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Tomato Response to Fusarium spp. Infection under Field Conditions: Study of Potential Genes Involved. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world and is severely affected by Fusarium diseases. To successfully manage these diseases, new insights on the expression of plant–pathogen interaction genes involved in immunity responses to Fusarium spp. infection are required. The aim of this study was to assess the level of infection of Fusarium spp. in field tomato samples and to evaluate the differential expression of target genes involved in plant–pathogen interactions in groups presenting different infection levels. Our study was able to detect Fusarium spp. in 16 from a total of 20 samples, proving the effectiveness of the primer set designed in the ITS region for its detection, and allowed the identification of two main different species complexes: Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti. Results demonstrated that the level of infection positively influenced the expression of the transcription factor WRKY41 and the CBEF (calcium-binding EF hand family protein) genes, involved in plant innate resistance to pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the expression of tomato defense-related gene expression is studied in response to Fusarium infection under natural field conditions. We highlight the importance of these studies for the identification of candidate genes to incorporate new sources of resistance in tomato and achieve sustainable plant disease management.
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Palma-Guerrero J, Chancellor T, Spong J, Canning G, Hammond J, McMillan VE, Hammond-Kosack KE. Take-All Disease: New Insights into an Important Wheat Root Pathogen. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:836-848. [PMID: 33752966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Take-all disease, caused by the fungal root pathogen Gaeumannomyces tritici, is considered to be the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. Here we review the advances in take-all research over the last 15 years, focusing on the identification of new sources of genetic resistance in wheat relatives and the role of the microbiome in disease development. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in the molecular interactions between G. tritici and wheat, including genome and transcriptome analyses. These new findings will aid the development of novel control strategies against take-all disease. In light of this growing understanding, the G. tritici-wheat interaction could provide a model study system for root-infecting fungal pathogens of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
| | - Tania Chancellor
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jess Spong
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Gail Canning
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jess Hammond
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Vanessa E McMillan
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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3
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Vines PL, Hoffmann FG, Meyer F, Allen TW, Tomaso-Peterson M. Gaeumannomyces nanograminis, sp. nov., a hyphopodiate fungus identified from diseased roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass in the United States. Mycologia 2021; 113:938-948. [PMID: 34133260 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1911192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Gaeumannomyces (Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) includes root-infecting pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes. Morphological, biological, and phylogenetic analyses were employed to identify fungal isolates derived from turfgrass roots colonized with ectotrophic, dark runner hyphae. Phylogenetic trees for partial sequences of the 18S nuc rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer, and 28S nuc rDNA regions and of the minichromosome maintenance complex 7 (MCM7), largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) genes were obtained via maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our isolates consistently formed a distinct and highly supported clade within Gaeumannomyces. Common and distinctive biological and morphological characters reinforced these findings. Additionally, we conducted pathogenicity evaluations and demonstrated the ability of this fungus to colonize roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey), its native host, via ectotrophic, dark runner hyphae, causing disease symptoms including root discoloration and reduced root and shoot mass. Altogether, our discoveries enabled recognition and description of a new species, Gaeumannomyces nanograminis, associated with rotted roots of ultradwarf bermudagrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Vines
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Thomas W Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Maria Tomaso-Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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Zidek MJ, Yu L, Jochum M, Jo YK. Complexity of Gaeumannomyces species causing take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass in Texas. Mycologia 2021; 113:599-611. [PMID: 33851899 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1881735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Ggg) has been the etiological agent of take-all root rot (TARR) in St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and root decline of the other warm-season turfgrasses. Seventy-five Ggg isolates were obtained from St. Augustinegrass in central and east Texas. Evaluation of colony morphologies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) within 2 wk and follow-up multilocus phylogenic analyses revealed three phenotypic groups associated with different Gaeumannomyces species: (i) G. floridanus, highly melanized with round colony formation; (ii) G. arxii, none to slightly melanized with round colony formation; and (iii) G. graminicola, highly melanized with irregular colony formation. Further examination with representative isolates from each group revealed that their phenotypic characterizations supported the distinctive genetic groups within Ggg associated with St. Augustinegrass TARR. Gaeumannomyces floridanus isolates grew faster at warmer temperature (30 C) than G. arxii or G. graminicola. Pathogenicity assays using rice seedlings indicated that G. floridanus was more aggressive in disease symptom development than G. arxii or G. graminicola. A multilocus phylogeny reconstruction supported that most of Gaeumannomyces isolates tested in this study were separated into three phylogenetically distinct groups: G. floridanus, G. arxii, and G. graminicola. The resolution of intravarietal complexities of causal fungi of TARR is important for proper diagnostics and management strategies for TARR in St. Augustinegrass and other root-decline diseases in warm-season turfgrasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Zidek
