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Wätjen AP, De Vero L, Carmona EN, Sberveglieri V, Huang W, Turner MS, Bang-Berthelsen CH. Leuconostoc performance in soy-based fermentations - Survival, acidification, sugar metabolism, and flavor comparisons. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104337. [PMID: 37567639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Leuconostoc spp. is often regarded as the flavor producer, responsible for the production of acetoin and diacetyl in dairy cheese. In this study, we investigate seven plant-derived Leuconostoc strains, covering four species, in their potential as a lyophilized starter culture for flavor production in fermented soy-based cheese alternatives. We show that the process of lyophilization of Leuconostoc can be feasible using a soy-based lyoprotectant, with survivability up to 63% during long term storage. Furthermore, the storage in this media improves the subsequent growth in a soy-based substrate in a strain specific manner. The utilization of individual raffinose family oligosaccharides was strain dependent, with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides NFICC99 being the best consumer. Furthermore, we show that all investigated strains were able to produce a range of volatile flavor compounds found in dairy cheese products, as well as remove certain dairy off-flavors from the soy-based substrate like hexanal and 2-pentylfuran. Also here, NFICC99 was strain producing most cheese-related volatile flavor compounds, followed by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NFICC319. These findings provide initial insights into the development of Leuconostoc as a potential starter culture for plant-based dairy alternatives, as well as a promising approach for generation of stable, lyophilized cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Peter Wätjen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luciana De Vero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Estefania Núñez Carmona
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via J.F. Kennedy, 17/i, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Veronica Sberveglieri
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via J.F. Kennedy, 17/i, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Nano Sensor Systems, NASYS Spin-Off University of Brescia, 25125, Brescia, Italy
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark S Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Pretorius N, Engelbrecht L, Du Toit M. Influence of sugars and pH on the citrate metabolism of different lactic acid bacteria strains in a synthetic wine matrix. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1490-1500. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Pretorius
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - L. Engelbrecht
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - M. Du Toit
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology and Department of Viticulture and Oenology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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Frantzen CA, Kot W, Pedersen TB, Ardö YM, Broadbent JR, Neve H, Hansen LH, Dal Bello F, Østlie HM, Kleppen HP, Vogensen FK, Holo H. Genomic Characterization of Dairy Associated Leuconostoc Species and Diversity of Leuconostocs in Undefined Mixed Mesophilic Starter Cultures. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28217118 PMCID: PMC5289962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undefined mesophilic mixed (DL-type) starter cultures are composed of predominantly Lactococcus lactis subspecies and 1-10% Leuconostoc spp. The composition of the Leuconostoc population in the starter culture ultimately affects the characteristics and the quality of the final product. The scientific basis for the taxonomy of dairy relevant leuconostocs can be traced back 50 years, and no documentation on the genomic diversity of leuconostocs in starter cultures exists. We present data on the Leuconostoc population in five DL-type starter cultures commonly used by the dairy industry. The analyses were performed using traditional cultivation methods, and further augmented by next-generation DNA sequencing methods. Bacterial counts for starter cultures cultivated on two different media, MRS and MPCA, revealed large differences in the relative abundance of leuconostocs. Most of the leuconostocs in two of the starter cultures were unable to grow on MRS, emphasizing the limitations of culture-based methods and the importance of careful media selection or use of culture independent methods. Pan-genomic analysis of 59 Leuconostoc genomes enabled differentiation into twelve robust lineages. The genomic analyses show that the dairy-associated leuconostocs are highly adapted to their environment, characterized by the acquisition of genotype traits, such as the ability to metabolize citrate. In particular, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris display telltale signs of a degenerative evolution, likely resulting from a long period of growth in milk in association with lactococci. Great differences in the metabolic potential between Leuconostoc species and subspecies were revealed. Using targeted amplicon sequencing, the composition of the Leuconostoc population in the five commercial starter cultures was shown to be significantly different. Three of the cultures were dominated by Ln. mesenteroides subspecies cremoris. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides dominated in two of the cultures while Leuconostoc lactis, reported to be a major constituent in fermented dairy products, was only present in low amounts in one of the cultures. This is the first in-depth study of Leuconostoc genomics and diversity in dairy starter cultures. The results and the techniques presented may be of great value for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril A. Frantzen
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Ylva M. Ardö
