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Sawabe Y, Yamano H, Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Isolation and characterization of tannin-degrading bacteria from the rumen of wild Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yezoensis). Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13918. [PMID: 38286762 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
We isolated tannin-degrading bacteria from the rumen of wild Hokkaido sika deer and characterized their phylogeny and tannase activity in relation to sample sources. The condensed tannin level was higher in all deer rumen samples (n = 20) than in forage-fed cattle rumen samples (n = 6), whereas no hydrolyzable tannins were detected in any of the rumen samples. Rumen bacteria were enumerated on nonselective brain heart infusion (BHI) agar medium and then transferred onto tannic acid-containing BHI agar plates to screen for bacteria only showing growth (tannin-resistant bacteria) and those showing both growth and a clear zone (tannin-degrading bacteria). Summer samples provided only tannin-resistant bacteria, none of which showed tannin-degrading activity. Although winter samples also provided tannin-resistant bacteria, most isolates exhibited tannin-degrading activity. A total of 70 isolates exhibiting tannin-degrading activity were classified as Streptococcus bovis group based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and further classified into two groups, either group A or group B. Group A consisted of isolates showing weak tannase activity, whereas group B included a majority of the isolates exhibiting high tannase activity. These results suggest that wild Hokkaido sika deer develop tannin-degrading Streptococcus in the rumen during winter, which allows access to woody food materials rich in tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sawabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Yamano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Acosta-Lozano N, Barros-Rodríguez M, Guishca-Cunuhay C, Andrade-Yucailla V, Contreras-Barros K, Sandoval-Castro C, Elghandour MMMY, Zeidan Mohamed Salem A. Potential Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Tannin-Rich Forage on Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Production, Defaunation and Rumen Function. Vet Sci 2023; 10:467. [PMID: 37505871 PMCID: PMC10383649 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effect of including Acacia mearnsii leaves in a high-fiber diet (corn stover), on ruminal degradation kinetics, digestibility, microbial biomass production, and gas, CH4, and CO2 production. Four experimental diets were tested, including a control with 100% corn stover (T1), and three additional diets with corn stover supplemented at 15% A. mearnsii leaves (T2), 30% A. mearnsii leaves (T3) and 45% of A. mearnsii leaves (T4). The highest dry matter in situ degradation (p ≤ 0.001) and in vitro digestibility (p ≤ 0.001) was found in T1 (80.6 and 53.4%, respectively) and T2 (76.4 and 49.6%, respectively) diets. A higher population of holotrich and entodiniomorph ruminal protozoa was found (p = 0.0001) in T1 at 12 and 24 h. Diets of T1 and T2 promoted a higher (p = 0.0001) microbial protein production (314.5 and 321.1 mg/0.5 g DM, respectively). Furthermore, a lower amount of CH4 was found (p < 0.05) with T2, T3 and T4. It is concluded that it is possible to supplement up to 15% of A. mearnsii leaves (30.5 g TC/kg DM) in ruminant's diets. This decreased the population of protozoa (holotrich and entodiniomorph) as well as the CH4 production by 35.8 and 18.5%, respectively, without generating adverse effects on the ruminal degradation kinetics, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Acosta-Lozano
- Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, La Libertad 240204, Ecuador
| | - Marcos Barros-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Sector el Tambo-La Universidad, vía a Quero, Cevallos 1801334, Ecuador
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Rumen Biotechnology, Ruminant Feedlot Ranch-PROCESA, Street Playita-Estero Hondo, La Mana 050202, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Guishca-Cunuhay
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Rumen Biotechnology, Ruminant Feedlot Ranch-PROCESA, Street Playita-Estero Hondo, La Mana 050202, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Andrade-Yucailla
- Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, La Libertad 240204, Ecuador
| | - Katherine Contreras-Barros
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Campus El Dorado-Itchimbía, Quito 170403, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Castro
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimná, Mérida 97100, Mexico
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Magnani E, Silva TH, Sakamoto L, Manella MQ, Dias FMGN, Mercadante ME, Henry D, Marcatto JOS, Paula EM, Branco RH. Tannin-based product in feedlot diet as a strategy to reduce enteric methane emissions of Nellore cattle finished under tropical conditions. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad048. [PMID: 37256191 PMCID: PMC10226682 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 120 Nellore bulls, [initial body weight (BW) = 307 ± 11.6 kg and 12 mo of age] were allocated into 12 collective pens (10 bulls per pen) in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the effects of a specific blend of tannin and saponins on enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The study was a completely randomized design, in which pens were considered the experimental units (N = 6 pens per treatment) and were randomly allocated into one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON), a basal diet with monensin supplementation (25 mg/kg dry matter [DM]; Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), or 2) Control + a specific blend of tannin and saponins (TAN; 7 g/kg DM; composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts along with carriers from cereals rich in saponins; SilvaFeed BX, Silvateam, San Michele Mondovi, CN, Italy). After the adaptation period (20 d), the experiment was divided into two phases: growing phase (21 to 53 d; total of 33 d) and fattening phase (54 to 139 d; total of 86 d). Enteric methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. Interactions between treatment and period (growing vs. fattening) were detected for daily CH4 emissions, in which animals fed TAN reduced CH4 emissions by 17.3% during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.05). In addition, bulls fed TAN had lower CH4 emissions expressed by dry matter intake (DMI) during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.06). The findings presented herein indicate that a specific blend of tannin and saponins can be used as a strategy to reduce enteric CH4 emissions and its intensity of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot systems under tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Magnani
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sakamoto
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Q Manella
- Division of Research and Development, Silva Team Brasil, Estância Velha, RS 93600-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio M G N Dias
- Division of Research and Development, JBS Friboi, São Paulo, SP 05118-100, Brazil
| | - Maria E Mercadante
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Darren Henry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-89557, USA
| | - Juliana O S Marcatto
- Department of Global Climate Change and Agriculture, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariuna, SP 13820, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Paula
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
| | - Renata H Branco
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho, SP 14160-970, Brazil
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Rabee AE, Abd El Rahman T, Lamara M. Changes in the bacterial community colonizing extracted and non-extracted tannin-rich plants in the rumen of dromedary camels. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282889. [PMID: 36897876 PMCID: PMC10004507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leguminous trees and saltbushes provide potential alternatives to conventional feeds to overcome feed deficiency in arid and semi-arid countries. However, these plants are rich in antinutritional factors that have adverse effects on rumen microbiota and the host- animal. Some rumen microbiota detoxifies plants' secondary metabolites; thus, understanding plant-microbe interaction in the rumen could improve the plants' utilization. This study investigated the bacterial colonization and degradation of non-extracted and extracted tanniniferous plants: Atriplex halimus, Acacia saligna, and Leucaena leucocephala, in the rumen of three fistulated camels at 6 and 12 hours. The results showed that these plants have high nutritional value and tannins contents. The rumen degradation and microbial diversity of plant-attached bacteria varied according to plant type and phenols' extraction. Atriplex and leucaena showed higher microbial diversity at 6 and 12h, respectively. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the main bacterial phyla, and the main genera were Prevotella, RC9_gut_group, Butyrivibrio that overrepresented in non-extracted plants (P<0.05). Fibrobacteres and Anaerovibrio showed sensitivity to plant toxins and Ruminococcus attached to plants with lower tannins. Several bacterial genera in the camel rumen have the potential to resist antinutritional factors in fodder plants, which could be used to improve the performance of grazing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Emara Rabee
- Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taha Abd El Rahman
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Centre SEVE, Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mebarek Lamara
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada
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Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition: UHPLC-ESI-Q qTOF Analysis and Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Oak Leaf Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122366. [PMID: 36552573 PMCID: PMC9774136 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Quercus supplies a large amount of residual material (e.g., bark, acorns, leaves, wood), the valorization of which can favor a supply of antioxidant polyphenols to be used in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or cosmeceutical sector. The recovery of specialized metabolites could also benefit livestock feeding, so much so that polyphenols have gained attention as rumen fermentation modifiers and for mitigating the oxidative imbalance to which farm animals are subject. In this context, leaves of Quercus robur L. from Northern Germany were of interest and the alcoholic extract obtained underwent an untargeted profiling by means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) techniques. As triterpenes and fatty acids occurred, the alcoholic extract fractionation pointed out the obtainment of a polyphenol fraction, broadly constituted by coumaroyl flavonol glycosides and condensed tannins. Total phenol, flavonoid and condensed tannins content assays, as well as antiradical (DPPH● and ABTS+●) and reducing activity (PFRAP) were carried out on the alcoholic extract and its fractions. When the effects on rumen liquor was evaluated in vitro in terms of changes in fermentation characteristics, it was observed that oak leaf extract and its fractions promoted an increase in total volatile fatty acids and differently modulated the relative content of each fatty acid.