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Michael Jochum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Young-Ki Jo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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5
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Lee S, Hanlin RT. Phylogenetic relationships of Chaetomium and similar genera based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7274, USA
| | - Richard. T. Hanlin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7274, USA
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6
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Polishook JD, Ondeyka JG, Dombrowski AW, Peláez F, Platas G, Teran AM. Biogeography and relatedness of Nodulisporium strains producing nodulisporic acid. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2001.12063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Polishook
- Merck Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - John G. Ondeyka
- Merck Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - Anne W. Dombrowski
- Merck Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
| | - Fernando Peláez
- Centro de Investigación Básica, Merck, Sharp & Dohme de España, S. A., Josefa Valcárcel, 38, Madrid, E-28027, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Platas
- Centro de Investigación Básica, Merck, Sharp & Dohme de España, S. A., Josefa Valcárcel, 38, Madrid, E-28027, Spain
| | - Ana M. Teran
- Centro de Investigación Básica, Merck, Sharp & Dohme de España, S. A., Josefa Valcárcel, 38, Madrid, E-28027, Spain
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Schoch CL, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. TheCylindrocladium candelabrumspecies complex includes four distinct mating populations. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L. Schoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Tree Pathology Co-operative Programme, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Identification of Fungi Associated with Processed-Food Contamination at Open Markets of Windhoek, Namibia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fouly HM, Wilkinson HT, Chen W. Restriction analysis of internal transcribed spacers and the small subunit gene of ribosomal DNA among fourGaeumannomycesspecies. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1997.12026823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanafy M. Fouly
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Henry T. Wilkinson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Weidong Chen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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10
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Waalwijk C, de Koning JR, Baayen RP, Gams W. Discordant groupings ofFusariumspp. from sectionsElegans, LiseolaandDlaminiabased on ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1996.12026663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cees Waalwijk
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacq R.A. de Koning
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Baayen
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Gams
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 273, 3740 AG Baarn, The Netherlands
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11
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Kuhls K, Lieckfeldt E, Samuels GJ, Meyer W, Kubicek CP, Börner T. Revision ofTrichodermasect.Longibrachiatumincluding related teleomorphs based on analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1997.12026803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Lieckfeldt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm.304, B-011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Microbiology, P.O. Box 3803, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Börner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie (Genetik), Chausseestr. 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Osborne SJ, McMillan VE, White R, Hammond-Kosack KE. Elite UK winter wheat cultivars differ in their ability to support the colonization of beneficial root-infecting fungi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3103-3115. [PMID: 29648609 PMCID: PMC5972604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In numerous countries, Gaeumannomyces species, within the Magnaporthaceae family, have previously been implicated in the suppression of take-all root disease in wheat. A UK arable isolate collection (n=47) was gathered and shown to contain Gaeumannomyces hyphopodioides and an unnamed Magnaporthaceae species. A novel seedling pot bioassay revealed that both species had a similar ability to colonize cereal roots; however, rye (Secale cereale) was only poorly colonized by the Magnaporthaceae species. To evaluate the ability of 40 elite UK winter wheat cultivars to support soil inoculum of beneficial soil-dwelling fungi, two field experiments were carried out using a naturally infested arable site in south-east England. The elite cultivars grown in the first wheat situation differed in their ability to support G. hyphopodioides inoculum, measured by colonization on Hereward as the subsequent wheat in a seedling soil core bioassay. In addition, the root colonization ability of G. hyphopodioides was influenced by the choice of the second wheat cultivar. Nine cultivars supported the colonization of the beneficial root fungus. Our findings provide evidence of complex host genotype-G. hyphopodioides interactions occurring under field conditions. This new knowledge could provide an additional soil-based crop genetic management strategy to help combat take-all root disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Osborne
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Vanessa E McMillan
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rodger White
- Department of Computational and Analytical Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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Saleh AA, Leslie JF. Cephalosporium maydisis a distinct species in theGaeumannomyces-Harpophoraspecies complex. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502
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Bussaban B, Lumyong S, Lumyong P, Seelanan T, Park D, McKenzie E, Hyde K. Molecular and morphological characterization ofPyriculariaand allied genera. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - P. Lumyong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 50200
| | - T. Seelanan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - K.D. Hyde
- Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Abstract
