcal food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Some reports indicate that TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxins are also produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The present review aimed to discuss general aspects of staphylococcal toxins as well as the epidemiology, genetics and detection of toxins in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, since these microorganisms are becoming more and more frequent in nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18.618-000, Brazil
| | - R.A.O. Calsolari
- Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, 18.618–000, Brazil
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da Cunha MDLRS, Calsolari RAO, Júnior JPA. Detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 genes in Staphylococcus, with emphasis on coagulase-negative staphylococci. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 51:381-90. [PMID: 17446677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins is decisive for the confirmation of an outbreak and for the determination of the enterotoxigenicity of strains. Since the recognition of their antigenicity, a large number of serological methods for the detection of enterotoxins in food and culture media have been proposed. Since immunological methods require detectable amounts of toxin, molecular biology techniques represent important tools in the microbiology laboratory. In the present study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify genes responsible for the production of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) in S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from patients and the results were compared with those obtained by the reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA) assay. PCR detection of toxin genes revealed a higher percentage of toxigenic S. aureus strains (46.7%) than the RPLA method (38.3%). Analysis of the toxigenic profile of CNS strains showed that 26.7% of the isolates produced some type of toxin, and one or more toxin-specific genes were detected in 40% of the isolates. These results suggests the need for further studies in order to better characterize the pathogenic potential of CNS and indicate that attention should be paid to the toxigenic capacity of this group of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Lourdes R S da Cunha
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Becker K, Keller B, von Eiff C, Brück M, Lubritz G, Etienne J, Peters G. Enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus intermedius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5551-7. [PMID: 11722906 PMCID: PMC93343 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5551-5557.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2001] [Accepted: 09/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is one of the main food-borne diseases. In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus, a systematic screening for the enterotoxins has not yet been performed on the genomic level for the coagulase-positive species S. intermedius. Therefore, the enterotoxigenic potential of 281 different veterinary (canine, n = 247; equine, n = 23; feline, n = 9; other, n = 2) and 11 human isolates of S. intermedius was tested by using a multiplex PCR DNA-enzyme immunoassay system targeting the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see. Molecular results were compared by in vitro testing of enterotoxin production by two immunoassays. A total of 33 (11.3%) S. intermedius isolates, including 31 (12.6%) canine isolates, 1 equine isolate, and 1 human isolate, tested positive for the sec gene. In vitro production of the respective enterotoxins was detected in 30 (90.9%) of these isolates by using immunological tests. In contrast, none of 65 veterinary specimen-derived isolates additionally tested and comprising 13 (sub)species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be enterotoxigenic. This study shows on both molecular and immunological levels that a substantial number of S. intermedius isolates harbor the potential for enterotoxin production. Since evidence for noninvasive zoonotic transmission of S. intermedius from animal hosts to humans has been documented, an enterotoxigenic role of this microorganism in SFP via contamination of food products may be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Becker K, Roth R, Peters G. Rapid and specific detection of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus: use of two multiplex PCR enzyme immunoassays for amplification and hybridization of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, exfoliative toxin genes, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2548-53. [PMID: 9705390 PMCID: PMC105160 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2548-2553.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two multiplex PCR enzyme immunoassays (PCR-EIAs) were developed for Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin gene screening as an alternative to the conventional biological assays, which depend on detectable amounts of toxins produced. One set of oligonucleotide primers and probes was designed to search for enterotoxin A to E genes (entA, entB, entC, entD, and entE), and the other one was designed to detect the staphylococcal exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb) and the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene (tst). Oligonucleotide primers were used as published previously, modified or newly developed to meet the requirements of both good size-distinguishable amplification bands of multiplex PCR and the temperature limit of the uracil DNA glycosylase system for carryover protection. Amplification products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, and specificity was controlled with the aid of a DNA EIA system using oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S. aureus toxin genes. PCR procedures were performed by using template nucleic acids extracted from a panel of S. aureus reference strains and from a collection of 50 clinical strains. The PCR results were compared with those of immunological toxin production assays. This multiplex PCR-EIA system offers an alternative method for the rapid, sensitive, specific, and simultaneous detection of the clinically important exotoxin potency of isolated S. aureus strains for diagnostic purposes as well as research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Tsen HY, Yang RY, Huang FY. Novel Oligonucleotide probes for identification of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(93)90044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Orden JA, Goyache J, Hernández J, Doménech A, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Applicability of an immunoblot technique combined with a semiautomated electrophoresis system for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food extracts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:4083-5. [PMID: 1476449 PMCID: PMC183234 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.12.4083-4085.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the usefulness of an immunoblot technique for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in strains and food extracts. Food samples (milk, yogurt, hot dog sausage, cheese, and mayonnaise) were artificially contaminated with SEA through SEE. Protein A did not interfere with the results; it appeared on electrophoresis gels as bands with molecular weights higher than those of the SEs. Other food proteins were not revealed by the technique. The immunoblot technique proved to be fast, specific, and sensitive for the detection of SEs in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Orden