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Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins for Reducing Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Dairy Manure-A Laboratory Incubation Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202876. [PMID: 36290258 PMCID: PMC9598578 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effects of plant condensed (CT) and hydrolyzable tannin (HT) extracts on CH4 and N2O emissions; (2) identify the reactions responsible for manure-derived GHG emissions, and (3) examine accompanying microbial community changes in fresh dairy manure. Five treatments were applied in triplicate to the freshly collected dairy manure, including 4% CT, 8% CT, 4% HT, 8% HT (V/V), and control (no tannin addition). Fresh dairy manure was placed into 710 mL glass incubation chambers. In vitro composted dairy manure samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, and 336 h after the start of incubation. Fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured for 5-min/h for 14 d at a constant ambient incubation temperature of 39 °C. The addition of quebracho CT significantly decreased the CH4 flux rates compared to the tannin-free controls (215.9 mg/m2/h), with peaks of 75.6 and 89.6 mg/m2/h for 4 and 8% CT inclusion rates, respectively. Furthermore, CT significantly reduced cumulative CH4 emission by 68.2 and 57.3% at 4 and 8% CT addition, respectively. The HT treatments failed to affect CH4 reduction. However, both CT and HT reduced (p < 0.001) cumulative and flux rates of N2O emissions. The decrease in CH4 flux with CT was associated with a reduction in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.
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Effect of Caragana korshinskii Kom. as a partial substitution for sheep forage on intake, digestibility, growth, carcass features, and the rumen bacterial community. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:190. [PMID: 35593941 PMCID: PMC9123053 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify that Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CK) as a component of sheep forage influences lamb digestibility and rumen fermentation by altering the rumen microbial community. Hence, 12 female Tan sheep were allocated into 2 groups: receiving (CK group) or not (control group) 10% of the diet forage fraction with CK. During the 60-day experiment, growth performance, apparent digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and nitrogen balance were measured. Meanwhile, the rumen bacterial community diversity and composition were detected by the 16S rRNA sequence. The results indicated that the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fibre (ADF) tended to be higher (0.05 < P < 0.10), and the feed conversion efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) when CK was offered. Compared to those under alfalfa, the composition and abundance of the rumen microbial community were altered in the CK group, and the phylum Firmicutes, which is involved in promoting fibre digestion, increased in abundance. Moreover, VFAs tended to decrease (0.05 < P < 0.10), and the molar proportion of butyrate declined; similarly, levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine were lower (P < 0.05) in the sheep fed CK and may have been responsible for the decreased abundance of Fibrobacter spp., which are cellulolytic ruminal bacteria associated with VFA production.
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Kelln B, Penner G, Acharya S, McAllister T, Lardner H. Impact of condensed tannin-containing legumes on ruminal fermentation, nutrition, and performance in ruminants: a review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Legume forages, such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), can increase the forage quality and quantity of Western Canadian pastures, thus increasing producer profitability due to increased gains in grazing ruminants, while also reducing risk of bloat in legume pastures due to the presence of proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins (CT) are secondary plant polyphenol compounds that have been regarded as anti-nutritional due to their ability to bind protein in feeds, enzymes, and microbial cells, therefore disrupting microbial digestion and slowing ruminal protein and dry matter (DM) digestion. Research has shown that at high concentrations (>50 g·kg−1 DM), CT can disrupt microbial digestion. However, at low dietary inclusion rates (5–10 g·kg−1 DM), they reduce bloat risk, increase ruminal undegradable protein, reduce enteric methane production, and benefit anthelmintic activity. Yet, research gaps still exist regarding grazing persistence and forage yield of novel CT-containing forages and their biological activity due to their vast differences in CT stereochemistry, polymer size, and intermolecular linkages. The objectives of this review are to summarize information regarding the impact of CT on ruminal fermentation, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and the potential to identify and select for forages that contain CT for ruminant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M. Kelln
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - S.N. Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - H.A. Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Delisle-Houde M, Blais M, Tweddell RJ, Rioux D. Antibacterial activity of geraniin from sugar maple leaves: an ultrastructural study with the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 103:461-471. [PMID: 33551638 PMCID: PMC7856855 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-021-00743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effect of geraniin extracted from sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves on the viability of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was evaluated with the SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain, penetrating only compromised membranes, and plate counts. In parallel, structural changes of treated bacteria were examined in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on SYTOX Green and plate counts, geraniin at the minimum bactericidal concentration (3.125 mg/ml) increased mortality after 45 min by 37% and 62%, respectively, when compared with controls. According to observations in TEM, geraniin caused morphological alterations of these rod-shaped bacteria, including degradation of their envelopes, as also suggested by the incorporation of SYTOX. These alterations were often accompanied by cytoplasm leakage and the formation of more pronounced whitish areas in the cytoplasm similar to vacuolization. Moreover, multi-membranous and/or -wall systems were at times formed in the treated bacteria. The presence of some extracellular electron-dense material was frequently noted around the treated bacteria. The matrix surrounding control bacteria tended to disappear after geraniin treatment. This study highlights for the first time the effect of geraniin on bacterial ultrastructure, thus contributing to a better understanding of the mechanism by which this molecule exerts antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Blais
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QC G1V 4C7 Québec, Canada
| | | | - Danny Rioux
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QC G1V 4C7 Québec, Canada
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Effects of condensed tannin-amended cassava silage blend diets on feeding behavior, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield and milk composition in dairy goats. Animal 2020; 15:100015. [PMID: 33516016 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are phenolic compounds derived from secondary plant metabolism that act as part of the plant's chemical defense system against pathogen invasion and herbivorous attack. This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, production and composition of milk from goats fed cassava silage with added levels of CTs. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats with a mean BW of 40 ± 2.0 kg were distributed in a double Latin square design with four levels of CTs (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg DM) with four 20-day periods with 15 days of adaptation and five evaluation days for each period. No differences were observed in DM, NDF, CP intake and feed conversion (grams of DM intake (DMI) per gram of milk produced); however, when expressed as percent of BW, DMI showed a quadratic increase to 29.1 g/kg. As the level of supplemented CTs increased in the diet, the CP digestibility (P = 0.023), NDF (P = 0.044), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC; P = 0.032) and total digestible nutrients (P = 0.033) exhibited a linear decrease. Furthermore, the addition of CTs to cassava silage induced a linear increase in N-fecal excretion (P = 0.014) and a positive quadratic effect on N-retained (P = 0.014) and N-balance (P = 0.024) as well as a positive quadratic trend in N-digested (P = 0.092). Milk urea N (P = 0.023) decreased linearly. The addition of CTs to cassava silage had a positive quadratic effect on ruminating time (P = 0.011). In addition, comparing the use or non-use from the orthogonal contrast test, the inclusion of CTs in goat diet increased water and N-intake, CP and NDF digestibility, spent time eating and ruminating and N-balance and decreased milk production corrected3.5%, fat milk content, milk urea N and dry defatted extract of milk. Thus, adding CTs to cassava silage at 25 g/kg total DM promoted goats' greater use of the diet without impairing feed conversion and the quality of goat milk produced. Dietary levels of 50 and 75 g/kg total DM are not recommended because under the conditions of this study, they reduced the productive efficiency of dairy goats.