Take-all disease of Poaceae is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Magnaporthaceae). Four varieties are recognised in G. graminis based on ascospore size, hyphopodial morphology and host preference. The aim of the present study was to clarify boundaries among species and varieties in Gaeumannomyces by combining morphology and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on partial gene sequences of ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb1. Two new genera, Falciphoriella and Gaeumannomycella were subsequently introduced in Magnaporthaceae. The resulting phylogeny revealed several cryptic species previously overlooked within Gaeumannomyces. Isolates of Gaeumannomyces were distributed in four main clades, from which 19 species could be delimited, 12 of which were new to science. Our results show that the former varieties Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici represent species phylogenetically distinct from G. graminis, for which the new combinations G. avenae and G. tritici are introduced. Based on molecular data, morphology and host preferences, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. maydis is proposed as a synonym of G. radicicola. Furthermore, an epitype for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae was designated to help stabilise the application of that name.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hernández-Restrepo
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M.L. Elliott
- University of Florida – IFAS, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale (Davie), FL 33314, USA
| | - G. Canning
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - V.E. McMillan
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Molecular detection and genotyping of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii isolates from different agro-ecological regions of India. J Microbiol 2013; 51:405-12. [PMID: 23990290 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty one isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Fop), causing a vascular wilt in guava (Psidium guajava L.), were collected from different agro-ecological regions of India. The pathogenicity test was performed in guava seedlings, where the Fop isolates were found to be highly pathogenic. All 21 isolates were confirmed as F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii by a newly developed, species-specific primer against the conserved regions of 28S rDNA and the intergenic spacer region. RAPD and PCR-RFLP were used for genotyping the isolates to determine their genetic relationships. Fifteen RAPD primers were tested, of which five primers produced prominent, polymorphic, and reproducible bands. RAPD yielded an average of 6.5 polymorphic bands per primer, with the amplified DNA fragments ranging from 200-2,000 bp in size. A dendrogram constructed from these data indicated a 22-74% level of homology. In RFLP analysis, two major bands (350 and 220 bp) were commonly present in all isolates of F. oxysporum. These findings provide new insight for rapid, specific, and sensitive disease diagnosis. However, genotyping could be useful in strain-level discrimination of isolates from different agro-ecological regions of India.
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Geisler K, Hughes RK, Sainsbury F, Lomonossoff GP, Rejzek M, Fairhurst S, Olsen CE, Motawia MS, Melton RE, Hemmings AM, Bak S, Osbourn A. Biochemical analysis of a multifunctional cytochrome P450 (CYP51) enzyme required for synthesis of antimicrobial triterpenes in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3360-7. [PMID: 23940321 PMCID: PMC3761579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309157110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the cytochromes P450 superfamily (P450s) catalyze a huge variety of oxidation reactions in microbes and higher organisms. Most P450 families are highly divergent, but in contrast the cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase (CYP51) family is one of the most ancient and conserved, catalyzing sterol 14α-demethylase reactions required for essential sterol synthesis across the fungal, animal, and plant kingdoms. Oats (Avena spp.) produce antimicrobial compounds, avenacins, that provide protection against disease. Avenacins are synthesized from the simple triterpene, β-amyrin. Previously we identified a gene encoding a member of the CYP51 family of cytochromes P450, AsCyp51H10 (also known as Saponin-deficient 2, Sad2), that is required for avenacin synthesis in a forward screen for avenacin-deficient oat mutants. sad2 mutants accumulate β-amyrin, suggesting that they are blocked early in the pathway. Here, using a transient plant expression system, we show that AsCYP51H10 is a multifunctional P450 capable of modifying both the C and D rings of the pentacyclic triterpene scaffold to give 12,13β-epoxy-3β,16β-dihydroxy-oleanane (12,13β-epoxy-16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin). Molecular modeling and docking experiments indicate that C16 hydroxylation is likely to precede C12,13 epoxidation. Our computational modeling, in combination with analysis of a suite of sad2 mutants, provides insights into the unusual catalytic behavior of AsCYP51H10 and its active site mutants. Fungal bioassays show that the C12,13 epoxy group is an important determinant of antifungal activity. Accordingly, the oat AsCYP51H10 enzyme has been recruited from primary metabolism and has acquired a different function compared to other characterized members of the plant CYP51 family--as a multifunctional stereo- and regio-specific hydroxylase in plant specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Geisler
- Departments of Metabolic Biology and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Richard K. Hughes
- Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Rejzek
- Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Fairhurst
- Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Carl-Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | | | - Andrew M. Hemmings
- Schools of Chemistry and
- Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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19
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Sequencing evidence for differentiation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici isolates originated from wheat and rye. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Simultaneous monitoring of two fungal genotypes on plant roots by single nucleotide polymorphism quantification with an innovative KASPar quantitative PCR. Mycol Prog 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-012-0872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yun Y, Yu F, Wang N, Chen H, Yin Y, Ma Z. Sensitivity to silthiofam, tebuconazole and difenoconazole of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici isolates from China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1156-1163. [PMID: 22411909 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) has become an emerging threat to wheat production in the last few years. Silthiofam is very effective against Ggt, and recently it has been widely used for the control of take-all in China. However, farmers have noted a decline in control efficacy with this compound in some wheat fields, suggesting that the pathogen may have developed resistance to silthiofam. RESULTS Of the 66 Ggt isolates collected from different locations in China, 27 were resistant to silthiofam. There was no cross-resistance between silthiofam and tecuconazole or difenoconazole. The effectiveness of silthiofam in controlling take-all was compromised on wheat inoculated with silthiofam-resistant isolates. Based on the DNA fingerprinting generated by microsatellite PCR, two predominant genetic clusters were found among these isolates and were clearly associated with the sensitivity to silthiofam. CONCLUSION Silthiofam has a high risk in the development of resistance in Ggt. Tebuconazole and difenoconazole show great potential for control of take-all on wheat. Results from this study provide useful information for take-all control and the management of fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kwak YS, Bakker PAHM, Glandorf DCM, Rice JT, Paulitz TC, Weller DM. Isolation, characterization, and sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol of isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington wheat fields. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 100:404-414. [PMID: 20373960 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-5-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces-Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 microg ml(-1). A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Sig Kwak
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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Yuan ZL, Lin FC, Zhang CL, Kubicek CP. A new species of Harpophora (Magnaporthaceae) recovered from healthy wild rice (Oryza granulata) roots, representing a novel member of a beneficial dark septate endophyte. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 307:94-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Tucker SL, Besi MI, Galhano R, Franceschetti M, Goetz S, Lenhert S, Osbourn A, Sesma A. Common genetic pathways regulate organ-specific infection-related development in the rice blast fungus. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:953-72. [PMID: 20348434 PMCID: PMC2861474 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.066340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the most important fungal pathogen of rice (Oryza sativa). Under laboratory conditions, it is able to colonize both aerial and underground plant organs using different mechanisms. Here, we characterize an infection-related development in M. oryzae produced on hydrophilic polystyrene (PHIL-PS) and on roots. We show that fungal spores develop preinvasive hyphae (pre-IH) from hyphopodia (root penetration structures) or germ tubes and that pre-IH also enter root cells. Changes in fungal cell wall structure accompanying pre-IH are seen on both artificial and root surfaces. Using characterized mutants, we show that the PMK1 (for pathogenicity mitogen-activated protein kinase 1) pathway is required for pre-IH development. Twenty mutants with altered pre-IH differentiation on PHIL-PS identified from an insertional library of 2885 M. oryzae T-DNA transformants were found to be defective in pathogenicity. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants revealed that appressorium, hyphopodium, and pre-IH formation are genetically linked fungal developmental processes. We further characterized one of these mutants, M1373, which lacked the M. oryzae ortholog of exportin-5/Msn5p (EXP5). Mutants lacking EXP5 were much less virulent on roots, suggesting an important involvement of proteins and/or RNAs transported by EXP5 during M. oryzae root infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Tucker
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria I. Besi
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Galhano
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Franceschetti
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Goetz
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Sesma
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Kwak YS, Bakker PAHM, Glandorf DCM, Rice JT, Paulitz TC, Weller DM. Diversity, virulence, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol sensitivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici isolates from Washington state. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:472-479. [PMID: 19351242 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-5-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We determined whether isolates of the take-all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici become less sensitive to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) during wheat monoculture as a result of exposure to the antibiotic over multiple growing seasons. Isolates of G. graminis var. tritici were baited from roots of native grasses collected from noncropped fields and from roots of wheat from fields with different cropping histories near Lind, Ritzville, Pullman, and Almota, WA. Isolates were characterized by using morphological traits, G. graminis variety-specific polymerase chain reaction and pathogenicity tests. The sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was determined by measuring radial growth of each isolate. The 90% effective dose value was 3.1 to 4.4 microg ml(-1) for 2,4-DAPG-sensitive isolates, 4.5 to 6.1 microg ml(-1) for moderately sensitive isolates, and 6.2 to 11.1 microg ml(-1) for less sensitive isolates. Sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was normally distributed in all fields and was not correlated with geographic origin or cropping history of the field. There was no correlation between virulence on wheat and geographical origin, or virulence and sensitivity to 2,4-DAPG. These results indicate that G. graminis var. tritici does not become less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG during extended wheat monoculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Sig Kwak
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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Genetic structure and aggressiveness of Erysiphe necator populations during grapevine powdery mildew epidemics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6327-32. [PMID: 18723657 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01200-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolates of the causal ascomycete of grapevine powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator, correspond to two genetically differentiated groups (A and B) that coexist on the same host. This coexistence was analyzed by investigating temporal changes in the genetic and phenotypic structures of E. necator populations during three epidemics. Group A was present only at the start of the growing season, whereas group B was present throughout all three epidemics. Group A was less aggressive in terms of germination and infection efficiency but was more aggressive than group B in terms of the latency period, lesion diameter, and spore production. Our results are consistent with a temporal differentiation of niches, preventing recombination, and suggest an association between the disease level and the frequencies of genetic groups.
