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Vali N, Fatemi SSA, Alinaghi M. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted production of ergosterol from Penicillium brevicompactum by Taguchi statistical method. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1217-1230. [PMID: 36057882 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol as a primary metabolite and precursor of vitamin D2, is the most plentiful mycosterols in fungal cell membrane. Process optimization to increase the yield and productivity of biological products is a topic of interest. Ultrasonic waves have many applications in biotechnology, like cell disruption, and enhancement of primary and secondary metabolites production. This study disclosed an optimal condition for ultrasound-assisted production (UAP) of ergosterol from Penicillium brevicompactum MUCL 19,011 using L9 Taguchi statistical method. The intensity (IS), time of sonication (TS), treatment frequency (TF), and number of days of treatment (DT) were allocated to study the effects of ultrasound on ergosterol production. The results were analyzed using Minitab version 19. The maximum ergosterol, 11 mg/g cell dry weight (CDW), was produced on the tenth day while all factors were at a low level. The days of treatment with a contribution of 45.48% was the most significant factor for ergosterol production. For the first time, this study revealed the positive effect of ultrasound on the production of ergosterol. Ergosterol production increased 73% (4.63 mg/g CDW) after process optimization. Finally, a mathematical model of ultrasound factors with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.978 was obtained for the ergosterol production during ultrasound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Vali
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Seyed-Safa-Ali Fatemi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Alinaghi
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Aarhus, Denmark
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Ortega-Arbulú AS, Pichler M, Vuillemin A, Orsi WD. Effects of organic matter and low oxygen on the mycobenthos in a coastal lagoon. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:374-388. [PMID: 30411473 PMCID: PMC7379666 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi living in sediments (‘mycobenthos’) are hypothesized to play a role in the degradation of organic matter deposited at the land‐sea interface, but the environmental factors influencing the mycobenthos are poorly understood. We used mock community calibrated Illumina sequencing to show that the mycobenthos community structure in a coastal lagoon was significantly changed after exposure to a lignocellulose extract and subsequent development of benthic anoxia over a relatively short (10 h) incubation. Saprotrophic taxa dominated and were selected for under benthic anoxia, specifically Aquamyces (Chytridiomycota) and Orbilia (Ascomycota), implicating these genera as important benthic saprotrophs. Protein encoding genes involved in energy and biomass production from Fungi and the fungal‐analogue group Labyrinthulomycetes had the highest increase in expression with the added organic matter compared with all other groups, indicating that lignocellulose stimulates metabolic activity in the mycobenthos. Flavobacteria dominated the active bacterial community that grew rapidly with the lignocellulose extract and crashed sharply upon O2 depletion. Our findings indicate that the diversity, activity and trophic potential of the mycobenthos changes rapidly in response to organic matter and decreasing O2 concentrations, which together with heterotrophic Flavobacteria, undergo ‘boom and bust’ dynamics during lignocellulose degradation in estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Sofia Ortega-Arbulú
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Monica Pichler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Aurèle Vuillemin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - William D Orsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Nurika I, Eastwood DC, Barker GC. A comparison of ergosterol and PLFA methods for monitoring the growth of ligninolytic fungi during wheat straw solid state cultivation. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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TLC-Digital Image-Based Fluorometric Analysis of Ergosterol and Chitin Content in Food Grains Artificially Infested with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mehra S, Morrison PD, Coates F, Lawrie AC. Differences in carbon source utilisation by orchid mycorrhizal fungi from common and endangered species of Caladenia (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:95-108. [PMID: 27639577 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial orchids depend on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) as symbionts for their survival, growth and nutrition. The ability of OMF from endangered orchid species to compete for available resources with OMF from common species may affect the distribution, abundance and therefore conservation status of their orchid hosts. Eight symbiotically effective OMF from endangered and more common Caladenia species were tested for their ability to utilise complex insoluble and simple soluble carbon sources produced during litter degradation by growth with different carbon sources in liquid medium to measure the degree of OMF variation with host conservation status or taxonomy. On simple carbon sources, fungal growth was assessed by biomass. On insoluble substrates, ergosterol content was assessed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The OMF grew on all natural materials and complex carbon sources, but produced the greatest biomass on xylan and starch and the least on bark and chitin. On simple carbon sources, the greatest OMF biomass was measured on most hexoses and disaccharides and the least on galactose and arabinose. Only some OMF used sucrose, the most common sugar in green plants, with possible implications for symbiosis. OMF from common orchids produced more ergosterol and biomass than those from endangered orchids in the Dilatata and Reticulata groups but not in the Patersonii and Finger orchids. This suggests that differences in carbon source utilisation may contribute to differences in the distribution of some orchids, if these differences are retained on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehra
- School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora West Campus), PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - P D Morrison
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University (City Campus), GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - F Coates
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- Woods to Water Environmental Consulting, Williamstown, VIC, 3016, Australia
| | - A C Lawrie
