1
|
Multipoint TvDAAO Mutants for Cephalosporin C Bioconversion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184412. [PMID: 31500317 PMCID: PMC6770189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3) is used in many biotechnological processes. The main industrial application of DAAO is biocatalytic production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid from cephalosporin C with a two enzymes system. DAAO from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) shows the best catalytic parameters with cephalosporin C among all known DAAOs. We prepared and characterized multipoint TvDAAO mutants to improve their activity towards cephalosporin C and increase stability. All TvDAAO mutants showed better properties in comparison with the wild-type enzyme. The best mutant was TvDAAO with amino acid changes E32R/F33D/F54S/C108F/M156L/C298N. Compared to wild-type TvDAAO, the mutant enzyme exhibits a 4 times higher catalytic constant for cephalosporin C oxidation and 8- and 20-fold better stability against hydrogen peroxide inactivation and thermal denaturation, respectively. This makes this mutant promising for use in biotechnology. The paper also presents the comparison of TvDAAO catalytic properties with cephalosporin C reported by others.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cephalosporin C acylase from Pseudomonas species: Production and enhancement of its activity by optimization of process parameters. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Determination of the second autoproteolytic cleavage site of cephalosporin C acylase and the effect of deleting its flanking residues in the α-C-terminal region. J Biotechnol 2014; 184:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Pollegioni L, Rosini E, Molla G. Cephalosporin C acylase: dream and(/or) reality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2341-55. [PMID: 23417342 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cephalosporins currently constitute the most widely prescribed class of antibiotics and are used to treat diseases caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cephalosporins contain a 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) nucleus which is derived from cephalosporin C (CephC). The 7-ACA nucleus is not sufficiently potent for clinical use; however, a series of highly effective antibiotic agents could be produced by modifying the side chains linked to the 7-ACA nucleus. The industrial production of higher-generation semi-synthetic cephalosporins starts from 7-ACA, which is obtained by deacylation of the naturally occurring antibiotic CephC. CephC can be converted to 7-ACA either chemically or enzymatically using D-amino acid oxidase and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase. Both these methods show limitation, including the production of toxic waste products (chemical process) and the expense (the enzymatic one). In order to circumvent these problems, attempts have been undertaken to design a single-step means of enzymatically converting CephC to 7-ACA in the course of the past 10 years. The most suitable approach is represented by engineering the activity of a known glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase such that it will bind and deacylate CephC more preferentially over glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Here, we describe the state of the art in the production of an effective and specific CephC acylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Yu H, Zhang J, Luo H, Shen Z. Double knockout of β-lactamase and cephalosporin acetyl esterase genes from Escherichia coli reduces cephalosporin C decomposition. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:737-41. [PMID: 22382016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of CPC decomposition occurs in Escherichia coli JM105/pMKC-sCPCacy during the one-step enzymatic conversion of cephalosporin C (CPC) into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) by CPC acylase (sCPCAcy) for synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics. E. coli JM105/pMKC-sCPCacy can constitutively produce sCPCacy as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). Control experiments verified that the cell lysis solution from the host E. coli JM105 resulted in CPC decomposition by approximately 15%. Two miscellaneous enzymes, β-lactamase (AmpC) and cephalosporin acetyl esterase (Aes), are believed to play a major role in the degradation of CPC. Using the Red recombination system, the genes ampC, aes or both ampC and aes were knocked out from the chromosome of E. coli JM105 to generate the engineers: E. coli JM105(ΔampC), E. coli JM105(Δaes) and E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes). The CPC decomposition was reduced to 12.2% in E. coli JM105(Δaes), 1.3% in E. coli JM105(ΔampC), and even undetectable in ampC-aes double knockout cells of E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes). When catalyzed by crude MBP-sCPCAcy isolated from E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes)/pMKC-sCPCacy (3377U·l(-1)), the CPC utilization efficiency increased to 98.4% from the original 88.7%. Similar results were obtained for the ampC-aes double knockout host derived from E. coli JM109(DE3) and the CPC utilization efficiency enhanced to 99.3% in the catalysis of crude sCPCAcy harvested from E. coli JM109(DE3, ΔampC, Δaes)/pET28-sCPCacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P R China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Yu H, Song W, An M, Zhang J, Luo H, Shen Z. Overexpression of synthesized cephalosporin C acylase containing mutations in the substrate transport tunnel. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
7
|
