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Rowan NJ. Current decontamination challenges and potentially complementary solutions to safeguard the vulnerable seafood industry from recalcitrant human norovirus in live shellfish: Quo Vadis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162380. [PMID: 36841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Safeguarding the seafood industry is important given its contribution to supporting our growing global population. However, shellfish are filter feeders that bioaccumulate microbial contaminants in their tissue from wastewater discharged into the same coastal growing environments leading to significant human disease outbreaks unless appropriately mitigated. Removal or inactivation of enteric viruses is very challenging particularly as human norovirus (hNoV) binds to specific histo-blood ligands in live oyster tissue that are consumed raw or lightly cooked. The regulatory framework that sets out use of clean seawater and UV disinfection is appropriate for bacterial decontamination at the post-harvest land-based depuration (cleaning) stage. However, additional non-thermal technologies are required to eliminate hNoV in live shellfish (particularly oysters) where published genomic studies report that low-pressure UV has limited effectiveness in inactivating hNoV. The use of the standard genomic detection method (ISO 15, 216-1:2017) is not appropriate for assessing the loss of infectious hNoV in treated live shellfish. The use of surrogate viral infectivity methods appear to offer some insight into the loss of hNoV infectiousness in live shellfish during decontamination. This paper reviews the use of existing and potentially other combinational treatment approaches to enhance the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses in live shellfish. The use of alternative and complementary novel diagnostic approaches to discern viable hNoV are discussed. The effectiveness and virological safety of new affordable hNoV intervention(s) require testing and validating at commercial shellfish production in conjunction with laboratory-based research. Appropriate risk management planning should encompass key stakeholders including local government and the wastewater industry. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between hNoV response at molecular and structural levels in individually treated oysters as a unit will inform predictive modeling and appropriate treatment technologies. Global warming of coastal growing environments may introduce additional contaminant challenges (such as invasive species); thus, underscoring need to develop real-time ecosystem monitoring of growing environments to alert shellfish producers to appropriately mitigate these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Ireland.
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2
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da Silva VC, Elois M, Savi BP, Miotto M, De Dea Lindner J, Fongaro G, Souza DSM. Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:1-7. [PMID: 36287375 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are filter-feeders and retain sewage-derived pathogens in their organs or tissues. Since most enteric viruses involved in outbreaks cannot grow in cell culture, studies using viral surrogate models are essential. Some species are proposed as surrogates for enteric viruses in environmental samples, including in bivalve mollusk samples, such as murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and somatic (as φX) or F-specific coliphages (as MS2) bacteriophages. This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 103 PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 102 and 3.8 × 102 PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 102 PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 h (2.2 × 102 PFU/g). The bioaccumulation pattern of MNV-1 by oysters was similar to the other enteric viruses (more in DT), while that of phages followed distinct patterns from these. Since the MNV-1 is bioaccumulated by C. gigas and is adapted to grow in cell culture, it is an important tool for bioaccumulation and viral inactivation tests in oysters. Although bacteriophage bioaccumulation was not similar to enteric viruses, they can be indicated for viral bioaccumulation analysis, analyzing MT and GL, since they do not bioaccumulate in DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilaine Corrêa da Silva
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Elois
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marília Miotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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3
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Efficient capturing and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus from solid foods (green onion, strawberry, and mussel) using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles and real-time RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103921. [PMID: 34809947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be a public health concern and has caused large foodborne outbreaks and economic losses worldwide. Rapid detection of HAV in foods can help to confirm the source of outbreaks in a timely manner and prevent more people getting infected. In order to efficiently detect HAV at low levels of contamination in foods, rapid and easy-to-use techniques are required to separate and concentrate viral particles to a small volume. In the current study, HAV particles were eluted from green onion, strawberry, and mussel using glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and suspended viral particles were captured using protamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). This process caused a selective concentration of the viral particles, which could be followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that pH, NaCl concentration, and PMNP amount used for the capturing had significant effects on the recovery efficiency of HAV (P < 0.05). The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 9.0, 0.14 M NaCl, and 50 μL of PMNPs. The optimized PMNP capturing method enabled the rapid capture and concentration of HAV. A sensitive real-time RT-PCR test was developed with detection limits of 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g of HAV in green onion, strawberry, and mussel, respectively. In conclusion, the PMNP method is rapid and convenient in capturing HAV from complex solid food samples and can generate concentrated HAV sample solutions suitable for high-sensitivity real time RT-PCR detection of the virus.