- Department of Food Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeff R. Broadbent
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State UniversityLogan, UT, USA
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Lars H. Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Hilde M. Østlie
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Hans P. Kleppen
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
- ACD Pharmaceuticals ASLeknes, Norway
| | - Finn K. Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helge Holo
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
- TINE SAOslo, Norway
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Drici H, Gilbert C, Kihal M, Atlan D. Atypical citrate-fermentingLactococcus lactisstrains isolated from dromedaryâs milk. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:647-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vaningelgem F, Ghijsels V, Tsakalidou E, De Vuyst L. Cometabolism of citrate and glucose by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198 in the absence of cellular growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:319-26. [PMID: 16391060 PMCID: PMC1352224 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.319-326.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198, an isolate from Greek Feta cheese, was studied in modified MRS (mMRS) medium under different pH conditions and glucose and citrate concentrations. In the absence of glucose, this strain was able to metabolize citrate in a pH range from constant pH 5.0 to 7.0. At a constant pH 8.0, no citrate was metabolized, although growth took place. The main end products of citrate metabolism were acetate, formate, acetoin, and carbon dioxide, whereas ethanol and diacetyl were present in smaller amounts. In the presence of glucose, citrate was cometabolized, but it did not contribute to growth. Also, more acetate and less acetoin were formed compared to growth in mMRS medium and in the absence of glucose. Most of the citrate was consumed during the stationary phase, indicating that energy generated by citrate metabolism was used for maintenance. Experiments with cell-free fermented mMRS medium indicated that E. faecium FAIR-E 198 was able to metabolize another energy source present in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Vaningelgem
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing, Department of Applied Biological Sciences and Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Sobczak I, Lolkema JS. The 2-hydroxycarboxylate transporter family: physiology, structure, and mechanism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 69:665-95. [PMID: 16339740 PMCID: PMC1306803 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.665-695.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-hydroxycarboxylate transporter family is a family of secondary transporters found exclusively in the bacterial kingdom. They function in the metabolism of the di- and tricarboxylates malate and citrate, mostly in fermentative pathways involving decarboxylation of malate or oxaloacetate. These pathways are found in the class Bacillales of the low-CG gram-positive bacteria and in the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The pathways have evolved into a remarkable diversity in terms of the combinations of enzymes and transporters that built the pathways and of energy conservation mechanisms. The transporter family includes H+ and Na+ symporters and precursor/product exchangers. The proteins consist of a bundle of 11 transmembrane helices formed from two homologous domains containing five transmembrane segments each, plus one additional segment at the N terminus. The two domains have opposite orientations in the membrane and contain a pore-loop or reentrant loop structure between the fourth and fifth transmembrane segments. The two pore-loops enter the membrane from opposite sides and are believed to be part of the translocation site. The binding site is located asymmetrically in the membrane, close to the interface of membrane and cytoplasm. The binding site in the translocation pore is believed to be alternatively exposed to the internal and external media. The proposed structure of the 2HCT transporters is different from any known structure of a membrane protein and represents a new structural class of secondary transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sobczak
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Bartowsky EJ, Henschke PA. The ‘buttery’ attribute of wine—diacetyl—desirability, spoilage and beyond. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 96:235-52. [PMID: 15454314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The diketone, diacetyl, is a major flavour metabolite produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Of the LAB associated with wine, Oenococcus oeni is encouraged during the malolactic (ML) fermentation, a biodeacidification of wine during which the metabolism of diacetyl occurs. Diacetyl, which imparts a buttery aroma and flavour to many fermented foods and beverages, is a key flavour compound of most fermented dairy products. In wine, diacetyl has important stylistic implications. The biosynthesis of diacetyl is dependent upon citric acid metabolism and diacetyl is an intermediate metabolite which can be further reduced to acetoin and the alcohol, 2,3-butanediol. This review will focus on the sensory perception, metabolism, genetics and analysis of diacetyl during wine production. The extensive knowledge of diacetyl metabolism in dairy LAB is used to enhance the understanding of diacetyl metabolism of wine LAB. Factors which can effect the formation and concentration of diacetyl in wine are discussed. These include malolactic bacterial strain, wine chemical and physical parameters (pH, temperature, citric acid, sulfur dioxide, aeration) and the presence of yeast lees. Finally, the affects of other wine components, such as phenolics, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline J Bartowsky