Suzuki H, Yamada C, Kijima K, Ishihara S, Wada K, Fukuyama K, Kumagai H. Enhancement of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase of Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:829-37. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Characteristic of immobilized cephalosporin C acylase and its application in one-step enzymatic conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang W, Liu Y, Zheng H, Yang S, Jiang W. Improving the activity and stability of GL-7-ACA acylase CA130 by site-directed mutagenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5290-6. [PMID: 16151116 PMCID: PMC1214626 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5290-5296.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid acylase from Pseudomonas sp. strain 130 (CA130) was mutated to improve its enzymatic activity and stability. Based on the crystal structure of CA130, two series of amino acid residues, one from those directly involved in catalytic function and another from those putatively involved in surface charge, were selected as targets for site-directed mutagenesis. In the first series of experiments, several key residues in the substrate-binding pocket were substituted, and the genes were expressed in Escherichia coli for activity screening. Two of the mutants constructed, Y151alphaF and Q50betaN, showed two- to threefold-increased catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) compared to wild-type CA130. Their K(m) values were decreased by ca. 50%, and the k(cat) values increased to 14.4 and 16.9 s(-1), respectively. The ability of these mutants to hydrolyze adipoyl 6-amino penicillinic acid was also improved. In the second series of mutagenesis, several mutants with enhanced stabilities were identified. Among them, R121betaA and K198betaA had a 30 to 58% longer half-life than wild-type CA130, and K198betaA and D286betaA showed an alkaline shift of optimal pH by about 1.0 to 2.0 pH units. To construct an engineered enzyme with the properties of both increased activity and stability, the double mutant Q50betaN/K198betaA was expressed. This enzyme was purified and immobilized for catalytic analysis. The immobilized mutant enzyme showed a 34.2% increase in specific activity compared to the immobilized wild-type CA130.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang W, Huang X, Zhao G, Jiang W. Affinity labeled glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid acylase C130 can hydrolyze the inhibitor during crystallization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:555-8. [PMID: 14697226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
7Beta-bromoacetyl amino cephalosporanic acid (BA-7-ACA), an analog of glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA), can inhibit and specifically alkylate GL-7-ACA acylase (C130) from Pseudomonas sp.130, forming a carbon-carbon bond between BA-7-ACA and the C-2 on indole ring of Trp-beta4 residue of C130. Here we reported that BA-7-ACA labeled C130 (BA-C130) could self-catalyze the hydrolysis of BA-7-ACA during crystallization process. The hydrolysis was confirmed to be a reaction analogous to the one of GL-7-ACA by comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry analysis. BA-C130 was inactive at room temperature, but in the process of crystallization at 18 degrees C it catalyzed the hydrolysis of BA-7-ACA, and thus made the latter become a substrate. Meanwhile, in crystals, 7-ACA was released but the acetic acid still bound with Trp-beta4, and as a result, the enzyme remained to be inactive. These results demonstrated that Trp-beta4 in the alphabetabetaalpha motif was critical and sensitive for the activity of C130 and also suggested that there was a conformational change induced by deacylation during the process of crystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh B, Kim M, Yoon J, Chung K, Shin Y, Lee D, Kim Y. Deacylation activity of cephalosporin acylase to cephalosporin C is improved by changing the side-chain conformations of active-site residues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:19-27. [PMID: 14511642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthetic cephalosporins are primarily synthesized from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), mainly by environmentally toxic chemical deacylation of cephalosporin C (CPC). Thus, the enzymatic conversion of CPC to 7-ACA by cephalosporin acylase (CA) would be very interesting. However, CAs use glutaryl-7-ACA (GL-7-ACA) as a primary substrate and the enzymes have low turnover rates for CPC. The active-site residues of a CA were mutagenized to various residues to increase the deacylation activity of CPC, based on the active-site conformation of the CA structure. The aim was to generate sterically favored conformation of the active-site to accommodate the D-alpha-aminoadipyl moiety of CPC, the side-chain moiety that corresponds to the glutaryl moiety of GL-7-ACA. A triple mutant of the CA, Q50betaM/Y149alphaK/F177betaG, showed the greatest improvement of deacylation activity to CPC up to 790% of the wild-type. Our current study is an efficient method for improving the deacylation activity to CPC by employing the structure-based repetitive saturation mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bora Oh
- Division of Molecular Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim S, Kim Y. Active site residues of cephalosporin acylase are critical not only for enzymatic catalysis but also for post-translational modification. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48376-81. [PMID: 11604409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalosporin acylase (CA) is a recently identified N-terminal hydrolase. It is also a commercially important enzyme in producing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), a backbone chemical in synthesizing semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. CA is translated as an inactive single chain precursor, being post-translationally modified into an active enzyme. The post-translational modification takes place in two steps. The first intramolecular autocatalytic proteolysis takes place at one end of the spacer peptide by a nucleophilic Ser or Thr, which in turn becomes a new N-terminal Ser or Thr. The second intermolecular modification cleaves off the other end of the spacer peptide by another CA. Two binary structures in complex with glutaryl-7-ACA (the most favored substrate of CAs) and glutarate (side chain of glutaryl-7-ACA) were determined, and they revealed the detailed interactions of glutaryl-7-ACA with the active site residues (Y. Kim and W. G. J. Hol (2001) Chem. Biol., in press). In this report: 1) we have mutated key active site residues into nonfunctional amino acids, and their roles in catalysis were further analyzed; 2) we performed mutagenesis studies indicating that secondary intermolecular modification is carried out in the same active site where deacylation reaction of CA occurs; and 3) the cleavage site of secondary intermolecular modification by another CA was identified in the spacer peptide using mutational analysis. Finally, a schematic model