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Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:501-516. [PMID: 32342286 PMCID: PMC7223127 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus and Astrovirus are considered the most important viral agents transmitted by food and water, in recent years other viruses, such as Aichi virus (AiV), have emerged as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with different foods. AiV belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is a virus with icosahedral morphology that presents a single stranded RNA genome with positive sense (8280 nucleotides) and a poly (A) chain. AiV was first detected from clinical samples and in recent years has been involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks from different world regions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Japan, Germany, France, Tunisia and Spain showed a high prevalence of AiV antibodies in adults (between 80% and 99%), which is indicative of a large exposure to this virus. The aim of this review is to bring together all the discovered information about the emerging pathogen human Aichi virus (AiV), discussing the possibles routes of transmission, new detection techniques and future research. Although AiV is responsible for a low percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks, the high seroprevalence shown by human populations indicates an evident role as an enteric agent. The low percentage of AiV detection could be explained by the fact that the pathogen is more associated to subclinical infections. Further studies will be needed to clarify the real impact of AiV in human health and its importance as a causative gastroenteritis agent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain.
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Park H, Jung S, Shin H, Ha SD, Park TJ, Park JP, Seo DJ, Choi C. Localization and persistence of hepatitis A virus in artificially contaminated oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 299:58-63. [PMID: 30954876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, clams, and cockles, are well-recognized as vectors that concentrate foodborne pathogens by filter feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated oysters that were either fed or not fed with algae. Oysters were experimentally contaminated with HAV and maintained in depuration conditions. qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed on oyster samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-inoculation. When HAV-contaminated oysters were depurated for 7 days, HAV was detected in 91.1-97.8% of the digestive glands and gills. While the high viral load in the digestive glands in oysters did not change significantly regardless of algae-feeding, the viral load of the gills gradually decreased in both groups during the depuration. HAV antigen and RNA were detected in the digestive diverticula and connective tissues by both IHC and ISH. HAV was detected in the stomach, intestine, and gills by only ISH. The distribution of HAV in various oyster tissues may explain the persistence of contamination in oysters during the depuration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansaem Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Ko SM, Cho SY, Oh MJ, Kwon J, Vaidya B, Kim D. Application of Concanavalin A-Linked Magnetic Beads for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1997-2002. [PMID: 30476442 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prompt and inexpensive detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is essential to control acute hepatitis outbreaks associated with the consumption of contaminated raw or minimally processed food. In this study, various carbohydrate-binding lectins, including concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin, were compared for their binding affinity to HAV. Con A, which showed significantly higher binding affinity than other lectins, was used to develop an alternative and affordable method to conventional antibody-linked immunomagnetic separation prior to detection of HAV using reverse transcriptase PCR. This method, Con A-linked immunomagnetic separation combined with reverse transcriptase PCR, can detect HAV at a dilution concentration of 10-4 of the virus stock (titer: 104 median tissue culture infective dose per mL), indicating that Con A could be a promising candidate for concentrating HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Ko
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- 3 Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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Souza DSM, Dominot AFÁ, Moresco V, Barardi CRM. Presence of enteric viruses, bioaccumulation and stability in Anomalocardia brasiliana clams (Gmelin, 1791). Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:363-371. [PMID: 29074195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders and may accumulate human pathogens in their tissues. Many studies demonstrated human diseases associated with bivalve consumption, especially oysters. Anomalocardia brasiliana clams are distributed along the Brazilian coastal area and are an exotic ingredient for some typical dishes in Brazil. Even though there are several reports describing the contamination of oysters and mussels with human pathogens, there is a lack of studies reporting contamination of A. brasiliana with human pathogens. An evaluation of natural microbiological contamination in A. brasiliana samples over a period of 18months (November 2014 to April 2016) showed that the bacteria indices were in accordance with Brazilian regulations (E. coli<230MPN and Salmonella sp. absent in 25g of meat). However, the enteric viruses evaluated were detected throughout the analysis period, with the highest result for the hepatitis A virus (HAV); followed by Rotavirus-A (RVA); Human Adenovirus (HAdV) and Norovirus GI (NoV GI). The bioaccumulation of enteric viruses by A. brasiliana during a period of 24h was performed using NoV GI and GII, HAV, RVA and HAdV as models. Interestingly the mollusk demonstrated different uptake