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Lagrange S, Beauchemin KA, MacAdam J, Villalba JJ. Grazing diverse combinations of tanniferous and non-tanniferous legumes: Implications for beef cattle performance and environmental impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:140788. [PMID: 32758982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested the effect of increasingly diverse combinations of tanniferous legumes (birdsfoot trefoil-BFT, sainfoin-SF) and alfalfa (ALF) on cattle performance, methane (CH4) emissions and nitrogen (N) balance. Pairs of heifers (401 ± 49.6 kg) grazed three spatial replications of 7 treatments (n = 3/treatment): monocultures (BFT, SF, ALF) and all possible 2- and 3-way choices among strips of these legumes in a completely randomized block design of two 15-d periods during 2 consecutive years. Average daily gains (ADG) of heifers grazing the tanniferous legumes (1.05 kg/d) were 40% greater (p < 0.10) than of heifers grazing ALF (0.74 kg/d) during the first year. Heifers grazing the 3-way choice had greater intakes (10.4 vs 7.8 kg/d; p = 0.064) and ADG (1.21 vs. 0.95 kg/d, p = 0.054) than those grazing monocultures, suggesting a nutritional synergism among legumes. The average CH4 emissions for legume monocultures vs. 2- and 3- way choices was 222 vs. 202 and 162 g/kg BW gain (p > 0.10), respectively. For heifers grazing SF and BFT compared with ALF, blood urea N was less (14.3 and 16.8 vs 20.8 mg/dL; p < 0.05) as were urinary N concentrations (3.7 and 3.5 vs 6.0 g/L; p < 0.05), but fecal N concentrations were greater (34.5 and 35.5 vs 30.5 g/kg, respectively; p < 0.05). Combining both tanniferous legumes (SF-BFT) led to the greatest declines in urinary N (2.24 g/L) and urea-N (1.71 g/L) concentration, suggesting that different types of tannins in different legumes result in associative effects that enhance N economy. In addition, heifers grazing 3-way choices partitioned less N into urine (40.7 vs 50.6%; p = 0.037) and retained more N (36.1 vs 25.2%, p = 0.046) than heifers grazing monocultures. In summary, combinations of tanniferous legumes with alfalfa improved animal performance and reduced environmental impacts relative to monocultures, resulting in a more sustainable approach to beef production in pasture-based finishing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lagrange
- Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bordenave, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Bordenave, Buenos Aires 8187, Argentina.
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1K 4H3, Canada
| | - Jennifer MacAdam
- Department of Plant, Soil & Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Juan J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Min BR, Solaiman S, Waldrip HM, Parker D, Todd RW, Brauer D. Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A review of plant tannin mitigation options. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:231-246. [PMID: 33005757 PMCID: PMC7503797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methane gas from livestock production activities is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which have been shown to influence climate change. New technologies offer a potential to manipulate the rumen biome through genetic selection reducing CH4 production. Methane production may also be mitigated to varying degrees by various dietary intervention strategies. Strategies to reduce GHG emissions need to be developed which increase ruminant production efficiency whereas reducing production of CH4 from cattle, sheep, and goats. Methane emissions may be efficiently mitigated by manipulation of natural ruminal microbiota with various dietary interventions and animal production efficiency improved. Although some CH4 abatement strategies have shown efficacy in vivo, more research is required to make any of these approaches pertinent to modern animal production systems. The objective of this review is to explain how anti-methanogenic compounds (e.g., plant tannins) affect ruminal microbiota, reduce CH4 emission, and the effects on host responses. Thus, this review provides information relevant to understanding the impact of tannins on methanogenesis, which may provide a cost-effective means to reduce enteric CH4 production and the influence of ruminant animals on global GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng R. Min
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bushland, TX, 79012, USA
| | | | - Heidi M. Waldrip
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bushland, TX, 79012, USA
| | - David Parker
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bushland, TX, 79012, USA
| | - Richard W. Todd
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bushland, TX, 79012, USA
| | - David Brauer
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bushland, TX, 79012, USA
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13
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Yejun L, Su Kyoung L, Shin Ja L, Jong-Su E, Sung Sill L. Effects of Lonicera japonica extract supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane emission, and microbial population. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1170-1176. [PMID: 31321858 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica (LJ; honeysuckle) is used in traditional folk medicine in Korea and is a rich source of ascorbic acid and phenolic components that are reported to have antioxidant and antibiotic properties. We performed an in vitro experiment to assess the effects of LJ extracts (LJE) on ruminal fermentation. Timothy hay (0.3 g dry matter [DM]) was incubated with buffer, ruminal fluid, and 0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% LJE. Batch culture fermentation was conducted separately for 12, 24, and 48 hr to determine gas production (GP), ruminal fermentation characteristics, and microbial population characteristics. The effects on GP were generally similar to those on DM degradability, with a linear decrease observed at 9% extract at 24 hr. NH3 -N showed a linear increase with increasing extract concentrations at 12 hr, whereas a decrease was observed at 24 hr. Extract supplementation decreased methane (CH4 ) production at 12, 24, and 48 hr. In addition, the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and ciliate-associated methanogen was reduced at all concentrations of extracts. These results indicate that LJE have the potential to serve as a ruminal fermentation modifier to suppress CH4 production with minimal effects on nutrient digestion in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Yejun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Lee Su Kyoung
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Lee Shin Ja
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science and University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun Jong-Su
- Institute of Integrated Technology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, Korea
| | - Lee Sung Sill
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Science and University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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14
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Sharifi A, Chaji M, Vakili A. Effect of treating recycled poultry bedding with tannin extracted from pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation parameters and cellulolytic bacterial population in Arabian fattening lambs. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2019; 10:145-152. [PMID: 31338148 PMCID: PMC6626643 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.75050.