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Sreenivasa M, González Jaen MT, Sharmila Dass R, Charith Raj A, Janardhana GR. A PCR-Based Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of Potential Fumonisin-ProducingFusarium verticillioidesIsolated from Indian Maize Kernels. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430802043206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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SREENIVASA M, DASS REGINASHARMILA, RAJ ACHARITH, JANARDHANA G. PCR METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF GENUS FUSARIUM AND FUMONISIN-PRODUCING ISOLATES FROM FRESHLY HARVESTED SORGHUM GRAINS GROWN IN KARNATAKA, INDIA. J Food Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2008.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lebreton L, Gosme M, Lucas P, Guillerm-Erckelboudt AY, Sarniguet A. Linear relationship between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) genotypic frequencies and disease severity on wheat roots in the field. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:492-9. [PMID: 17222147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate potential links existing between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) population structure and disease development during polyetic take-all epidemics in sequences of Ggt host cereals, seven epidemics in fields with different cropping histories were monitored during the seasons 2001/2002 (two fields), 2002/2003 (two fields) and 2003/2004 (three fields). Take-all incidence and severity were measured at stem elongation and Ggt populations were characterized. The 73 isolates collected in the two fields in 2001/2002 were distributed into two multilocus genotypes, G1 and G2 according to amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. A monolocus molecular marker amplified by F-12 random amplification polymorphism DNA primer sizing between 1.9 and 2.0 kb that gave strictly the same distinction between the two multilocus genotypes was further applied to measure G1/G2 frequencies among Ggt populations in all fields (266 isolates). The ratios of G1 to G2 differed between fields with different cropping histories. A linear relationship between G2 frequency among Ggt populations and disease severity at stem elongation was measured during the three cropping seasons. When take-all decline was observed, G2 frequencies were low in first wheat crops, highest in short-term sequences and intermediate in longer sequences of consecutive crops of Ggt host cereals. This pattern could be the result of population selection by environmental conditions, in particular by microbial antagonism during the parasitic phase of the fungus. In order to better understand take-all epidemic dynamics, the distinction between these two genotypes could be a basis to develop models that link approaches of quantitative epidemiology and advances in population genetics of Ggt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lebreton
- INRA UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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30
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Lebreton L, Lucas P, Dugas F, Guillerm AY, Schoeny A, Sarniguet A. Changes in population structure of the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici during continuous wheat cropping. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6:1174-85. [PMID: 15479250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to assess the genetic structure of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) populations and test the hypothesis of an association between disease level in the field with changes in pathogen populations. A long-term wheat monoculture experiment, established since 1994, generated different take-all epidemics with varying the number of wheat crop successions in the 1999-2000 cropping season. Genetic polymorphism in Ggt populations was investigated over natural, local epidemics. Four populations of 30 isolates were isolated from necrotic wheat roots in a first, third, fourth, and sixth wheat crop in the same year. Each Ggt isolate was characterized with RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphism DNA) markers and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) fingerprinting. Seventeen multilocus genotypes based on the combination of RAPD and AFLP markers were identified among all these populations. The 120 isolates were divided into two main groups, G1 and G2, according to bootstrap values higher than 86%, except for an unique isolate from the third wheat crop. Within each group, populations ranged between 93 and 100% similarity. Both groups included isolates collected from the first, third, fourth or sixth wheat crop. However, G1 group profiles dominated amongst isolates sampled in the first and the sixth wheat crops, whereas G2 group profiles largely dominated amongst isolates collected from the third and fourth wheat crops. Aggressiveness of group G2 (38%) was significantly greater than that of G1 (29.5%). These results suggest that changes in Ggt population structure occur during continuous wheat cropping. The distinction of two Ggt groups provides a simple basis for further spatio-temporal analysis of Ggt population during polyetic take-all decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lebreton
- INRA UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliquée à la Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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31