behaviors in relation to these viruses throughout the time period. NoV GI was the most adsorbed virus after 24h. HAV concentration was <1% at 3h, but it increased to <10% at 8h, remaining unchanged until 12h, and decreasing to <3% at 24h; HAdV reached its highest concentration at 12h, being released by the animals and lowering to <3% at 24h. RVA bioaccumulation was unstable over time, reaching its highest values after 24h (<5%); NoV GII bioaccumulation remained <1%. Thermal inactivation of HAdV-2 in A. brasiliana was also evaluated. After the usual gentle cooking procedure using different times (0, 1, 1.5, 3 and 5mins), viral infectivity was evaluated using ICC-et-RT-qPCR. The temperature inside the DT remained <80°C over time and after 5min of cooking the HAdV reached a decay of 90% (1 log10). The results showed a real warn to the consumers that can be exposed to infectious human viruses if they eat these clams improperly cooked. HAV was the most detected virus in these animals, which may lead to outbreaks. A. brasiliana exhibited distinct behavior in NoV GI bioaccumulation and persistence, pointing to the need for further studies about the cellular ligands used by these viruses to become attached to these clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Ferreira Ávila Dominot
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil.
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8
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Ma L, Su L, Liu H, Zhao F, Zhou D, Duan D. Norovirus contamination and the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway in Pacific oyster: A transcriptomics study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:26-34. [PMID: 28457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the primary pathogens associated with shellfish-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks. These viruses remain stable in oysters, suggesting an active mechanism for virus concentration. In this study, a deep RNA sequencing technique was used to analyze the transcriptome profiles of Pacific oysters at different time points after inoculation with norovirus (GII.4). We obtained a maximum of 65, 294, 698 clean sample reads. When aligned to the reference genome, the average mapping ratio of clean data was approximately 65%. In the samples harvested at 12, 24, and 48 h after contamination, 2,223, 2,990, and 2020 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in contaminated and non-contaminated oyster digestive tissues, including 500, 1748, and 1039 up-regulated and 1723, 1242, and 981 down-regulated genes, respectively. In particular, FUT2 and B3GNT4, genes encoding the signaling components of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, were significantly up-regulated in contaminated samples. In addition, we found up-regulation of some immune- and disease-related genes in the MHC I pathway (PA28, HSP 70, HSP90, CANX, BRp57, and CALR) and MHC II pathway (GILT, CTSBLS, RFX, and NFY), although NoVs did not cause diseases in the oysters. We detected two types of HBGA-like molecules with positive-to-negative ratios similar to type A and H1 HBGA-like molecules in digestive tissues that were significantly higher in norovirus-contaminated than in non-contaminated oysters. Thus, our transcriptome data analysis indicated that a human pathogen (GII.4 Norovirus) was likely concentrated in the digestive tissues of oysters via HBGA-like molecules that were synthesized by the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. The identified differentially expressed genes also provide potential candidates for functional analysis to identify genes involved in the accumulation of noroviruses in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Laijin Su
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Delin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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McLeod C, Polo D, Le Saux JC, Le Guyader FS. Depuration and Relaying: A Review on Potential Removal of Norovirus from Oysters. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:692-706. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McLeod
- Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd.; Hillcrest Isle of Skye IV44 8RG Scotland
| | - David Polo
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie; LSEM/SG2M; 44300 Nantes France
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Sánchez G, Sánchez G. Food and Viral Contamination: Analytical Methods. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness: Virus Localization, Disease Outbreaks and Prevention. VIRUSES IN FOODS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122155 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of shellfish-borne enteric virus illness have been reported worldwide. Most notable among the outbreaks are those caused by NoV and HAV. Lessons learned from outbreak investigations indicate that most outbreaks are preventable. Anthropogenic sources of contamination will continue to invade shellfish growing waters. Shellfish, by their very nature, will continue to bioconcentrate these contaminants, including enteric viruses. There is no quick fix for enteric virus contamination of shellfish; however, vigilance on behalf of the industry, regulatory agencies, and the consumer could substantially reduce the incidence of illness. Enhanced monitoring in all areas of shellfish production, harvesting, distribution, and processing would help to reduce viral illnesses. Pollution abatement and improved hygienic practices on behalf of the industry and consumers are needed. Improved analytical techniques for the detection of enteric viruses in shellfish will lead to enhanced shellfish safety and better protection for the consumer and the industry. Better reporting and epidemiological follow-up of outbreaks are keys to reducing the transmission of foodborne viral infections. It is anticipated that recent advances in analytical techniques, particularly for NoV, will lead to better monitoring capabilities for food and water and a reduction in the incidence of enteric virus illness among shellfish consumers.