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, PO Box 197, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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9
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Hemme D, Foucaud-Scheunemann C. Leuconostoc, characteristics, use in dairy technology and prospects in functional foods. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rattray FP, Myling-Petersen D, Larsen D, Nilsson D. Plasmid-encoded diacetyl (acetoin) reductase in Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:304-11. [PMID: 12514009 PMCID: PMC152458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.304-311.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A plasmid-borne diacetyl (acetoin) reductase (butA) from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides CHCC2114 was sequenced and cloned. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a protein of 257 amino acids which had high identity at the amino acid level to diacetyl (acetoin) reductases reported previously. Downstream of the butA gene of L. pseudomesenteroides, but coding in the opposite orientation, a putative DNA recombinase was identified. A two-step PCR approach was used to construct FPR02, a butA mutant of the wild-type strain, CHCC2114. FPR02 had significantly reduced diacetyl (acetoin) reductase activity with NADH as coenzyme, but not with NADPH as coenzyme, suggesting the presence of another diacetyl (acetoin)-reducing activity in L. pseudomesenteroides. Plasmid-curing experiments demonstrated that the butA gene is carried on a 20-kb plasmid in L. pseudomesenteroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal P Rattray
- Department of Genomics and Strain Development, Chr. Hansen A/S., DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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11
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Abstract
Leuconostoc strains were characterized according to their antibiotic susceptibilities, carbohydrate fermentation profiles, sucrase activity patterns and plasmid content. All the strains tested were resistant to the antibiotics sulphathiazole, trimethoprim and vancomycin, and could be separated into two groups based on whether or not they could ferment melibiose and raffinose. Six Leuconostoc strains possessed plasmids and many produced unique sucrase activity patterns in polyacrylamide gels. These data will aid in distinguishing among physiologically similar dextran-producing leuconostocs, frequently used in research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Holt
- Western Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences, Macomb, IL 61455, USA
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Martín M, Magni C, López P, de Mendoza D. Transcriptional control of the citrate-inducible citMCDEFGRP operon, encoding genes involved in citrate fermentation in Leuconostoc paramesenteroides. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:3904-12. [PMID: 10869065 PMCID: PMC94572 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.14.3904-3912.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe the expression pattern of the Leuconostoc paramesenteroides citMCDEFGRP operon in response to the addition of citrate to the growth medium. An 8.8-kb polycistronic transcript, which includes the citMCDEFGRP genes, was identified; its synthesis was dramatically induced upon addition of citrate to the growth medium. We also found that expression of the cit operon is subjected to posttranscriptional regulation, since processing sites included in four complex secondary structures (I, II, III, and IV) were identified by Northern blot analysis and mapped by primer extension. Upstream of the citMCDEFGRP operon a divergent open reading frame, whose expression was also increased by citrate, was identified by DNA sequencing and designated citI. The start and end sites of transcription of the cit operon and citI gene were mapped. The start sites are separated by a stretch of 188 bp with a very high A+T content of 77% and are preceded by transcriptional promoters. The end sites of the transcripts are located next to the 3' end of two secondary structures characteristic of rho-independent transcriptional terminators. The effect of the citI gene on expression of the cit operon was studied in Escherichia coli. The presence of the citI gene in cis and in trans resulted in increased activity of the cit promoter. These data provide the first evidence that citrate fermentation in Leuconostoc is regulated at the transcriptional level by a transcriptional activator rather than by a repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martín
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario and Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
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13
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Medina de Figueroa R, Alvarez F, Pesce de Ruiz Holgado A, Oliver G, Sesma F. Citrate utilization by homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli. Microbiol Res 2000; 154:313-20. [PMID: 10772153 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(00)80005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrate utilization by several homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli was determined in Kempler and McKay and in calcium citrate media. The last medium with glucose permitted best to distinguish citrate-fermenting lactobacilli. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11443, Lactobacillus zeae ATCC 15820 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 used citrate as sole energy source, whereas in the other strains, glucose and citrate were cometabolized. Some lactobacilli strains produced aroma compounds from citrate. Citrate transport experiments suggested that all strains studied presented a citrate transport system inducible by citrate. The levels of induction were variable between several strains. Dot blot experiment showed that lactobacilli do not present an equivalent plasmid coding for citrate permease.