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of recycled poultry bedding (RPB) treated with different levels of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) as a tannin source on cellulolytic bacterial population and rumen fermentation parameters of fattening lambs. For this purpose, twenty-eight Arabian lambs (19.70 ± 2.45 kg body weight, 90 ± 12 days of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Recycled poultry bedding was treated with PPE at four levels of 0 (control), 20.00, 25.00 and 30.00% on DM basis. Bacterial populations were enumerated by DNA extraction of samples of rumen liquor followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Also, rumen samples were evaluated for pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) concentrations. The populations of total bacteria, Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes were decreased significantly as the level of PPE in the diet increased, however, the population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was not affected. Dietary treatments did not have effect on ruminal pH, while AN concentration was decreased in the diets containing RPB treated with PPE compared to the control. Concentrations of total VFA and individual VFA remained unchanged by PPE-treated RPB inclusion in the diet. In conclusion, supplementing RPB with PPE improved nitrogen metabolism of fattening lambs, however, it decreased population of rumen cellulolytic bacteria R. flavefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Sharifi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Chaji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Vakili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Petlum A, Paengkoum P, Liang JB, Vasupen K, Paengkoum S. Molecular weight of condensed tannins of some tropical feed-leaves and their effect on in vitro gas and methane production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The concentration and molecular weights (MW) of condensed tannins (CT) of three locally available tropical plant species leaves which have potential to be used as ruminant feed, and their effects on in vitro gas, including methane, production were investigated. Leaves of three plant species, namely, leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), cassava (Manihot esculenta, Cranzt), and Siamese neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss. var. Siamensis Valeton) were used in the present study. CT contents ranged from 1.2% in the leucaena to 5.0% in Siamese neem. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the purified CTs, determined using gel-permeation chromatography, were 3222, 3409 and 3612 Da for leucaena, cassava and Siamese neem respectively. The above values were within the range reported for CTs of various tropical plant species. We know of no published data on MW of CTs from leaves of cassava and Siamese neem and, thus, this research, for the first time, reported the MWs of the above two plant materials. Subsequently, two CT extracts with differing MWs, such as CTs extracted from leaves of Siamese neem and leaves of leucaena, were selected as the representative of high and low MWs of CT respectively, and used for investigation of the effect of the MW of CT on in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters. Supplementation of CTs of a higher MW extracted from leaves of Siamese neem (at 2–6 mg/100 mg DM) significantly inhibited in vitro total gas and methane production, while supplementation of CTs with a lower MW extracted from leaves of leucaena had no effect, except for total gas production at the highest level (6 mg/100 mg DM) of supplementation. Similarly, CT from Siamese neem leaves had a stronger inhibitory effect (P < 0.001) on in vitro volatile fatty acid, acetic acid and butyric acid production. The above results indicated that concentrations and the MW of CT varied among the plant species; in addition, the efficacy of CTs to inhibit ruminal CH4 emission are influenced by their MW.
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16
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Min BR, Solaiman S. Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community changes in sheep and goats: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1181-1193. [PMID: 30039875 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community in sheep and goats are discussed in the context of differences due to feed intake, digestibility, utilization of nutrients and microbial community. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of the potential benefits of tannin-containing diets for sheep and goats and specie differences in their response to tannins. It is well established that moderate level of tannins in the diet (3%-4% tannins DM) can precipitate with soluble proteins and increase protein supply to the sheep, but comparative aspects of tannin-containing diets in sheep and goats on animal performance, digestive physiology, rumen microbial changes and potential benefits to sustainable animal production by those compounds have received little attention. In addition, developing plant-based tannin-containing diets for control of rumen microbiota and rumen fermentation (e.g., methane gas) would be expected to have a greater impact on the ruminant health, productivity and emission of greenhouse gasses. The positive impacts of the plant tannin compounds mainly depend on their influence on the gut microbiome diversity and ability to generate fermentation end products (short-chain fatty acids) that have diverse biological roles. Diets which contain optimal levels of tannins have potential benefits for sustainability of small ruminant production systems. However, there is a need for an improved understanding of the utilization of tannin-containing forages to improve their management. This implies investigations of animal responses to tannin-containing forages or browse species and, in particular, a better understanding of the interactions that can arise between sheep and goats on digestion, DMD, rumen fermentation and microbial community changes. This knowledge could help to improve current feeding systems in terms of efficiency of feed use and environmental impacts (reduce methane gas production) and thus contribute to the development of a sustainable sheep and goat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng Ryel Min
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Livestock Nutrient Management Unit, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra Solaiman
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
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17
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Duque E, Daddaoua A, Cordero BF, Udaondo Z, Molina‐Santiago C, Roca A, Solano J, Molina‐Alcaide E, Segura A, Ramos J. Ruminal metagenomic libraries as a source of relevant hemicellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:781-787. [PMID: 29663699 PMCID: PMC6011990 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of second-generation (2G) ethanol technology relies on the efficient transformation of hemicellulose into monosaccharides and, particularly, on the full conversion of xylans into xylose for over 18% of fermentable sugars. We sought new hemicellulases using ruminal liquid, after enrichment of microbes with industrial lignocellulosic substrates and preparation of metagenomic libraries. Among 150 000 fosmid clones tested, we identified 22 clones with endoxylanase activity and 125 with β-xylosidase activity. These positive clones were sequenced en masse, and the analysis revealed open reading frames with a low degree of similarity with known glycosyl hydrolases families. Among them, we searched for enzymes that were thermostable (activity at > 50°C) and that operate at high rate at pH around 5. Upon a wide series of assays, the clones exhibiting the highest endoxylanase and β-xylosidase activities were identified. The fosmids were sequenced, and the corresponding genes cloned, expressed and proteins purified. We found that the activity of the most active β-xylosidase was at least 10-fold higher than that in commercial enzymatic fungal cocktails. Endoxylanase activity was in the range of fungal enzymes. Fungal enzymatic cocktails supplemented with the bacterial hemicellulases exhibited enhanced release of sugars from pretreated sugar cane straw, a relevant agricultural residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Duque
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Abdelali Daddaoua
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of Granada18071GranadaSpain
| | - Baldo F. Cordero
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Zulema Udaondo
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Carlos Molina‐Santiago
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Amalia Roca
- BioIliberis R&DPolígono JuncarilCalle Capileira 718220AlboloteGranadaSpain
| | - Jennifer Solano
- BioIliberis R&DPolígono JuncarilCalle Capileira 718220AlboloteGranadaSpain
| | | | - Ana Segura
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
| | - Juan‐Luis Ramos
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Calle Profesor Albareda, 118008GranadaSpain
- Department of BiotechnologyAbengoa ResearchCampus Palmas Altas, Avenida de la Energia 141014SevilleSpain
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18