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Polo D, Álvarez C, Díez J, Darriba S, Longa Á, Romalde JL. Viral elimination during commercial depuration of shellfish. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Effectiveness of depuration for hepatitis A virus removal from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 180:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Intamaso U, Ketkhunthod S. Evaluation of a sensitive reverse transcription PCR-enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis A virus in oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. J Food Prot 2014; 77:859-63. [PMID: 24780346 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) contamination in food can lead to major health problems. We developed a combination reverse transcription (RT) PCR method plus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HAV in fresh oysters harvested along the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Viral nucleic acid was extracted via the glycine-arginine-polyethylene glycol method followed by RT-PCR amplification with specifically designed primers against HAV and an ELISA to detect the digoxigenin-labeled RT-PCR products. The ELISA in concert with the RT-PCR protocol further increased the detection sensitivity by 100-fold for the HAV genome and 10-fold in artificially contaminated oysters. The overall sensitivity of the RT-PCR in combination with the ELISA was 31.88 pg and 16 PFU/g, respectively. The ELISA increases the specificity of the RT-PCR assay for detecting naturally occurring HAV in oysters. This combined RT-PCR-ELISA approach is a practical and sensitive method for HAV detection and can be utilized in routine screening for HAV in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Intamaso
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Longhard-Bansaen Road, Bangsaen, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand.
| | - Sitthisak Ketkhunthod
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Longhard-Bansaen Road, Bangsaen, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand
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15
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Polo D, Álvarez C, Vilariño ML, Longa Á, Romalde JL. Depuration kinetics of hepatitis A virus in clams. Food Microbiol 2014; 39:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Rey MS, Miranda JM, Aubourg S, Barros-Velázquez J. Improved microbial and sensory quality of clams (Venerupis rhomboideus), oysters (Ostrea edulis) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by refrigeration in a slurry ice packaging system. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Amri I, Hmaïed F, Loisy F, Lebeau B, Barkallah I, Saidi M, Slim A. Détection du virus de l’hépatite A dans les coquillages en Tunisie par reverse transcription-nested PCR – recherche de corrélation entre la contamination virale et bactérienne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oliveira J, Cunha A, Castilho F, Romalde J, Pereira M. Microbial contamination and purification of bivalve shellfish: Crucial aspects in monitoring and future perspectives – A mini-review. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Serracca L, Verani M, Battistini R, Rossini I, Carducci A, Ercolini C. Evaluation of Adenovirus andE. colias indicators for human enteric viruses presence in mussels produced in La Spezia Gulf (Italy). Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 50:462-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Mcleod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D. Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1220-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Environmental virology started with the detection of poliovirus in water. Since then other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection. Most shellfish-borne viral outbreaks are restricted to norovirus and hepatitis A virus, making them the main targets for bivalve virological analysis. The inclusion of virus analysis in regulatory standards for viruses in molluscan bivalve samples must overcome several shortcomings such as the technical difficulties and high costs of virus monitoring, the lack of harmonised and standardised assays and the challenge posed by the ever-changing nature of viruses. Nowadays methods are available to detect, quantify and characterise viral pathogens in molluscan shellfish to reduce the risks of shellfish-borne virus diseases.