- School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora West Campus), PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Raviraja NS, Nikolcheva LG, Bärlocher F. Pellet size affects mycelial ergosterol content in aquatic hyphomycetes. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelavar S. Raviraja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, D.K. 574 199, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7, Canada
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Baldrian P, Větrovský T, Cajthaml T, Dobiášová P, Petránková M, Šnajdr J, Eichlerová I. Estimation of fungal biomass in forest litter and soil. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shao S, Hernandez M, Kramer JKG, Rinker DL, Tsao R. Ergosterol profiles, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activities of button mushrooms as affected by tissue part and developmental stage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11616-11625. [PMID: 20961043 DOI: 10.1021/jf102285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article investigated the mycochemical profiles and the antioxidant activities of the lipophilic extracts of the white and brown button mushrooms. We found that only free ergosterols were present in both mushrooms at 2.04-4.82 mg/g dry matter (DM). Ergosterol concentration was higher in early growth stages but decreased as the mushrooms grew, and it distributed evenly between the caps and stems during early developmental stages but accumulated more in the caps after maturation. The photochemiluminescence (PCL) values of the two mushrooms were 5.49-10.48 nmol trolox equivalent/mg DM, and the EC50 values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay ranged 20.19-41.49 mg DM/μg DPPH. The ergosterol content positively correlated with the antioxidant activities (r2>0.89). The total fatty acid content was 8.7 mg/g DM in the white and 5.1 mg/g DM in the brown button mushroom and contained mainly linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Our data provide guidance for optimized harvesting time of mushrooms and maximized health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Shao
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
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Newell SY. Minimizing Ergosterol Loss during Preanalytical Handling and Shipping of Samples of Plant Litter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:2794-7. [PMID: 16535086 PMCID: PMC1388504 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.7.2794-2797.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common preliminary treatments of samples of decaying material can involve changes in water content (e.g., via storage in relatively dry air or rinsing) that could conceivably result in loss or gain of fungal membranes and, consequently, ergosterol. A related problem is that collecting of ergosterol content data from widely distributed locales by shipment of samples ideally requires an inexpensive, safe alternative to submerging the samples in methanol for prevention of ergosterol loss. Experimental testing showed that fungal occupants of decaying salt marsh grass leaves did not exhibit loss or gain of ergosterol during air drying (to a water potential of <-8 MPa) or rewetting (to -0.8 MPa). Wet leaves of one grass species (Juncus roemerianus, black needlerush) could be fixed and dried for shipment by microwaving, or by fully drying after alcoholic or pentane fixation, without ergosterol loss, but those of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) lost about 40% of their ergosterol content by all three of these drying methods. Ergosterol content of wet leaves of cordgrass could be maintained by alcoholic fixation and subsequent drying down to a thin film of alcohol.
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Konkol N, McNamara CJ, Mitchell R. Fluorometric detection and estimation of fungal biomass on cultural heritage materials. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 80:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Park JH, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K, White SK, Rao CY. Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol associated with respiratory illness in a water-damaged building. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:45-50. [PMID: 18197298 PMCID: PMC2199298 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damp building-related respiratory illnesses are an important public health issue. OBJECTIVE We compared three respiratory case groups defined by questionnaire responses [200 respiratory cases, 123 of the respiratory cases who met the epidemiologic asthma definition, and 49 of the epidemiologic asthma cases who had current physician-diagnosed asthma with post-occupancy onset] to a comparison group of 152 asymptomatic employees in an office building with a history of water damage. METHODS We analyzed dust samples collected from floors and chairs of 323 cases and comparisons for culturable fungi, ergosterol, endotoxin, and cat and dog allergens. We examined associations of total fungi, hydrophilic fungi (requiring water activity > or = 0.9), and ergosterol with the health outcomes using logistic regression models. RESULTS In models adjusted for demographics, respiratory illnesses showed significant linear exposure-response relationships to total culturable fungi [interquartile range odds ratios (IQR-OR) = 1.37-1.72], hydrophilic fungi (IQR-OR = 1.45-2.19), and ergosterol (IQR-OR = 1.54-1.60) in floor and chair dusts. Of three outcomes analyzed, current asthma with postoccupancy physician diagnosis was most strongly associated with exposure to hydrophilic fungi in models adjusted for ergosterol, endotoxin, and demographics (IQR-OR = 2.09 for floor and 1.79 for chair dusts). Ergosterol levels in floor dust were significantly associated with epidemiologic asthma independent of culturable fungi (IQR-OR = 1.54-1.55). CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend the 2004 conclusions of the Institute of Medicine [Human health effects associated with damp indoor environments. In: Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington DC:National Academies Press, 183-269] by showing that mold levels in dust were associated with new-onset asthma in this damp indoor environment. Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol as measures of fungal biomass may have promise as markers of risk of building-related respiratory diseases in damp indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyeong Park
