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Zhong L, Wang X, Fan L, Ye X, Li Z, Cui Z, Huang Y. Characterization of an acidic pectin methylesterase from Paenibacillus xylanexedens and its application in fruit processing. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 179:105798. [PMID: 33232801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A pectinase-producing bacterial isolate, identified as Paenibacillus xylanexedens SZ 29, was screened by using the soil dilution plate with citrus pectin and congo red. A pectin methylesterase gene (Pxpme) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene coded for a protein with 334 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 36.76 kDa. PxPME showed the highest identity of 32.4% with the characterized carbohydrate esterase family 8 pectin methylesterase from Daucus carota. The recombined PxPME showed a specific activity with 39.38 U/mg against citrus pectin with >65% methylesterification. The optimal pH and temperature for PxPME activity were 5.0 and 45 °C. Its Km and Vmax value were determined to be 1.43 mg/mL and 71.5 μmol/mg·min, respectively. Moreover, PxPME could increase the firmness of pineapple cubes by 114% when combined with CaCl2. The acidic and mesophilic properties make PxPME a potential candidate for application in the fruit processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resource Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
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KAR SHAKTIMAY, RAY RAMESHCHANDRA. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF THERMOSTABLE EXO-POLYGALACTURONASE FROM STREPTOMYCES ERUMPENS MTCC 7317. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Van Rijssel M, Smidt MP, Van Kouwen G, Hansen TA. Involvement of an Intracellular Oligogalacturonate Hydrolase in Metabolism of Pectin by Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:837-42. [PMID: 16348892 PMCID: PMC202197 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.3.837-842.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonate hydrolase, which are responsible for the initial steps of pectin degradation by Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, were shown to be induced on the polymeric substrates pectin and pectate, as well as on oligogalacturonates, and to be repressed in the presence of glucose. The digalacturonate and trigalacturonate produced by the extracellular pectin methylesterase-polygalacturonate hydrolase complex were transported across the cytoplasmic membrane and hydrolyzed by an inducible oligogalacturonate hydrolase to galacturonate. The oligogalacturonate hydrolase was separated from the polygalacturonate hydrolase and characterized. Its temperature optimum was 65 degrees C, and its pH optimum was 6. The native molecular size was 90 kDa, and the enzyme was stable for more than 1 h at 65 degrees C. The maximum reaction rate on oligomers decreased with the increasing degree of polymerization. Galacturonate was released by hydrolysis from the nonreducing end of the oligomer. The amounts of pectinolytic enzymes produced were all strictly correlated to the amount of biomass formed. Galacturonate was metabolized via a modified Entner-Doudoroff route.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Rijssel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, NL-9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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De-la-Peña C, Badri DV, Vivanco JM. Novel role for pectin methylesterase in Arabidopsis: A new function showing ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rodriguez-Nogales JM, Ortega N, Perez-Mateos M, Busto MD. Pectin hydrolysis in a free enzyme membrane reactor: An approach to the wine and juice clarification. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ueda M, Fujita Y, Kawaguchi T, Arai M. Cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene from Aeromonas sp. no. 10S-24. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 89:164-9. [PMID: 16232720 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)88731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/1999] [Accepted: 11/09/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The beta-GlcNAcase gene of Aeromonas sp. no. 10S-24 was cloned and sequenced. The gene consisted of 2505 bp encoding 835 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the gene shares sequence homology with beta-GlcNAcases of Vibrio vulnificus (37.4%), Serratia marcescens (36.4%), V. harveyi (36.4%), V. parahemolyticus (33.5%), Alteromonas sp. strain O-7 (27.0%), and Candida albicans (28.6%). The beta-GlcNAcase gene of Aeromonas sp. no. 10S-24 was about 630-fold overexpressed in Escherichia coli compared to that in Aeromonas sp. no. 10S-24. The cloned beta-GlcNAcase had almost the same enzymatic properties as beta-GlcNAcase from no. 10S-24. The carbohydrate chain of beta-GlcNAcase from Aeromonas sp. no. 10S-24 was found to contain mannose, galactose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and several other unknown saccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Antranikian G, Vorgias CE, Bertoldo C. Extreme environments as a resource for microorganisms and novel biocatalysts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:219-62. [PMID: 16566093 DOI: 10.1007/b135786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The steady increase in the number of newly isolated extremophilic microorganisms and the discovery of their enzymes by academic and industrial institutions underlines the enormous potential of extremophiles for application in future biotechnological processes. Enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms offer versatile tools for sustainable developments in a variety of industrial application as they show important environmental benefits due to their biodegradability, specific stability under extreme conditions, improved use of raw materials and decreased amount of waste products. Although major advances have been made in the last decade, our knowledge of the physiology, metabolism, enzymology and genetics of this fascinating group of extremophilic microorganisms and their related enzymes is still limited. In-depth information on the molecular properties of the enzymes and their genes, however, has to be obtained to analyze the structure and function of proteins that are catalytically active around the boiling and freezing points of water and extremes of pH. New techniques, such as genomics, metanogenomics, DNA evolution and gene shuffling, will lead to the production of enzymes that are highly specific for countless industrial applications. Due to the unusual properties of enzymes from extremophiles, they are expected to optimize already existing processes or even develop new sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Tamburini E, León AG, Perito B, Mastromei G. Characterization of bacterial pectinolytic strains involved in the water retting process. Environ Microbiol 2003; 5:730-6. [PMID: 12919408 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pectinolytic microorganisms involved in the water retting process were characterized. Cultivable mesophilic anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were isolated from unretted and water-retted material. A total of 104 anaerobic and 23 aerobic pectinolytic strains were identified. Polygalacturonase activity was measured in the supernatant of cell cultures; 24 anaerobic and nine aerobic isolates showed an enzymatic activity higher than the reference strains Clostridium felsineum and Bacillus subtilis respectively. We performed the first genotypic characterization of the retting microflora by a 16S amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Anaerobic isolates were divided into five different groups, and the aerobic isolates were clustered into three groups. 