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Jafari H, Fatahnia F, Khatibjoo A, Taasoli G, Fazaeli H, Varmaghany S. Effect of oak (Quercus persica) acorn level on apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and urinary purine derivatives in pregnant goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:882-891. [PMID: 29740883 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary oak (Quercus persica) acorn (OA) level on dry matter intake (DMI), apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization, ruminal fermentation, protozoa population and urinary purine derivatives (PD) during the last 60 days of goat pregnancy. Twenty-four multiparous pregnant goats (41.7 ± 2.3 kg BW) were assigned to one of three experimental diets consisted of control diet (C, without OA) and diets containing 20 (OA20 ) or 40 g/100 g of OA (OA40 ) on a DM basis in a completely randomized block design. Goats fed OA40 had lower DMI (p < .01), DM (p < .01), OM (p < .01) and NDF (p < .05) digestibility, ruminal NH3 -N concentration (p < .01), N intake (p < .01) and N retention (p < .01). Crude protein digestibility and ruminal acetate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were lower in animals fed OA-contained diets (p < .01), whereas ruminal propionate concentration was higher in goats fed the C diet (p < .01). Animals fed OA40 had higher faecal N excretion and lower urinary N excretion (p < .01). Urinary PD was lower in goats fed diets containing OA in relation to those fed the C diet (p < .01). Total protozoa population decreased linearly with increasing OA level in the diet (p < .05). These results suggest that feeding OA, especially high level, has negative impacts on DMI, nutrient digestibility, VFA concentration, N retention and urinary PD excretion that may have adverse effects on metabolism and performance of pregnant goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jafari
- Animal Science Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - F Fatahnia
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - A Khatibjoo
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - G Taasoli
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - H Fazaeli
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, AREEO, Karaj, Iran
| | - S Varmaghany
- Animal Science Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran
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19
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Duskaev GK, Kazachkova NM, Ushakov AS, Nurzhanov BS, Rysaev AF. The effect of purified Quercus cortex extract on biochemical parameters of organism and productivity of healthy broiler chickens. Vet World 2018; 11:235-239. [PMID: 29657410 PMCID: PMC5891881 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.235-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Modern methods of producing poultry meat without the use of antibiotics are known, and it is possible to achieve the desired conditions, including the use of herbal preparations. In addition, it is known that metabolites of medicinal plants are inhibitors of the quorum sensing system in bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Quercus cortex extract in a reduced dose on the productivity and body state of healthy chicken broilers. Materials and Methods: For the experiment, 120 heads of 7-day-old healthy broiler chickens were selected, and they were divided into four groups (n=30, 3 replicates of 10 birds in each group) by the analog method. The composition of diets of the experimental Groups I and II additionally included Q. cortex extract and Groups II and III included an enzyme preparation containing glucoamylase and concomitant cellulolytic enzymes. The following methods of study were used; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry, and hematological analysis. Results: It was established that the increase in live weight of broiler chickens in experimental groups exceeded the analogous indicator in the control group by 3.1-16.6%, and feed intake within the entire experimental period increased by 2.6-15.4%, against a background of decreasing feed consumption for a weight gain of 1 kg of live weight (by 3.7-9.2%). There was an increase in iron concentration in blood of broiler chickens in Groups I and II (7.8-11.8%), in liver (23.7-92.4%, p≤0.05), and in spleen (53.9-77.7%, р≤0.05) against the background of a decrease in muscle tissue. A decreased content of monocytes and granulocytes was found, especially in experimental Group I. Conclusion: In the experiment, it was shown for the first time that the inclusion of Q. cortex extract in an enzyme-containing diet (anti-quarantine substances) was found to increase the productivity of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galimzhan Kalihanovich Duskaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Mihajlovna Kazachkova
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
| | - Alexander Sergeevich Ushakov
- Department for Feeding Poultry, All-Russia Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, Sergiev Posad, 141311, Russia
| | - Baer Serekpaevich Nurzhanov
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Albert Farhitdinovich Rysaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
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20
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Costa M, Alves SP, Cappucci A, Cook SR, Duarte A, Caldeira RM, McAllister TA, Bessa RJB. Effects of Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins on Rumen Metabolism with Emphasis on the Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3367-3377. [PMID: 29494146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that condensed tannins have higher inhibitory effect on ruminal biohydrogenation than hydrolyzable tannins was tested. Condensed tannin extract from mimosa (CT) and hydrolyzable tannin extract from chestnut (HT) or their mixture (MIX) were incorporated (10%) into oil supplemented diets and fed to rumen fistulated sheep. Fatty acid and dimethyl acetal composition of rumen contents and bacterial biomass were determined. Selected rumen bacteria were analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. Lower ( P < 0.05) rumen volatile fatty acids concentrations were observed with CT compared to HT. Moreover, lower concentration ( P < 0.05) of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus were observed with CT compared to HT. The extension of biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 did not differ among treatments but was much more variable with CT and MIX than with HT. The trans-/ cis-18:1 ratio in bacterial biomass was higher ( P < 0.05) with HT than CT. Thus, mimosa condensed tannins had a higher inhibitory effect on ruminal metabolism and biohydrogenation than chestnut hydrolyzable tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica , 1300-477 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Susana P Alves
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica , 1300-477 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Alice Cappucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali , University of Pisa , Via del Borghetto, 80 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Shaun R Cook
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge Research Centre , Lethbridge , Alberta T1J 4B1 , Canada
| | - Ana Duarte
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica , 1300-477 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rui M Caldeira
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica , 1300-477 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge Research Centre , Lethbridge , Alberta T1J 4B1 , Canada
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica , 1300-477 , Lisboa , Portugal
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21
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Antibacterial activities of tannic acid against isolated ruminal bacteria from sheep. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:255-258. [PMID: 29471138 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of tannic acid (TA) against isolated ruminal bacteria from adult sheep. Rumen samples were collected from two (2) adults sheep, and a total of nine (9) ruminal bacteria were isolated from the sample. The sensitivity of the ruminal bacteria isolates to 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 and 10.00 mg TA/mL of growth medium was determined using clearance zone (CZ) of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test. There was observable increase in the sensitivity of all bacterial isolates as the level of TA increases. Not all bacterial isolates have the capacity to tolerate more than 1.25 mg TA/mL. The result shows that only 20% of the bacterial isolates had the capacity to tolerate 0.63 and 1.25 mg of tannic acid per liter. This concentration of tannic acid would be equivalent to 2% tannin in the diet of ruminant. Our findings shows that increase in concentration of tannic acid completely inhibited the ruminal bacteria from the sheep rumen.