- Departamento de Patologia Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Orden JA, Goyache J, Hernández J, Doménech A, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Detection of enterotoxins and TSST-1 secreted by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ruminant mastitis. Comparison of ELISA and immunoblot. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 72:486-9. [PMID: 1644704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) was studied in 81 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of mastitis in cattle, goats and sheep. SE and TSST-1 were detected by two techniques: ELISA double antibody sandwich, and an immunoblot technique combined with a semiautomated electrophoresis system. More Staph. aureus strains isolated from sheep produced enterotoxins than those from goats and cattle. SEC was the predominant type in all isolates from these animal species. The highest proportion of strains producing TSST-1 were obtained from sheep, twice as many as those from goats or cows. The two techniques gave similar results, as all the strains positive by immunoblot were also positive by ELISA, and only three were positive by ELISA but negative by immunoblot.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Orden
- Departamento de Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Domenech A, Hernandez FJ, Orden JA, Goyache J, Lopez B, Suarez G, Gomez-Lucia E. Effect of six organic acids on staphylococcal growth and enterotoxin production. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1992; 194:124-8. [PMID: 1561842 DOI: 10.1007/bf01190181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Four Staphylococcus aureus strains were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h in broth progressively acidified with lactic, citric, ascorbic, acetic, pyruvic and propionic acids, and their survival rate and enterotoxin producing ability was studied. Acids were chosen based on their frequent use by the food industry. Periodically, samples were withdrawn to determine counts, pH and the presence of enterotoxins A, B, C, and D. For a given acid, the effect on growth and enterotoxin synthesis was different. The most inhibitory acid for the growth of strains FRI-100 and FRI-472 was pyruvic acid, for strain FRI-137 was lactic acid, all six acids were equally effective on strain S6. Lactic acid was very inhibitory to enterotoxin synthesis, but the effect on this parameter of acetic and citric acids was almost nil. Enterotoxins were seen to be inactivated at acid pH values; enterotoxin B was the most resistant to inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domenech
- Departamento de Patologia Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Wilson IG, Cooper JE, Gilmour A. Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dried skimmed milk: use of the polymerase chain reaction for amplification and detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes entB and entC1 and the thermonuclease gene nuc. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1793-8. [PMID: 1872609 PMCID: PMC183470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.6.1793-1798.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the staphylococcal enterotoxin B and C genes (entB and entC1) and the staphylococcal nuclease gene (nuc). Two sets of primers ("nested primers") were found to be necessary for the detection of low copy numbers of purified DNA in diluent. These allowed detection of ca. 1 fg of purified target DNA, while 100 pg was required before detection of entB, entC1, and nuc with single primer pairs was possible. With nested primers, enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus cells could be detected in artificially contaminated dried skimmed milk samples at levels of ca. 10(5) CFU ml-1 within 8 h. No cross-reaction was observed between the highly homologous entB and entC1 genes. The method showed total specificity for entC1 when tested against a wide variety of other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Wilson
- Department of Agriculture, Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
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Ewald S, Heuvelman CJ, Notermans S. The use of DNA probes for confirming enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus and micrococci. Int J Food Microbiol 1990; 11:251-7. [PMID: 2282285 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(90)90018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA-DNA colony hybridization was employed to evaluate the results obtained by different immunological methods for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin. Staphylococcus aureus strains tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin production by immuno-assays and micrococci not previously tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin production were examined for presence of the genes encoding for staphylococcal enterotoxin A, B, C and E by using three corresponding DNA probes. The staphylococcal enterotoxin A probe also detected staphylococcal enterotoxin E gene because of 100% homology. The optimal sensitivity plate method showed the best accordance between the immuno-assay and the hybridization reactions. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected 12.5 to 17% staphylococcal enterotoxin producers without hybridization reactions. The microslide gel double diffusion test and the reversed passive latex agglutination test showed rather poor accordance with the hybridization reactions. All 17 strains of different micrococci investigated were negative in hybridization with all three DNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ewald
- Department of Food Hygiene, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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Goyache J, Ruiz-Santa Quiteria JA, Orden JA, Hernandez FJ, Gómez-Lucía E, de la Fuente R, Bergdoll MS, Suárez G. TSST-1 production by Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius. Res Microbiol 1990; 141:1073-6. [PMID: 2092359 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Goyache
- Departamento de Patología Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid
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Valle J, Gomez-Lucia E, Piriz S, Goyache J, Orden JA, Vadillo S. Enterotoxin production by staphylococci isolated from healthy goats. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1323-6. [PMID: 2339886 PMCID: PMC184403 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.5.1323-1326.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of 342 staphylococcal isolates from different anatomical sites in healthy goats to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) was investigated. SE were produced by 74.3% of the 70 coagulase-positive strains and by 22% of the coagulase-negative strains studied. Most enterotoxigenic strains were isolated from the skin of udders and teats and from milk. SEC was the SE type most frequently produced, either alone (67.9%) or in combination with others. Five coagulase-negative species not previously reported as SE producers were identified (Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. warneri, S. sciuri, S. saprophyticus, and S. lentus). SEA, SEB, and SEC were detected in the milk of 17 of the 133 healthy goats studied. These results suggest that the goat is an important reservoir of enterotoxigenic staphylococci, most of which produce SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Valle
- U.D. Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Mossel DA, van Netten P. Staphylococcus aureus and related staphylococci in foods: ecology, proliferation, toxinogenesis, control and monitoring. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1990; 19:123S-145S. [PMID: 2119061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Mossel
- Christiaan Eijkman Foundation, The Netherlands' Government University, Utrecht
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