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Martín M, Corrales MA, de Mendoza D, López P, Magni C. Cloning and molecular characterization of the citrate utilization citMCDEFGRP cluster of Leuconostoc paramesenteroides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 174:231-8. [PMID: 10339813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The citMCDEFGRP cluster from Leuconostoc paramesenteroides involved in citrate utilization was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. Homology of the inferred gene products with characterized enzymes reveals that citP encodes the citrate permease P, citC the citrate ligase and citDEF the subunits of the citrate lyase of Leuconostoc. Moreover, it suggests that citM encodes a Leuconostoc malic enzyme. Analysis of citrate consumption by and citrate lyase activity of Lc. paramesenteroides J1[pCITJ1] showed that its citrate permease and its citrate lyase are induced by the presence of citrate in the growth medium. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the citMCDEFGRP cluster is located in a plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Bandell M, Lhotte ME, Marty-Teysset C, Veyrat A, Prévost H, Dartois V, Diviès C, Konings WN, Lolkema JS. Mechanism of the citrate transporters in carbohydrate and citrate cometabolism in Lactococcus and Leuconostoc species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1594-600. [PMID: 9572922 PMCID: PMC106201 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.5.1594-1600.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/1997] [Accepted: 02/09/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate metabolism in the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides generates an electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane by a secondary mechanism (C. Marty-Teysset, C. Posthuma, J. S. Lolkema, P. Schmitt, C. Divies, and W. N. Konings, J. Bacteriol. 178:2178-2185, 1996). Reports on the energetics of citrate metabolism in the related organism Lactococcus lactis are contradictory, and this study was performed to clarify this issue. Cloning of the membrane potential-generating citrate transporter (CitP) of Leuconostoc mesenteroides revealed an amino acid sequence that is almost identical to the known sequence of the CitP of Lactococcus lactis. The cloned gene was expressed in a Lactococcus lactis Cit- strain, and the gene product was functionally characterized in membrane vesicles. Uptake of citrate was counteracted by the membrane potential, and the transporter efficiently catalyzed heterologous citrate-lactate exchange. These properties are essential for generation of a membrane potential under physiological conditions and show that the Leuconostoc CitP retains its properties when it is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane of Lactococcus lactis. Furthermore, using the same criteria and experimental approach, we demonstrated that the endogenous CitP of Lactococcus lactis has the same properties, showing that the few differences in the amino acid sequences of the CitPs of members of the two genera do not result in different catalytic mechanisms. The results strongly suggest that the energetics of citrate degradation in Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides are the same; i.e., citrate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis is a proton motive force-generating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Bandell M, Ansanay V, Rachidi N, Dequin S, Lolkema JS. Membrane potential-generating malate (MleP) and citrate (CitP) transporters of lactic acid bacteria are homologous proteins. Substrate specificity of the 2-hydroxycarboxylate transporter family. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18140-6. [PMID: 9218448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.29.18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential generation via malate/lactate exchange catalyzed by the malate carrier (MleP) of Lactococcus lactis, together with the generation of a pH gradient via decarboxylation of malate to lactate in the cytoplasm, is a typical example of a secondary proton motive force-generating system. The mleP gene was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in a malolactic fermentation-deficient L. lactis strain. Functional analysis revealed the same properties as observed in membrane vesicles of a malolactic fermentation-positive strain. MleP belongs to a family of secondary transporters in which the citrate carriers from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (CitP) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CitS) are found also. CitP, but not CitS, is also involved in membrane potential generation via electrogenic citrate/lactate exchange. MleP, CitP, and CitS were analyzed for their substrate specificity. The 2-hydroxycarboxylate motif R1R2COHCOOH, common to the physiological substrates, was found to be essential for transport although some 2-oxocarboxylates could be transported to a lesser extent. Clear differences in substrate specificity among the transporters were observed because of different tolerances toward the R substituents at the C2 atom. Both MleP and CitP transport a broad range of 2-hydroxycarboxylates with R substituents ranging in size from two hydrogen atoms (glycolate) to acetyl and methyl groups (citromalate) for MleP and two acetyl groups (citrate) for CitP. CitS was much less tolerant and transported only citrate and at a low rate citromalate. The substrate specificities are discussed in the context of the physiological function of the transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandell