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Wang D, Wu Q, Yao L, Wei M, Kou X, Zhang J. New target tissue for food-borne virus detection in oysters. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:405-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Hernroth B, Allard A. The persistence of infectious adenovirus (type 35) in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Ostrea edulis). Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113:296-302. [PMID: 17141347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide information for improving risk assessment of viral contaminants in bivalves. The persistence of viable adenovirus type 35 (Ad35) after controlled contaminations of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and oysters, Ostrea edulis, was studied. Bivalves, kept in running seawater at two different temperatures (4 and 18 degrees C) were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 70 days. Virus particles were separated from the gills and the digestive gland through ultra high-speed centrifugation. Qualitative PCR analyses of DNA in the virus extracts showed that Ad35 was detectable for 6-10 weeks and quantitative real-time PCR verified a gradual but not linear decrease in copy numbers, within this time interval. The virus genome was detectable to the same degree on the gills as in the digestive gland. When viral extractions were inoculated on A549 cells to investigate the cytopathic effect (CPE) it was shown that Ad35 stayed infectious in oysters, kept at 4 degrees C, for about six weeks, which was double the time compared to that for mussels. The detection of the viral genome exceeded the persistence of their infectivity, in most cases with 4-6 weeks. The data were highly variable and the sporadic occurrence of high numbers of accumulated viruses and their remaining infectivity is seemingly a significant factor regarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 566, 450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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27
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Loisy F, Atmar RL, Le Saux JC, Cohen J, Caprais MP, Pommepuy M, Le Guyader FS. Use of rotavirus virus-like particles as surrogates to evaluate virus persistence in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6049-53. [PMID: 16204520 PMCID: PMC1265969 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.6049-6053.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (VLPs) and MS2 bacteriophages were bioaccumulated in bivalve mollusks to evaluate viral persistence in shellfish during depuration and relaying under natural conditions. Using this nonpathogenic surrogate virus, we were able to demonstrate that about 1 log10 of VLPs was depurated after 1 week in warm seawater (22 degrees C). Phage MS2 was depurated more rapidly (about 2 log10 in 1 week) than were VLPs, as determined using a single-compartment model and linear regression analysis. After being relayed in the estuary under the influence of the tides, VLPs were detected in oysters for up to 82 days following seeding with high levels of VLPs (concentration range between 10(10) and 10(9) particles per g of pancreatic tissue) and for 37 days for lower contamination levels (10(5) particles per g of pancreatic tissue). These data suggest that viral particles may persist in shellfish tissues for several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Loisy
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, IFREMER, BP 21 105, 44 311 Nantes cedex 03, France
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29
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Beuret C, Baumgartner A, Schluep J. Virus-contaminated oysters: a three-month monitoring of oysters imported to Switzerland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:2292-7. [PMID: 12676712 PMCID: PMC154765 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.4.2292-2297.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscan shellfish are known to be carriers of viral and bacterial pathogens. The consumption of raw oysters has been repeatedly linked to outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A. Switzerland imports over 300 tons of oysters per year, 95% of which originate in France. To assess the level of viral contamination, a 3-month monitoring study was conducted. Therefore, the sensitivities of several previously described methods for virus concentration were compared, and one protocol was finally chosen by using dissected digestive tissues. Eighty-seven samples consisting of five oysters each were analyzed for Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs), enteroviruses, and hepatitis A viruses from November 2001 to February 2002. The oysters were exported by 31 French, three Dutch, and two Irish suppliers. Eight oyster samples from six French suppliers were positive for NLVs, and four samples from four French suppliers were positive for enteroviruses; two of the latter samples were positive for both viral agents. No hepatitis A viruses were detected. The sequences of NLV and enterovirus amplicons showed a great variety of strains, especially for the NLVs (strains similar to Bristol, Hawaii, Mexico, and Melksham agent). The data obtained indicated that imported oysters might be a source of NLV infection in Switzerland. However, further studies are needed to determine the quantitative significance of the risk factor within the overall epidemiology of NLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beuret
- Cantonal Food Laboratory of Solothurn, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland.
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30
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Formiga-Cruz M, Tofiño-Quesada G, Bofill-Mas S, Lees DN, Henshilwood K, Allard AK, Conden-Hansson AC, Hernroth BE, Vantarakis A, Tsibouxi A, Papapetropoulou M, Furones MD, Girones R. Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5990-8. [PMID: 12450820 PMCID: PMC134421 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.5990-5998.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pollution in shellfish has been analyzed simultaneously across a wide range of geographical regions, with emphasis on the concomitant variations in physicochemical characteristics and social features. The methods for sample treatment and for the detection of human enteric viruses were optimized by the participating laboratories. The second part of this study involves the selection of a protocol for virus detection, which was validated by analyzing the distribution and concentration of human viral pathogens under diverse conditions during an 18-month period in four European countries. Shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe were defined and studied, and the microbiological quality of the shellfish was analyzed. Human adenovirus, Norwalk-like virus, and enterovirus were identified as contaminants of shellfish in all the participating countries. Hepatitis A virus was also isolated in all areas except Sweden. The seasonal distribution of viral contamination was also described. Norwalk-like virus appeared to be the only group of viruses that demonstrated seasonal variation, with lower concentrations occurring during warm months. The depuration treatments currently applied were shown to be adequate for reducing Escherichia coli levels but ineffective for the elimination of viral particles. The human adenoviruses detected by PCR correlate with the presence of other human viruses and could be useful as a molecular index of viral contamination in shellfish.