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22
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Supapong C, Cherdthong A, Seankamsorn A, Khonkhaeng B, Wanapat M, Uriyapongson S, Gunun N, Gunun P, Chanjula P, Polyorach S. In vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production as influenced by Delonix regia seed meal containing tannins and saponins. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/73890/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Peng K, Shirley DC, Xu Z, Huang Q, McAllister TA, Chaves AV, Acharya S, Liu C, Wang S, Wang Y. Effect of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) hay and its condensed tannins on growth performance, wool growth, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation in lambs fed total mixed rations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Saminathan M, Sieo CC, Gan HM, Ravi S, Venkatachalam K, Abdullah N, Wong CMVL, Ho YW. Modulatory effects of condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid on the bovine rumen bacterial community in vitro. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4565-4574. [PMID: 26910767 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Condensed tannin (CT) fractions of different molecular weights (MWs) may affect rumen microbial metabolism by altering bacterial diversity. In this study the effects of unfractionated CTs (F0) and five CT fractions (F1-F5) of different MWs (F1, 1265.8 Da; F2, 1028.6 Da; F3, 652.2 Da; F4, 562.2 Da; F5, 469.6 Da) from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang (LLR) on the structure and diversity of the rumen bacterial community were investigated in vitro. RESULTS Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay showed that the total bacterial population was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among the dietary treatments. Inclusion of higher-MW CT fractions F1 and F2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the Fibrobacter succinogenes population compared with F0 and CT fractions F3-F5. Although inclusion of F0 and CT fractions (F1-F5) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the Ruminococcus flavefaciens population, there was no effect on the Ruminococcus albus population when compared with the control (without CTs). High-throughput sequencing of the V3 region of 16S rRNA showed that the relative abundance of genera Prevotella and unclassified Clostridiales was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, corresponding with increasing MW of CT fractions, whereas cellulolytic bacteria of the genus Fibrobacter were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Inclusion of higher-MW CT fractions F1 and/or F2 decreased the relative abundance of minor genera such as Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium XIVa and Anaeroplasma but increased the relative abundance of Acinetobacter, Treponema, Selenomonas, Succiniclasticum and unclassified Spirochaetales compared with the control and lower-MW CT fractions. CONCLUSION This study indicates that CT fractions of different MWs may play an important role in altering the structure and diversity of the rumen bacterial community in vitro, and the impact was more pronounced for CT fractions with higher MW. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookiah Saminathan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Chin Sieo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Han Ming Gan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharanya Ravi
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhani Abdullah
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Yin Wan Ho
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Diaz Carrasco JM, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Dominguez JE, Chacana AP, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to Control Clostridium perfringens Induced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3278359. [PMID: 27747227 PMCID: PMC5055920 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3278359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including Clostridium perfringens (CP), the causative agent of NE. However, the use of AGPs in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance through food-borne microorganisms, which has led to the ban of AGPs in many countries. This scenario has challenged the poultry industry to search for safer alternative products in order to prevent NE. In this context, the utilization of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties appears as a promising and feasible tool to control NE in chicken. In this paper, we review the scientific studies analyzing the potential of plant extracts as alternative feed additives to reduce NE in poultry, with focus on two types of plant products that arise as promising candidates: tannins and essential oils. Some of these products showed antimicrobial activity against CP and coccidia in vitro and in vivo and are able to increase productive performance, emulating the bioactive properties of AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Diaz Carrasco
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. M. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E. A. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J. E. Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. P. Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. E. Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li Z, Henderson G, Yang Y, Li G. Diversity of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase genes in the rumens of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed different diets. Can J Microbiol 2016; 63:11-19. [PMID: 27819479 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reductive acetogenesis by homoacetogens represents an alternative pathway to methanogenesis to remove metabolic hydrogen during rumen fermentation. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of homoacetogen in the rumens of pasture-fed roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed either oak-leaf-based (tannin-rich, 100 mg/kg dried matter), corn-stover-based, or corn-silage-based diets, by using formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) gene sequences as a marker. The diversity and richness of FTHFS sequences was lowest in animals fed oak leaf, indicating that tannin-containing plants may affect rumen homoacetogen diversity. FTHFS amino acid sequences in the rumen of roe deer significantly differed from those of sika deer. The phylogenetic analyses showed that 44.8% of sequences in pasture-fed roe deer, and 72.1%, 81.1%, and 37.5% of sequences in sika deer fed oak-leaf-, corn-stover-, and corn-silage-based diets, respectively, may represent novel bacteria that have not yet been cultured. These results demonstrate that the rumens of roe deer and sika deer harbor potentially novel homoacetogens and that diet may influence homoacetogen community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gemma Henderson
- b AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yahan Yang
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Li
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Effects of feeding quebracho tannin diets, with or without a dietary modifier,
on rumen function in sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of quebracho tannin (QT) on the activities of rumen microbes was
studied both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was carried out in four rumen
environments created by feeding four fistulated sheep a basal diet of chopped
grass hay, grass cubes and whole barley (control) with or without the addition of
QT and the dietary modifier Browse Plus (BP). The active ingredients in BP are
polyethylene glycol (PEG, more than 0·95 of the dry material), polyvinyI
pyrrolidone (PVP) and calcium hydroxide. The diets offered were control, control
plus 50 g QT per kg diet (CQT), control plus 50 g QT per kg and 0·1 (CQT+ 0·1) or
1.0 g BP per kg (CQT + 1·0). The experiment was a 4 X 4 Latin-square design with
periods of 4 weeks. Rumen liquor samples were collected at 0, 2, and 8 h after
feeding, 18 and 25 days after commencement of each period. Changes in free and
bound proanthocyanidin (PA) concentrations, rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty
acids (VFA), soluble protein concentrations, particle-bound cellulase and xylanase
activities and rumen protozoal counts were used as indices of microbial
activities. The same diets were incubated with rumen contents in vitro, except
that the 0.1 g/kg level of BP was replaced by a fourth treatment made up of
control plus 1·0 g BP per kg DM of hay (CBP). In vivo, bound PA concentrations in
the rumen liquor of all the sheep given QT-containing diets were higher than those
of the free PAs. The bound PA was higher (V < 0·05) in the rumen liquor of
sheep given CQT in comparison with those containing BP. There were reductions in
ammonia (P > 0·05), soluble protein (P < 0·05) and total VFA (P > 0·05)
concentrations in the rumen liquor of sheep given CQT in comparison with those
given the control and BP-containing diets. Reductions (P > 0·05) were also
observed in the cellulase and xylanase activities of the rumen microbes and in
protozoal counts (P < 0·05) in the presence of QT in the diet. In vitro, QT
reduced (P > 0·05) the viable bacterial counts, gas production and the total
VFA concentrations after incubation. In both the in vivo and in vitro experiments,
BP was able to alleviate some but not all of the depression in microbial
activities. The main constituent (PEG) in BP binds to some of the tannins in
solution and may displace tannins from tannin-protein complexes.