84.6% of the anaerobic and 82.6% of the aerobic isolates consisted of two main haplotypes. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for 12 strains, representative of each haplotype. All anaerobic strains were assigned to the Clostridium genus, whereas the aerobic isolates were assigned to either the Bacillus or the Paenibacillus genus. Anaerobic isolates with high polygalacturonase (PG) activity belong to two clearly distinct phylogenetic clusters related to C. acetobutylicum-C. felsineum and C. saccharobutylicum species. Aerobic isolates with high PG activity belong to two clearly distinct phylogenetic clusters related to B. subtilisT and B. pumilusT.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Bacillus/metabolism
- Bacteria, Aerobic/classification
- Bacteria, Aerobic/enzymology
- Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/enzymology
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification
- Cannabis/metabolism
- Cannabis/microbiology
- Clostridium/isolation & purification
- Clostridium/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Flax/metabolism
- Flax/microbiology
- Haplotypes
- Pectins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Polygalacturonase/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Ribotyping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Water Microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, University of Cagliari, Cittadella universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Messner P, Schäffer C. Prokaryotic glycoproteins. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:51-124. [PMID: 12602037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
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Kobayashi T, Higaki N, Suzumatsu A, Sawada K, Hagihara H, Kawai S, Ito S. Purification and properties of a high-molecular-weight, alkaline exopolygalacturonase from a strain of Bacillus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 29:70-75. [PMID: 11427237 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1An exopolygalacturonase [exo-PG; poly (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) digalacturonohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.82] was found in a culture of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P576. The purified exo-PG had a molecular weight of approximately 115,000 and an isoelectric point of pH 4.6. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was Thr-Glu-Val-Ser-Pro-Lys-Ser-Pro-Ala-Ser-Pro-Val. Maximum activity toward polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was observed at 55 degrees C and pH 8.0 in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer. The exo-PG was quite stable in various pH buffers between pH 6 and 12 when incubated at 30 degrees C for 1 h. Mg(2+,) Mn(2+,) Pd(2+) and Ca(2+) ions stimulated the enzyme activity. The exo-PG released digalacturonic acid from PGA, tri-, tetra-, and penta-galacturonic acids. The apparent K(m) values for oligogalacturonic acids were almost identical, and k(cat) values increased with the chain length of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Tochigi Research Laboratories of Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, 321-3497, Tochigi, Japan
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Kashyap DR, Vohra PK, Chopra S, Tewari R. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2001; 77:215-227. [PMID: 11272008 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pectinases are one of the upcoming enzymes of fruit and textile industries. These enzymes break down complex polysaccharides of plant tissues into simpler molecules like galacturonic acids. The role of acidic pectinases in bringing down the cloudiness and bitterness of fruit juices is well established. Recently, there has been a good number of reports on the application of alkaline pectinases in the textile industry for the retting and degumming of fiber crops, production of good quality paper, fermentation of coffee and tea, oil extractions and treatment of pectic waste water. This review discusses various types of pectinases and their applications in the commercial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Production and partial purification and characterization of a thermo-alkali stable polygalacturonase from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2. Process Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(00)00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Prade RA, Zhan D, Ayoubi P, Mort AJ. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:361-91. [PMID: 10819085 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Mutter M, Beldman G, Pitson SM, Schols HA, Voragen AG. Rhamnogalacturonan alpha-d-galactopyranosyluronohydrolase. An enzyme that specifically removes the terminal nonreducing galacturonosyl residue in rhamnogalacturonan regions of pectin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:153-163. [PMID: 9576784 PMCID: PMC34998 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1997] [Accepted: 01/29/1998] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new enzyme, rhamnogalacturonan (RG) alpha-d-galactopyranosyluronohydrolase (RG-galacturonohydrolase), able to release a galacturonic acid residue from the nonreducing end of RG chains but not from homogalacturonan, was purified from an Aspergillus aculeatus enzyme preparation. RG-galacturonohydrolase acted with inversion of anomeric configuration, initially releasing beta-d-galactopyranosyluronic acid. The enzyme cleaved smaller RG substrates with the highest catalytic efficiency. A Michaelis constant of 85 &mgr;m and a maximum reaction rate of 160 units mg-1 was found toward a linear RG fragment with a degree of polymerization of 6. RG-galacturonohydrolase had a molecular mass of 66 kD, an isoelectric point of 5.12, a pH optimum of 4.0, and a temperature optimum of 50 degreesC. The enzyme was most stable between pH 3.0 and 6.0 (for 24 h at 40 degreesC) and up to 60 degreesC (for 3 h).