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, University of Groningen, 9751NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Urbach E, Daniels B, Salama MS, Sandine WE, Giovannoni SJ. The ldh phylogeny for environmental isolates of Lactococcus lactis is consistent with rRNA genotypes but not with phenotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:694-702. [PMID: 9023947 PMCID: PMC168359 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.2.694-702.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene sequences, levels of 16S rRNA group-specific probe binding, and phenotypic characteristics were compared for 45 environmental isolates and four commercial starter strains of Lactococcus lactis to identify evolutionary groups best suited to cheddar cheese manufacture, ldh sequences from the environmental isolates showed high similarity to those from two groups of L. lactis used for industrial fermentations, L. lactis subsp. cremoris and subsp. lactis. Within each phylogenetically defined subspecies, ldh sequence similarities were greater than 99.1%. Strains with phenotypic traits formerly diagnostic for both subspecies were found in each ldh similarity group, but only strains belonging to L. lactis subsp. cremoris by both the newer, genetic and the older, superseded phenotypic criteria were judged potentially suitable for the commercial production of cheddar cheese. Identical evolutionary relationships were inferred from ldh sequences and from binding of subspecies-specific, 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probes. However, groups defined according to these chromosomal traits bore no relationship to patterns of arginine deamination, carbon substrate utilization, or bacteriophage sensitivity, which may be encoded by cryptic genes or sexually transmissible genetic elements. Fourteen new L. lactis subsp. cremoris isolates were identified as suitable candidates for cheddar cheese manufacture, and 10 of these were completely resistant to three different batteries of commercial bacteriophages known to reduce starter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Urbach
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
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van Geest M, Lolkema JS. Membrane topology of the sodium ion-dependent citrate carrier of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Evidence for a new structural class of secondary transporters. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25582-9. [PMID: 8810332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The predicted secondary structure model of the sodium ion-dependent citrate carrier of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CitS) presents the 12-transmembrane helix motif observed for many secondary transporters. Biochemical evidence presented in this paper is not consistent with this model. N-terminal and C-terminal fusions of CitS with the biotin acceptor domain of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase of K. pneumoniae catalyze citrate transport, showing the correct folding of the CitS part of the fusion proteins in the membrane. Proteolysis experiments with these fusion proteins revealed that the N terminus of CitS is located in the cytoplasm, while the C terminus faces the periplasm. The membrane topology was studied further by constructing a set of 20 different fusions of N-terminal fragments of the citrate transporter with the reporter enzyme alkaline phosphatase (CitS-PhoA fusions). Most fusion points were selected in hydrophilic areas flanking the putative transmembrane-spanning domains in CitS that are predicted from the hydropathy profile of the primary sequence. The alkaline phosphatase activities of cells expressing the CitS-PhoA fusions suggest that the polypeptide traverses the membrane nine times and that the C-terminal half of the protein is characterized by two large hydrophobic periplasmic loops and two large hydrophilic cytoplasmic loops. CitS belongs to the family of the 2-hydroxycarboxylate transporters in which also the citrate carriers, CitPs, of lactic acid bacteria and the malate transporter, MleP, of Lactococcus lactis are found. Since the hydrophobicity profile of CitS is very similar to the hydrophobicity profiles of CitP and MleP, it is most likely that the new structural motif of nine transmembrane segments is shared within this new transporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Geest
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, University of Groningen, 9751NN Haren, The Netherlands
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de Figueroa RM, Benito de Cárdenas IL, Sesma F, Alvarez F, de Ruiz Holgado AP, Oliver G. Inducible transport of citrate in Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 81:348-54. [PMID: 8896349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 exhibited diauxie when grown in a medium containing both glucose and citrate as energy source. Glucose was used as the primary energy source during the glucose-citrate diauxie. Uptake of citrate was carried out by an inducible citrate transport system. The induction of citrate uptake system was repressed in the presence of glucose. This repression was reversible and mediated by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M de Figueroa
- Cátedra de Microbiología General, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Figueroa R, Cárdenas IB, Sesma F, Alvarez F, Holgado ADR, Oliver G. Inducible transport of citrate in Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. J Appl Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Magni C, López P, Mendoza D. The properties of citrate transport catalyzed by CitP of Lactococcus lactisssp. lactisbiovar diacetylactis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Belguendouz T, Cachon RÃ, Diviès C. Kinetics of citrate uptake in growing cells ofLeuconostocspp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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