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Huyen NT, Desrues O, Alferink SJJ, Zandstra T, Verstegen MWA, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. Inclusion of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) silage in dairy cow rations affects nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, energy balance, and methane emissions. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3566-3577. [PMID: 26898288 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tanniniferous legume forage that has potential nutritional and health benefits preventing bloating, reducing nematode larval establishment, improving N utilization, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the use of sainfoin as a fodder crop in dairy cow rations in northwestern Europe is still relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sainfoin silage on nutrient digestibility, animal performance, energy and N utilization, and CH4 production. Six rumen-cannulated, lactating dairy cows with a metabolic body weight (BW(0.75)) of 132.5±3.6kg were randomly assigned to either a control (CON) or a sainfoin (SAIN)-based diet over 2 experimental periods of 25 d each in a crossover design. The CON diet was a mixture of grass silage, corn silage, concentrate, and linseed. In the SAIN diet, 50% of grass silage dry matter (DM) of the CON diet was exchanged for sainfoin silage. The cows were adapted to 95% of ad libitum feed intake for a 21-d period before being housed in climate-controlled respiration chambers for 4 d, during which time feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, N and energy balance, and CH4 production was determined. Data were analyzed using a mixed model procedure. Total daily DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber intake did not differ between the 2 diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were, respectively, 5.7, 4.0, 15.7, and 14.8% lower for the SAIN diet. Methane production per kilogram of DM intake was lowest for the SAIN diet, CH4 production as a percentage of gross energy intake tended to be lower, and milk yield was greater for the SAIN diet. Nitrogen intake, N retention, and energy retained in body protein were greater for the SAIN than for the CON diet. Nitrogen retention as a percentage of N intake tended to be greater for the SAIN diet. These results suggest that inclusion of sainfoin silage in dairy cow rations reduces CH4 per kilogram of DM intake and nutrient digestibility. Moreover, sainfoin silage improves milk production and seems to redirect metabolism toward body protein accretion at the expense of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Huyen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - O Desrues
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S J J Alferink
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Zandstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M W A Verstegen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.163, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Al-Kindi A, Schiborra A, Buerkert A, Schlecht E. Effects of quebracho tannin extract and activated charcoal on nutrient digestibility, digesta passage and faeces composition in goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:576-588. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Al-Kindi
- Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Witzenhausen Germany
| | - A. Schiborra
- Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Witzenhausen Germany
| | - A. Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics; Universität Kassel; Witzenhausen Germany
| | - E. Schlecht
- Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Kassel and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Witzenhausen Germany
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30
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Oh J, Hristov AN. Effects of Plant-Derived Bio-Active Compounds on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Utilization, Immune Response, and Productivity of Ruminant Animals. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1218.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - A. N. Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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31
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Sena JA, Villela SD, Santos RA, Pereira IG, Castro GH, Mourthé MH, Bonfá CS, Martins PG. Intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass traits of rams provided with dehydrated passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) peel, as a substitute of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Ahnert S, Dickhoefer U, Schulz F, Susenbeth A. Influence of ruminal Quebracho tannin extract infusion on apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in heifers. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Raju J, Sahoo B, Chandrakar A, Sankar M, Garg A, Sharma A, Pandey A. Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performance and gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Ramirez-Bribiesca JE, Yanke LJ, Tsang A, McAllister TA. Effect of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Application on the Microbial Attachment and Digestion of Barley Straw In vitro. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:66-74. [PMID: 25049480 PMCID: PMC4092913 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; a mixture of two preparations from Trichoderma spp., with predominant xylanase and β-glucanase activities, respectively) on colonization and digestion of ground barley straw and alfalfa hay by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were studied in vitro. The two levels (28 and 280 μg/ml) of EFE tested and both bacteria were effective at digesting NDF of hay and straw. With both substrates, more NDF hydrolysis (p<0.01) was achieved with EFE alone at 280 than at 28 μg/ml. A synergistic effect (p<0.01) of F. succinogenes S85 and EFE on straw digestion was observed at 28 but not 280 μg/ml of EFE. Strain R. flavefaciens FD1 digested more (p<0.01) hay and straw with higher EFE than with lower or no EFE, but the effect was additive rather than synergistic. Included in the incubation medium, EFE showed potential to improve fibre digestion by cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. In a second batch culture experiment using mixed rumen microbes, DM disappearance (DMD), gas production and incorporation of 15N into particle-associated microbial N (15N-PAMN) were higher (p<0.001) with ammoniated (5% w/w; AS) than with native (S) ground barley straw. Application of EFE to the straws increased (p<0.001) DMD and gas production at 4 and 12 h, but not at 48 h of the incubation. EFE applied onto S increased (p<0.01) 15N-PAMN at 4 h only, but EFE on AS increased (p<0.001) 15N-PAMN at all time points. Prehydrolysis increased (p<0.01) DMD from both S and AS at 4 and 12 h, but reduced (p<0.01) 15N-PAMN in the early stage (4 h) of the incubation, as compared to non-prehydrolyzed samples. Application of EFE to barley straw increased rumen bacterial colonization of the substrate, but excessive hydrolytic action of EFE prior to incubation decreased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
| | - J E Ramirez-Bribiesca
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1 ; Colegio de Postgraduados, enlace ganaderia, Montecillo, Edo. De Mexico. Mexico
| | - L J Yanke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
| | - A Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada , T1J4B1
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Redondo LM, Chacana PA, Dominguez JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:118. [PMID: 24723916 PMCID: PMC3973907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been included in the formulation of feed for livestock production for more than 40 years as a strategy to improve feed conversion rates and to reduce costs. The use of antimicrobials as growth-promoting factors (AGP) in sub-therapeutic doses for long periods is particularly favorable for the selection of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. In the last years, global concern about development of antimicrobial resistance and transference of resistance genes from animal to human strains has been rising. Removal of AGP from animal diets involves tremendous pressure on the livestock and poultry farmers, one of the main consequences being a substantial increase in the incidence of infectious diseases with the associated increase in the use of antibiotics for therapy, and concomitantly, economic cost. Therefore, alternatives to AGP are urgently needed. The challenge is to implement new alternatives without affecting the production performances of livestock and avoiding the increase of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Plant extracts and purified derived substances are showing promising results for animal nutrition, either from their efficacy as well as from an economical point of view. Tannins are plant derived compounds that are being successfully used as additives in poultry feed to control diseases and to improve animal performance. Successful use of any of these extracts as feed additives must ensure a product of consistent quality in enough quantity to fulfill the actual requirements of the poultry industry. Chestnut (hydrolysable) and Quebracho (condensed) tannins are probably the most readily available commercial products that are covering those needs. The present report intends to analyze the available data supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johana E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Molecular diversity of rumen bacterial communities from tannin-rich and fiber-rich forage fed domestic Sika deer (Cervus nippon) in China. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:151. [PMID: 23834656 PMCID: PMC3723558 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sika deer (Cervus nippon) have different dietary preferences to other ruminants and are tolerant to tannin-rich plants. Because the rumen bacteria in domestic Sika deer have not been comprehensively studied, it is important to investigate its rumen bacterial population in order to understand its gut health and to improve the productivity of domestic Sika deer. RESULTS The rumen bacterial diversity in domestic Sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed oak leaves- (OL group) and corn stalks-based diets (CS group) were elucidated using 16S rRNA gene libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Overall, 239 sequences were examined from the two groups, 139 clones from the OL group were assigned to 57 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 100 sequences from the CS group were divided into 50 OTUs. Prevotella-like sequences belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria in both groups (97.2% OL and 77% CS), and sequences related to Prevotella brevis were present in both groups. However, Prevotella shahii-like, Prevotella veroralis-like, Prevotella albensis-like, and Prevotella salivae-like sequences were abundant in the OL group compared to those in the CS group, while Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens-like and Prevotella ruminicola-like sequences were prevalent in the CS group. PCR-DGGE showed that bacterial communities clustered with respect to diets and the genus Prevotella was the dominant bacteria in the rumen of domestic Sika deer. However, the distribution of genus Prevotella from two groups was apparent. In addition, other fibrolytic bacteria, such as Clostridium populeti and Eubacterium cellulosolvens were found in the rumen of domestic Sika deer. CONCLUSIONS The rumen of domestic Sika deer harbored unique bacteria which may represent novel species. The bacterial composition appeared to be affected by diet, and sequences related to Prevotella spp. may represent new species that may be related to the degradation of fiber biomass or tannins. Moreover, the mechanism and biological functions of Prevotella spp. in the rumen ecosystem, and synergistic interactions with other microorganisms should be noticed.