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Freeman J, Ward E. Gaeumannomyces graminis, the take-all fungus and its relatives. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2004; 5:235-252. [PMID: 20565593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Take-all, caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. Many years of intensive research, reflected by the large volume of literature on take-all, has led to a considerable degree of understanding of many aspects of the disease. However, effective and economic control of the disease remains difficult. The application of molecular techniques to study G. graminis and related fungi has resulted in some significant advances, particularly in the development of improved methods for identification and in elucidating the role of the enzyme avenacinase as a pathogenicity determinant in the closely related oat take-all fungus (G. graminis var. avenae). Some progress in identifying other factors that may be involved in determining host range and pathogenicity has been made, despite the difficulties of performing genetic analyses and the lack of a reliable transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Freeman
- Wheat Pathogenesis Programme, Plant-Pathogen Interactions Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK
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32
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Guilleroux M, Osbourn A. Gene expression during infection of wheat roots by the 'take-all' fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2004; 5:203-16. [PMID: 20565610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The infection of plants by pathogenic microbes and the subsequent establishment of disease involves substantial changes in the biochemistry and physiology of both partners. Analysis of genes that are expressed during these interactions represents a powerful strategy to obtain insights into the molecular events underlying these changes. Root diseases have considerable economic impact but have not been characterized extensively at the molecular genetic level. Here we have used two complementary approaches-suppression subtractive hybridization and expressed sequence tag analysis of an unsubtracted cDNA library-to investigate gene expression during the early stages of colonization of wheat roots by the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guilleroux
- IBP, Bat 630, Université Paris Sud, Orsay 91405, France
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Abstract
Mycelia of two strains of Magnaporthe grisea, Guy 11 and TH3, were incubated with linoleic acid, and the metabolites were isolated and identified by GC-MS and LC-MS. The two main metabolites were identified as 8-hydroxylinoleic and 7,8-dihydroxylinoleic acids, and the former was further oxidized by n-2 and by n-3 hydroxylation to 8,16- and 8,17-dihydroxylinoleic acids. Lipoxygenase metabolites of linoleic acid could not be detected. The sequence of the genome of M. grisea has been released from the Whitehead Institute; it contains a gene with close homology to the linoleate diol synthase gene of the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis. Both genes appear to have the same organization, with four exons and three short introns, and the intron-exon borders were determined by reverse-transcription PCR and sequencing. The linoleate diol synthase precursor of G. graminis consists of 978 amino acids, whereas the putative diol synthase precursor of M. grisea contains 987 amino acids. The diol synthases of G. graminis and M. grisea can be aligned with 65% identical and 78% positive amino acid residues, and catalytically important amino acid residues were conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Cristea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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McCartney HA, Foster SJ, Fraaije BA, Ward E. Molecular diagnostics for fungal plant pathogens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:129-142. [PMID: 12587866 DOI: 10.1002/ps.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of fungal phytopathogens is essential for virtually all aspects of plant pathology, from fundamental research on the biology of pathogens to the control of the diseases they cause. Although molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are routinely used in the diagnosis of human diseases, they are not yet widely used to detect and identify plant pathogens. Here we review some of the diagnostic tools currently used for fungal plant pathogens and describe some novel applications. Technological advances in PCR-based methods, such as real-time PCR, allow fast, accurate detection and quantification of plant pathogens and are now being applied to practical problems. Molecular methods have been used to detect several pathogens simultaneously in wheat, and to study the development of fungicide resistance in wheat pathogens. Information resulting from such work could be used to improve disease control by allowing more rational decisions to be made about the choice and use of fungicides and resistant cultivars. Molecular methods have also been applied to the study of variation in plant pathogen populations, for example detection of different mating types or virulence types. PCR-based methods can provide new tools to monitor the exposure of a crop to pathogen inoculum that are more reliable and faster than conventional methods. This information can be used to improve disease control decision making. The development and application of molecular diagnostic methods in the future is discussed and we expect that new developments will increase the adoption of these new technologies for the diagnosis and study of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alastair McCartney
- Plant Pathogen Interactions Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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Heavily-melanized variants of the sexual Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici are non-pathogenic and indistinguishable from the asexual, Phialophora state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Somai BM, Dean RA, Farnham MW, Zitter TA, Keinath AP. Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions 1 and 2 and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Didymella bryoniae and Related Phoma Species Isolated from Cucurbits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 92:997-1004. [PMID: 18944025 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.9.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups.