for intermolecular cleavage of CA is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Yeungnam University, Dae-Dong, Kyungsan 712-749, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim Y, Hol WG. Structure of cephalosporin acylase in complex with glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid and glutarate: insight into the basis of its substrate specificity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:1253-64. [PMID: 11755403 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semisynthetic cephalosporins are primarily synthesized from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which is obtained by environmentally toxic chemical deacylation of cephalosporin C (CPC). Thus, the enzymatic conversion of CPC to 7-ACA by cephalosporin acylase (CA) would be of great interest. However, CAs use glutaryl-7-ACA (GL-7-ACA) as a primary substrate and the enzyme has low turnover rates for CPC. RESULTS The binary complex structures of CA with GL-7-ACA and glutarate (the side-chain of GL-7-ACA) show extensive interactions between the glutaryl moiety of GL-7-ACA and the seven residues that form the side-chain pocket. These interactions explain why the D-alpha-aminoadipyl side-chain of CPC yields a poorer substrate than GL-7-ACA. CONCLUSIONS This understanding of the nature of substrate specificity may be useful in the design of an enzyme with an improved performance for the conversion of CPC to 7-ACA. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism of the deacylation reaction was revealed by the ligand bound structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semisynthetic cephalosporins are primarily synthesized from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which is usually obtained by chemical deacylation of cephalosporin C (CPC). The chemical production of 7-ACA includes, however, several expensive steps and requires thorough treatment of chemical wastes. Therefore, an enzymatic conversion of CPC to 7-ACA by cephalosporin acylase is of great interest. The biggest obstacle preventing this in industrial production is that cephalosporin acylase uses glutaryl-7ACA as a primary substrate and has low substrate specificity for CPC. RESULTS We have solved the first crystal structure of a cephalosporin acylase from Pseudomonas diminuta at 2.0 A resolution. The overall structure looks like a bowl with two "knobs" consisting of helix- and strand-rich regions, respectively. The active site is mostly formed by the distinctive structural motif of the N-terminal (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily. Superposition of the 61 residue active-site pocket onto that of penicillin G acylase shows an rmsd in Calpha positions of 1.38 A. This indicates structural similarity in the active site between these two enzymes, but their overall structures are elsewhere quite different. CONCLUSION The substrate binding pocket of the P. diminuta cephalosporin acylase provides detailed insight into the ten key residues responsible for the specificity of the cephalosporin C side chain in four classes of cephalosporin acylases, and it thereby forms a basis for the design of an enzyme with an improved conversion rate of CPC to 7-ACA. The structure also provides structural evidence that four of the five different classes of cephalosporin acylases can be grouped into one family of the Ntn hydrolase superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University, Kyungsan 712-749, Dae-Dong, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YS, Kim HW, Lee KB, Park SS. Involvement of arginine and tryptophan residues in catalytic activity of glutaryl 7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase from Pseudomonas sp. strain GK16. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1523:123-7. [PMID: 11099866 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glutaryl 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA) acylase from Pseudomonas sp. strain GK16 is an (alphabeta)2 heterotetramer of two non-identical subunits that are cleaved autoproteolytically from an enzymatically inactive precursor polypeptide. The newly formed N-terminal serine of the beta subunit plays an essential role as a nucleophile in enzyme activity. Chemical modification studies on the recombinant enzyme purified from Escherichia coli revealed the involvement of a single arginine and tryptophan residue, per alphabeta heterodimer of the enzyme, in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Glutaric acid, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) (competitive inhibitors) and GL-7-ACA (substrate) could not protect the enzyme against phenylglyoxal-mediated inactivation, whereas except for glutaric acid protection was observed in case of N-bromosuccinimide-mediated inactivation of the enzyme. Kinetic parameters of partially inactivated enzyme samples suggested that while arginine is involved in catalysis, tryptophan is involved in substrate binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kwon TH, Rhee S, Lee YS, Park SS, Kim KH. Crystallization and preliminary X-Ray diffraction analysis of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase from Pseudomonas sp. GK16. J Struct Biol 2000; 131:79-81. [PMID: 10945972 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanicacid acylase from Pseudomonas sp. GK16 produces glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, a key intermediate for the synthesis of cephem antibiotics. Sequence alignment suggests that the enzyme may belong to the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily including penicillin G acylase. The enzyme is an (alphabeta)(2) heterotetramer of two nonidentical subunits. These subunits are derived from a nascent precursor polypeptide that is cleaved proteolytically through a two-step autocatalytic process upon folding. The enzyme has been crystallized using the vapor diffusion method. A bipyramidal crystal form was obtained from a solution containing polyethylene glycol (MW 3350) and calcium chloride. Complete diffraction data sets have been collected up to 2.8 A resolution. The crystal is tetragonal with the space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2 and the unit cell parameters are a = b = 73.5 A, c = 380.3 A. Considerations of the possible values of V(m) account for the presence of a tetramer in the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Kwon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|