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Liu XL, Hao YQ, Jin L, Xu ZJ, McAllister TA, Wang Y. Anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 properties of purple prairie clover and sainfoin condensed tannins. Molecules 2013; 18:2183-99. [PMID: 23396143 PMCID: PMC6270645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18022183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CT) from purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) and sainfoin (SF; Onobrychis viciifolia) were assessed for anti-Escherichia coli activity by comparing their ability to react with proteins and liposome, cause cell aggregation, and alter outer membrane (OM) morphology and permeability. The PPC CT had greater (P < 0.01) protein-precipitating capacity than SF CT using either bovine serum albumin or ribulose 1,5-disphosphate carboxylase as model proteins. Minimum inhibitory concentration of PPC CT for two strains of E. coli and five strains of E. coli O157:H7 was four to six times lower than that of SF CT. E. coli exposed to 10 µg/mL of both CT had higher (P < 0.05) OM permeability than controls and was greater (P < 0.05) for PPC than for SF CT. Addition of both CT at 50 and 200 µg/mL caused cell aggregation which was more evident (P < 0.05) for PPC than for SF CT. Transmission electron microscopy showed electron dense material on the cell surface when cells were exposed to 50 µg/mL of PPC CT. The greater anti-E. coli activity of PPC than SF CT was due to its enhanced ability to precipitate protein that increased OM permeability and promoted cell aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; E-Mails: (X.-L.L.); (Y.-Q.H.)
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; E-Mails: (L.J.); (Z.-J.X.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Yong-Qing Hao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; E-Mails: (X.-L.L.); (Y.-Q.H.)
| | - Long Jin
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; E-Mails: (L.J.); (Z.-J.X.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Zhong-Jun Xu
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; E-Mails: (L.J.); (Z.-J.X.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; E-Mails: (L.J.); (Z.-J.X.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; E-Mails: (L.J.); (Z.-J.X.); (T.A.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-403-317-3498; Fax: +1-403-317-2182
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Partial and total substitution of alfalfa hay by pistachio byproduct modulated the counts of selected cellulolytic ruminal bacteria attached to alfalfa hay in sheep. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Paswan VK, Sahoo A. Feeding of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) leaves and evaluation for its potential inclusion in the feeding of native heifers of Kumaon Himalaya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Castro-Montoya JM, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2010-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Castro-Montoya, J. M., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. 2011. Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 433–448. Post-rumen chemical composition of the microbial fraction is one of the factors that determines the nutrients absorbed and available for maintenance and production of the animal. The hypothesis was that tannins and saponins alter chemical composition of rumen microbes and fermentation parameters in the rumen. Purified quebracho, mimosa, chestnut and sumach tannins; and quillaja and gypsophilla saponins were incubated with 380 mg of substrate (hay:concentrate 70:30 wt/wt) for 24 h in an in vitro gas production system at concentrations from 0.25 to 1.25 mg mL−1. Saponins increased N and reduced sugar contents of the liquid-associated microbes. The ratio of crude protein to purine bases significantly increased on adding sumach and chestnut tannins and decreased on the addition of quebracho and mimosa tannins. Quebracho, mimosa and chestnut tannins reduced total short-chain fatty acid production. The acetate:propionate ratio decreased for all additives. Results suggest that in vitro (a) depending on the source and the concentration, tannins would have an effect on the nitrogen and sugar contents of the liquid associated microbes, (b) saponins are likely to increase N and reduce sugar contents of rumen liquid associated microbes, and (c) estimation of microbial protein synthesis based on purine bases may lead to under- or over-estimations in the presence of tannins and saponins. In vivo studies are required to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Castro-Montoya
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H. P. S. Makkar
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K. Becker
- Institute for animal production in the tropics and subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Patra AK, Saxena J. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:24-37. [PMID: 20815041 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tannins (hydrolysable and condensed tannin) are polyphenolic polymers of relatively high molecular weight with the capacity to form complexes mainly with proteins due to the presence of a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups. They are widely distributed in nutritionally important forage trees, shrubs and legumes, cereals and grains, which are considered as anti-nutritional compounds due to their adverse effects on intake and animal performance. However, tannins have been recognised to modulate rumen fermentation favourably such as reducing protein degradation in the rumen, prevention of bloat, inhibition of methanogenesis and increasing conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in ruminant-derived foods. The inclusion of tannins in diets has been shown to improve body weight and wool growth, milk yields and reproductive performance. However, the beneficial effects on rumen modulation and animal performance have not been consistently observed. This review discusses the effects of tannins on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen and intestine, and microbial populations (bacteria, protozoa, fungi and archaea), metabolism of tannins, microbial tolerance mechanisms to tannins, inhibition of methanogenesis, ruminal biohydrogenation processes and performance of animals. The discrepancies of responses of tannins among different studies are attributed to the different chemical structures (degree of polymerisation, procyanidins to propdelphinidins, stereochemistry and C-C bonding) and concentrations of tannins, and type of diets. An establishment of structure-activity relationship would be required to explain differences among studies and obtain consistent beneficial tannin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan K Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, India.
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Salem A, Robinson P, López S, Gohar Y, Rojo R, Tinoco J. Sensitivity of sheep intestinal lactic acid bacteria to secondary compounds extracted from Acacia saligna leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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SHINKAI T, UEKI T, KOBAYASHI Y. Detection and identification of rumen bacteria constituting a fibrolytic consortium dominated byFibrobacter succinogenes. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:72-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Riestra SP, Muir J, Lambert B, Tedeschi L, Redmon L. Phosphorus and other nutrient disappearance from plants containing condensed tannins using the mobile nylon bag technique. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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AL-DOBAIB SN. Effect of different levels of Quebracho tannin on nitrogen utilization and growth performance of Najdi sheep fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay as a sole diet. Anim Sci J 2009; 80:532-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Patra AK, Saxena J. Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:363-75. [PMID: 19582589 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, the exploration of bioactive phytochemicals as natural feed additives has been of great interest among nutritionists and rumen microbiologists to modify the rumen fermentation favorably such as defaunation, inhibition of methanogenesis, improvement in protein metabolism, and increasing conjugated linoleic acid content in ruminant derived foods. Many phytochemicals such as saponins, essential oils, tannins and flavonoids from a wide range of plants have been identified, which have potential values for rumen manipulation and enhancing animal productivity as alternatives to chemical feed additives. However, their effectiveness in ruminant production has not been proved to be consistent and conclusive. This review discusses the effects of phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins and essential oils on the rumen microbial populations, i.e., bacteria, protozoa, fungi and archaea with highlighting molecular diversity of microbial community in the rumen. There are contrasting reports of the effects of these phytoadditives on the rumen fermentation and rumen microbes probably depending upon the interactions among the chemical structures and levels of phytochemicals used, nutrient composition of diets and microbial components in the rumen. The study of chemical structure-activity relationships is required to exploit the phytochemicals for obtaining target responses without adversely affecting beneficial microbial populations. A greater understanding of the modulatory effects of phytochemicals on the rumen microbial populations together with fermentation will allow a better management of the rumen ecosystem and a practical application of this feed additive technology in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan K Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, India.
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Effects of purified lignin on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance, carcass traits and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli by feedlot lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effect of the administration of young oak (Quercus pyrenaica) leaves to cattle on ruminal fermentation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Exploring feeding value of oak (Quercus incana) leaves: Nutrient intake and utilization in calves. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Xu Z, Bach S, McAllister T. Effects of phlorotannins from Ascophyllum nodosum (brown seaweed) on in vitro ruminal digestion of mixed forage or barley grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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