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Characterization of two laccase genes of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis and their differential transcription in melanin mutants and wild type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Rachdawong S, Cramer CL, Grabau EA, Stromberg VK, Lacy GH, Stromberg EL. Gaeumannomyces graminis vars. avenae, graminis, and tritici Identified Using PCR Amplification of Avenacinase-like Genes. PLANT DISEASE 2002; 86:652-660. [PMID: 30823240 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying take-all pathogens, Gaeumannomyces graminis varieties avenae (Gga), graminis (Ggg), and tritici (Ggt), is difficult. Rapid identification is important for development of disease thresholds. We developed a single-tube, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method differentiating among Gga, Ggg, and Ggt. Nucleotide base sequence analyses of avenacinase-like genes from Gga, Ggg, and Ggt isolates provided the basis for designing variety-specific primers. Sequences from Ggg and Ggt were highly related (99% identity), but Gga sequences were <95% identical to Ggg and Ggt sequences. Three 5' primers specific for Gga, Ggt, and Ggg and a single 3' common primer allowed amplification of variety-specific fragments of 617, 870, and 1,086 bp, respectively. Each 5' primer was specific in mixed populations of primers and templates. No PCR products were amplified from related fungi including Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus and Phialophora spp. We surveyed 16 putative Ggt isolates using our assay; nine produced Ggt-specific fragments and seven produced Ggg-specific fragments. Five Gga isolates produced Gga-specific fragments. However, Gga- and Ggt-specific fragments were observed from a sixth Gga isolate, RB-W, which indicates a mixed culture or a heterokaryon. Our single-tube, PCR method rapidly differentiates among the important take-all pathogens commonly encountered together in cereal fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansanalak Rachdawong
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Carole L Cramer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0330
| | - Elizabeth A Grabau
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0330
| | - Verlyn K Stromberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0330
| | - George H Lacy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0330
| | - Erik L Stromberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0330
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39
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Chen W, Gray LE, Kurle JE, Grau CR. Specific detection ofPhialophora gregataandPlectosporium tabacinumin infected soybean plants using polymerase chain reaction. Mol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA,,
| | - Lynn E. Gray
- USDA‐ARS, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 1004 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,,
| | - James E. Kurle
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig R. Grau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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Castella G, Larsen TO, Cabanes J, Schmidt H, Alboresi A, Niessen L, Färber P, Geisen R. Molecular characterization of ochratoxin A producing strains of the genus Penicillium. Syst Appl Microbiol 2002; 25:74-83. [PMID: 12086192 DOI: 10.1078/0723-2020-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-six strains classified as P. verrucosum based on morphological criteria were characterized by molecular methods like RAPD, AFLP and ITS sequencing. Two groups could be identified by RAPD and AFLP analyses. The two RAPD as well as the two AFLP groups were completely coincidental. Strains in the two groups differed in their ability to produce ochratoxin A, with group I containing mainly high producing strains, and group II containing moderate to non-producing strains. The strains from group I originate from foods, such as cheeses and meat products, while the strains from group II originate from plants. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences were similar, except for two single nucleotide exchanges in several strains of each group. A chemotaxonomical analysis of some of the strains identified differences between the groups in secondary metabolite production. Strains from group I possessed the chemotype of P. nordicum and strains from group II that of P. verrucosum. The differences at the RAPD and AFLP level, which parallel the chemotypic differences, are consistent with the recent reclassification of ochratoxin A producing penicillia to be either P. verrucosum or P. nordicum. The homolgy between the ITS sequences however indicates phylogenetic relationship between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Castella
- Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autòmoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Genetic drift and host-mediated selection cause genetic differentiation among Gaeumannomyces graminis populations infecting cereals in southern Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(08)61948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dufresne M, Osbourn AE. Definition of tissue-specific and general requirements for plant infection in a phytopathogenic fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:300-307. [PMID: 11277427 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although plant diseases are usually characterized by the part of the plant that is affected (e.g., leaf spots, root rots, wilts), surprisingly little is known about the factors that condition the ability of pathogens to colonize different plant tissues. Here we demonstrate that the leaf blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea also can infect plant roots, and we exploit this finding to distinguish tissue-specific and general requirements for plant infection. Tests of a M. grisea mutant collection identified some mutants that were defective specifically in infection of either leaves or roots, and others such as the map kinase mutant pmk1 that were generally defective in pathogenicity. Conservation of a functional PMK1-related MAP kinase in the root pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis was also demonstrated. Exploitation of the ability of M. grisea to infect distinct plant tissues thus represents a powerful tool for the comprehensive dissection of genetic determinants of tissue specificity and global requirements for plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dufresne
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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Bulat SA, Lübeck M, Alekhina IA, Jensen DF, Knudsen IM, Lübeck PS. Identification of a universally primed-PCR-derived sequence-characterized amplified region marker for an antagonistic strain of Clonostachys rosea and development of a strain-specific PCR detection assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4758-63. [PMID: 11055920 PMCID: PMC92376 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.11.4758-4763.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2000] [Accepted: 08/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a PCR detection method that selectively recognizes a single biological control agent and demonstrated that universally primed PCR (UP-PCR) can identify strain-specific markers. Antagonistic strains of Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum) were screened by UP-PCR, and a strain-specific marker was identified for strain GR5. No significant sequence homology was found between this marker and any other sequences in the databases. Southern blot analysis of the PCR product revealed that the marker represented a single-copy sequence specific for strain GR5. The marker was converted into a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), and a specific PCR primer pair was designed. Eighty-two strains, isolated primarily from Danish soils, and 31 soil samples, originating from different localities, were tested, and this specificity was confirmed. Two strains responded to the SCAR primers under suboptimal PCR conditions, and the amplified sequences from these strains were similar, but not identical, to the GR5 marker. Soil assays in which total DNA was extracted from GR5-infested and noninoculated field soils showed that the SCAR primers could detect GR5 in a pool of mixed DNA and that no other soil microorganisms present contained sequences amplified by the primers. The assay developed will be useful for monitoring biological control agents released into natural field soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bulat