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Ng HE, Raj S, Wong S, Tey D, Tan HM. Estimation of fungal growth using the ergosterol assay: a rapid tool in assessing the microbiological status of grains and feeds. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:113-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Parsi Z, Górecki T. Determination of ergosterol as an indicator of fungal biomass in various samples using non-discriminating flash pyrolysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:145-50. [PMID: 16889786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol is the major sterol constituent of most fungi. Since it is present in negligible amounts in higher plants, it can be used as a chemical marker for the presence of fungal contamination. A number of different ergosterol assays have been developed for the quantification of fungi in various samples. The paper presents the development of a new method for ergosterol detection based on the combination of non-discriminating flash pyrolysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The design of the non-discriminating Py-GC/MS systems assures efficient transfer of high-molecular-weight pyrolysis products to the GC column for separation, followed by analyte detection by MS. The method was tested on different types of samples, including baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), moldy bread, indoor dust, and a leaf infected with powdery mildew. Ergosterol was detected in all these samples at levels ranging from approximately 4 mg/g for the baker's yeast to approximately 6 microg/g for household dust. The main benefits of non-discriminating pyrolysis over other techniques include elimination of the need for sample preparation, small sample size required and short analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Parsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Marín S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Comparison of methods for the assessment of growth of food spoilage moulds in solid substrates. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 99:329-41. [PMID: 15808367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the general suitability of ergosterol content, CFU, and colony diameters determinations for a range of fungi representing food spoilage moulds for the assessment of their growth on solid substrates, in particular intermediate moisture foods. Sixteen food-borne mould species were inoculated onto DG18 agar overlaid with cellophane, allowing determination of a direct measurement of biomass density weighing. The samples were also evaluated with regard to visible and microscopic colony diameters, total ergosterol content, Thoma counts, viable CFU counts, and so on. The same parameters were assayed in the spore suspensions obtained from those cultures. Data were evaluated by multivariate data analysis using projection methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), showing some groupings among the measured variables, mainly linked to the sporulating/nonsporulating nature of the different species tested. Ratios among the different variables were obtained, compared among the species, and evaluated along time (2-10 days). It was concluded that, as a general rule for all the species, ergosterol content and colony diameters were better correlated to fungal biomass dry weight than CFU counts were. Conversion factors were 0.3-3 microg ergosterol mg(-1) biomass dry weight and 76-227 mg biomass dry weight cm(-2), depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Marín
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, CeRTA-UTPV, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Ergosterol content in various fungal species and biocontaminated building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:138-42. [PMID: 9872771 PMCID: PMC90994 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.1.138-142.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the ergosterol content for microbial cultures of six filamentous fungi, three yeast species, and one actinomycete and the ergosterol levels in 40 samples of building materials (wood chip, gypsum board, and glass wool) contaminated by microorganisms. The samples were hydrolyzed in alkaline methanol, and sterols were silylated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The average ergosterol content varied widely among the fungal species over the range of 2.6 to 42 &mgr;g/ml of dry mass or 0.00011 to 17 pg/spore or cell. Ergosterol could not be detected in the actinomycete culture. The results for both the fungal cultures and building material samples supported the idea that the ergosterol content reflects the concentration of filamentous fungi but it underestimates the occurrence of yeast cells. The ergosterol content in building material samples ranged from 0.017 to 68 &mgr;g/g of dry mass of material. A good agreement between the ergosterol concentration and viable fungal concentrations was detected in the wood chip (r > 0.66, P </= 0.009) and gypsum board samples (r > 0.48, P </= 0.059), whereas no relationship between these factors was observed in the glass wool samples. For the pooled data of the building materials, the ergosterol content correlated significantly with the viable fungal levels (r > 0.63, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the ergosterol concentration could be a suitable marker for estimation of fungal concentrations in contaminated building materials with certain reservations, including the underestimation of yeast concentrations.
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Gessner MO, Schmitt AL. Use of solid-phase extraction to determine ergosterol concentrations in plant tissue colonized by fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:415-9. [PMID: 16535229 PMCID: PMC1388767 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.415-419.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the ergosterol and acetate-to-ergosterol techniques are generally considered to be the methods of choice to quantify fungal biomass, growth rate, and productivity under natural conditions. Both methods rely on the accurate isolation and quantification of ergosterol, a major membrane component of eumycotic fungi. Taking advantage of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique, we present a novel method to determine the ergosterol concentration in lipid extracts derived from plant tissues and dead organic matter colonized by fungi. In this method, a primary alkaline extract is acidified and passed through a reversed-phase (C(inf18)) SPE column. The column is then washed with an alkaline methanol-water solution to eliminate interfering substances and increase pH and is thoroughly dried in air. Ergosterol is eluted with alkaline isopropanol. This eluting solvent was chosen to produce a strongly basic pH of the final extract and thus confer stability on the ergosterol molecule before high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The recovery of ergosterol from plant tissues and the O(infhf) horizon of a woodland soil ranged from 85 to 98%, and the overall extraction efficiency was similar to that obtained by a conventional procedure involving liquid-liquid extraction. Potential pitfalls of ergosterol analysis by SPE include (i) insufficient acidification before sample loading on the extraction column, resulting in a poor affinity of ergosterol for the sorbent; (ii) incomplete drying of the sorbent bed before the elution step; and (iii) chemical breakdown of ergosterol after elution, which was found to be related to a low pH of the final extract and a high concentration of matrix compounds. When these pitfalls are avoided, SPE is an attractive alternative to existing methods of ergosterol analysis of environmental samples.
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