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Abstract
Glycoproteins are a diverse group of complex macromolecules that are present in virtually all forms of life. Their presence in prokaryotes, however, has been demonstrated, and accepted, only recently. Bacterial glycoproteins have been identified in many archaeobacteria and in eubacteria. They comprise a wide range of different cell envelope components such as membrane-associated glycoproteins, surface-associated glycoproteins and crystalline surface layers (S-layers), as well as secreted glycoproteins and exoenzymes. Even their occurrence in the cytoplasm cannot yet be ruled out. This minireview tries to cover the whole subject as completely as possible and refers to available information on presence, structure, biosynthesis, and molecular biology of bacterial glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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Abstract
Glycoproteins are proving to be quite common in prokaryotes. Those in S-layers are the best understood in terms of structure. Numerous eubacteria produce non-S-layer glycoproteins about which relatively little is known. The glycans on such proteins and the nature and sites of their linkages to proteins are novel in those glycoproteins which have been examined in any detail. The possible functions of the glycans are mostly not understood. Eubacterial non-S-layer glycoproteins and the glycosylation systems producing them deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Sandercock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Cellulolytic microorganisms play an important role in the biosphere by recycling cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate produced by plants. Cellulose is a simple polymer, but it forms insoluble, crystalline microfibrils, which are highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. All organisms known to degrade cellulose efficiently produce a battery of enzymes with different specificities, which act together in synergism. The study of cellulolytic enzymes at the molecular level has revealed some of the features that contribute to their activity. In spite of a considerable diversity, sequence comparisons show that the catalytic cores of cellulases belong to a restricted number of families. Within each family, available data suggest that the various enzymes share a common folding pattern, the same catalytic residues, and the same reaction mechanism, i.e. either single substitution with inversion of configuration or double substitution resulting in retention of the beta-configuration at the anomeric carbon. An increasing number of three-dimensional structures is becoming available for cellulases and xylanases belonging to different families, which will provide paradigms for molecular modeling of related enzymes. In addition to catalytic domains, many cellulolytic enzymes contain domains not involved in catalysis, but participating in substrate binding, multi-enzyme complex formation, or possibly attachment to the cell surface. Presumably, these domains assist in the degradation of crystalline cellulose by preventing the enzymes from being washed off from the surface of the substrate, by focusing hydrolysis on restricted areas in which the substrate is synergistically destabilized by multiple cutting events, and by facilitating recovery of the soluble degradation products by the cellulolytic organism. In most cellulolytic organisms, cellulase synthesis is repressed in the presence of easily metabolized, soluble carbon sources and induced in the presence of cellulose. Induction of cellulases appears to be effected by soluble products generated from cellulose by cellulolytic enzymes synthesized constitutively at a low level. These products are presumably converted into true inducers by transglycosylation reactions. Several applications of cellulases or hemicellulases are being developed for textile, food, and paper pulp processing. These applications are based on the modification of cellulose and hemicellulose by partial hydrolysis. Total hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, which could be fermented into ethanol, isopropanol or butanol, is not yet economically feasible. However, the need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases provides an added incentive for the development of processes generating fuels from cellulose, a major renewable carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Béguin
- Unité de Physiologie Cellulaire, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Bhattacharya M, Plantz BA, Swanson-Kobler JD, Nickerson KW. Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Lepidopteran-Active
Bacillus thuringiensis
Protein Crystals. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2666-72. [PMID: 16349021 PMCID: PMC182336 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2666-2672.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection to quantify the monosaccharides covalently attached to
Bacillus thuringiensis
HD-1 (Dipel) crystals. The crystals contained 0.54% sugars, including, in decreasing order of prevalence, glucose, fucose, arabinose/rhamnose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, xylose, and mannose. Three lines of evidence indicated that these sugars arose from nonenzymatic glycosylation: (i) the sugars could not be removed by
N
- or
O
-glycanases; (ii) the sugars attached were influenced both by the medium in which the bacteria had been grown and by the time at which the crystals were harvested; and (iii) the chemical identity and stoichiometry of the sugars detected did not fit any known glycoprotein models. Thus, the sugars detected were the product of fermentation conditions rather than bacterial genetics. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of crystal chemistry, fermentation technology, and the efficacy of
B. thuringiensis
as a microbial insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhattacharya
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0343
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