- Laboratory of Eukaryote Genetics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
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Fouly HM, Wilkinson HT. Detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis Varieties Using Polymerase Chain Reaction with Variety-Specific Primers. PLANT DISEASE 2000; 84:947-951. [PMID: 30832025 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2000.84.9.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis, the causal agent of take-all disease in wheat, oats, and turfgrass. NS5 and NS6 universal primers amplified the middle region of 18S ribosomal DNA of Gaeumannomyces species and varieties. Primers GGT-RP (5' TGCAATGGCTTCGTGAA 3') and GGA-RP (5' TTTGTGTGTGAC CATAC 3') were developed by sequence analysis of cloned NS5-NS6 fragments. The primer pair NS5:GGT-RP amplified a single 410-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, a single 300-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. avenae, and no amplification products from isolates of G. graminis var. graminis or other species of Gaeumannomyces. The primer pair NS5:GGA-RP amplified a single 400-bp fragment from isolates of varieties tritici and avenae. Two sets of primer pairs (NS5:GGT-RP and NS5:GGA-RP) were used in PCR reactions to detect and identify the varieties tritici and avenae either colonizing wheat, oats, or grass roots, or in culture. No amplification products were observed using DNA extracted from plants infected with eight other soilborne fungal pathogens or from uninoculated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Fouly
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - H T Wilkinson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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ITS sequencing support for Epicoccum nigrum and Phoma epicoccina being the same biological species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Taylor DL, Bruns TD. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Mol Ecol 1999; 8:1837-50. [PMID: 10620228 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated colonization strategies by comparing the abundance and frequency of ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots in a mature Pinus muricata forest with those present as resistant propagules colonizing potted seedlings grown in the same soil samples. Thirty-seven fungal species were distinguished by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs); most were identified to species level by sporocarp RFLP matches or to genus/family level by using sequence databases for the mitochondrial and nuclear large-subunit rRNA genes. The below-ground fungal community found in the mature forest contrasted markedly with the resistant propagule community, as only four species were found in both communities. The dominant species in the mature forest were members of the Russulaceae, Thelephorales and Amanitaceae. In contrast, the resistant propagule community was dominated by Rhizopogon species and by species of the Ascomycota. Only one species, Tomentella sublilacina (Thelephorales), was common in both communities. The spatial distribution of mycorrhizae on mature roots and propagules in the soil differed among the dominant species. For example, T. sublilacina mycorrhizae exhibited a unique bias toward the organic horizons, Russula brevipes mycorrhizae were denser and more clumped than those of other species and Cenococcum propagules were localized, whereas R. subcaerulescens propagules were evenly distributed. We suggest that species differences in resource preferences and colonization strategies, such as those documented here, contribute to the maintenance of species richness in the ectomycorrhizal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3102, USA.
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Ruiz-Díez B, Martínez-Suárez JV. Electrotransformation of the human pathogenic fungus Scedosporium prolificans mediated by repetitive rDNA sequences. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 25:275-82. [PMID: 10459582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regions encoding the 5.8S rRNA and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITSI and ITSII) from two isolates of the human pathogenic fungus Scedosporium prolificans and one isolate of the taxonomically related species Pseudallescheria boydii (S. apiospermum) were sequenced. The sequences of the two S. prolificans isolates were identical. However, there were minor differences between both species. Phylogenetic analysis of known fungal sequences confirmed a close relationship between S. prolificans and P. boydii. An attempt was made to transform S. prolificans by electroporation using a plasmid vector, pMLF2, bearing the Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) under the control of Aspergillus nidulans promoter and terminator sequences. To increase transformation efficiency, the sequenced ribosomal cluster of S. prolificans was used to construct a new vector for homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz-Díez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain
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Carter JP, Spink J, Cannon PF, Daniels MJ, Osbourn AE. Isolation, characterization, and avenacin sensitivity of a diverse collection of cereal-root-colonizing fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3364-72. [PMID: 10427021 PMCID: PMC91506 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3364-3372.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 161 fungal isolates were obtained from the surface-sterilized roots of field-grown oat and wheat plants in order to investigate the nature of the root-colonizing fungi supported by these two cereals. Fungi were initially grouped according to their colony morphologies and then were further characterized by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. The collection contained a wide range of ascomycetes and also some basidiomycete fungi. The fungi were subsequently assessed for their abilities to tolerate and degrade the antifungal oat root saponin, avenacin A-1. Nearly all the fungi obtained from oat roots were avenacin A-1 resistant, while both avenacin-sensitive and avenacin-resistant fungi were isolated from the roots of the non-saponin-producing cereal, wheat. The majority of the avenacin-resistant fungi were able to degrade avenacin A-1. These experiments suggest that avenacin A-1 is likely to influence the development of fungal communities within (and possibly also around) oat roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Carter
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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