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31
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Kingsley DH, Meade GK, Richards GP. Detection of both hepatitis A virus and Norwalk-like virus in imported clams associated with food-borne illness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3914-8. [PMID: 12147490 PMCID: PMC123989 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.3914-3918.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 05/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in clams imported into the United States from China. An epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis in New York State in August 2000 (Food and Drug Administration Import Alert 16-50). They were labeled "cooked" but appeared raw. Viral RNA extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish meats; this was followed by glycine buffer elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, Tri-Reagent treatment, and purification of poly(A) RNA with magnetic beads coupled to poly(dT) oligonucleotides. We identified HAV and NLV as genotype I and genogroup II strains, respectively. Both viruses have high levels of homology to Asian strains. An analysis of fecal coliforms revealed a most-probable number of 93,000/100 g of clam meat, which is approximately 300-fold higher than the hygienic standard for shellfish meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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32
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Legeay O, Caudrelier Y, Cordevant C, Rigottier-Gois L, Lange M. Simplified procedure for detection of enteric pathogenic viruses in shellfish by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:1-14. [PMID: 11011076 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking the transmission of enteric viral disease to shellfish has been known for a long time. A variety of methods have been described for the detection of viral contaminants in shellfish using RT-PCR. However, these methods generally include numerous, often fastidious and time consuming steps for virus release from shellfish tissues and viral RNA isolation. A simplified procedure based on the enzymatic liquefaction of shellfish digestive tissues without any mechanical homogenisation step, followed by a simple clarification of the lysate using dichloromethane extraction, was developed. Viral RNA is isolated directly from the shellfish extract by a guanidium thiocyanate-silica extraction method, adapted for the use of a vacuum manifold system. Virus-specific RT-PCR assays were set up for detection of genomic sequences of the predominant viral pathogens, HAV, Astrovirus and Norwalk-like viruses (from genogoups I or II). The specificity of the amplicons is confirmed finally by hybridisation with DIG-labelled specific probes. The overall procedure applied to shellfish samples spiked with HAV particles allowed a detection of 20 pfu of HAV per g of hepatopancreas. In addition, up to 20 samples can be tested within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Legeay
- Service R&D, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Cedex, Lille, France
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Le Guyader F, Haugarreau L, Miossec L, Dubois E, Pommepuy M. Three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3241-8. [PMID: 10919776 PMCID: PMC92140 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.8.3241-3248.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic enteric viruses able to persist in the environment, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), Norwalk-like virus (NLV), enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and astrovirus (AV), were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and hybridization in shellfish during a 3-year study. Oyster samples (n = 108), occasionally containing bacteria, were less frequently contaminated, showing positivity for AV (17%), NLV (23%), EV (19%), and RV (27%), whereas mussel samples, collected in areas routinely impacted by human sewage, were more highly contaminated: AV (50%), HAV (13%), NLV (35%), EV (45%), and RV (52%). Sequences obtained from HAV and NLV amplicons showed a great variety of strains, especially for NLV (strains close to Mexico, Snow Mountain Agent, or Norwalk virus). Viral contamination was mainly observed during winter months, although there were some seasonal differences among the viruses. This first study of virus detection over a fairly long period of time suggests that routine analysis of shellfish by a molecular technique is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Guyader
- Microbiology Laboratory, IFREMER, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Abstract
The epidemiological data clearly demonstrates that filter feeding bivalve shellfish can, and do, act as efficient vehicles for the transmission of enteric viruses transmitted by the faecal-oral route. This identified hazard has been documented as a cause for concern by various international agencies and has a long history. Disease outbreaks can occur on an epidemic scale as graphically illustrated by an outbreak of Hepatitis A in Shanghai, China in 1988 involving about 300,000 cases. Improvement of harvesting area water quality offers the most sustainable route to improvement in the virological quality of bivalve shellfish sold live. However there is growing awareness, and concern, that current regulatory standards based on faecal coliform monitoring do not fully protect the shellfish consumer from viral infection. New viral test methods based on PCR, and the development of alternative more reliable faecal pollution indicators, offer new approaches for the further development of public health controls. However, further work is required to build a scientific consensus and to understand the implications of their introduction into legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lees
- European Community Reference Laboratory for Bacterial and Viral Contamination of Bivalve Molluscs, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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35
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Gantzer C, Dubois É, Crance JM, Billaudel S, Kopecka H, Schwartzbrod L, Pommepuy M, Guyader FL. Devenir des virus entériques en mer et influence des facteurs environnementaux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-1784(99)80020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Traore O, Arnal C, Mignotte B, Maul A, Laveran H, Billaudel S, Schwartzbrod L. Reverse transcriptase PCR detection of astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and poliovirus in experimentally contaminated mussels: comparison of several extraction and concentration methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3118-22. [PMID: 9687488 PMCID: PMC106830 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.8.3118-3122.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1998] [Accepted: 05/20/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four methods of extraction and three methods of concentration of three enteric viruses from mussels were comparatively evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Shellfish were experimentally contaminated by immersion in seawater seeded with astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, or poliovirus. Sixty-gram samples of mussel tissues were processed by using borate buffer, glycine solution, saline beef, and saline beef-Freon extraction methods. The viruses were concentrated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) or PEG 8000 or by organic flocculation. RT-PCR was performed with RNA extracts from crude shellfish extracts and concentrates with and without Sephadex LH20 filtration. The glycine solution and borate buffer extraction methods resulted in significantly more RT-PCR-positive samples than the saline beef extraction method. We assessed the efficiency of 20 combinations of extraction and concentration methods. The borate buffer-organic flocculation, borate buffer-PEG 6000, and glycine solution-PEG 6000 combinations gave RT-PCR-positive results for all 27 samples analyzed for the three viruses. Detoxification of the samples by Sephadex LH20 filtration significantly decreased the efficiency of RT-PCR virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Traore
- Service d'Hygiène, Faculté de Médecine, 63000 Clermont Fd Cedex, France.
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Atmar RL, Neill FH, Woodley CM, Manger R, Fout GS, Burkhardt W, Leja L, McGovern ER, Le Guyader F, Metcalf TG, Estes MK. Collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:254-8. [PMID: 8572702 PMCID: PMC167792 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.1.254-258.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A multicenter, collaborative trial was performed to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a previously described method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR (R.L. Atmar, F. H. Neill, J. L. Romalde, F. Le Guyader, C. M. Woodley, T. G. Metcalf, and M. K. Estes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3014-3018, 1995). Virus was added to the stomachs and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams in the control laboratory, the samples were shipped to the participating laboratories, and viral nucleic acids were extracted and then detected by reverse transcription-PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 85 and 91%, respectively, when results were determined by visual inspection of ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels; the test sensitivity and specificity improved to 87 and 100%, respectively, after confirmation by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled, virus-specific probe. We have demonstrated that this method can be implemented successfully by several laboratories to detect Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Atmar RL, Neill FH, Romalde JL, Le Guyader F, Woodley CM, Metcalf TG, Estes MK. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:3014-8. [PMID: 7487032 PMCID: PMC167576 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.8.3014-3018.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus from shellfish tissues by PCR was developed. Virus was added to the stomach and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams, and viral nucleic acids were purified by a modification of a previously described method (R.L. Atmar, T.G. Metcalf, F.H. Neill, and M.K. Estes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:631-635, 1993). The new method had the following advantages compared with the previously described method: (i) more rapid sample processing; (ii) increased test sensitivity; (iii) decreased sample-associated interference with reverse transcription-PCR; and (iv) use of chloroform-butanol in place of the chlorofluorocarbon trichlorotrifluoroethane. In addition, internal standards for both Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus were made which demonstrated when inhibitors to reverse transcription-PCR were present and allowed quantitation of the viral nucleic acids present in samples. This assay can be used to investigate shellfish-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks and to study factors involved in virus persistence in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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