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Tong S, Hong R, Chen W, Chai M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Li D. Synchronous Bioproduction of Betanin and Mycoprotein in the Engineered Edible Fungus Fusarium venenatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39185736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable production of edible microbial proteins and red food colorants is an important demand for future food. Therefore, creation of a chassis strain that can efficiently synthesize both products is extremely necessary and meaningful. To realize this envision, a CRISPR/Cas9-based visual multicopy integration system was successfully developed in Fusarium venenatum. Subsequently, the de novo synthesis of the red food colorant betanin was achieved in the engineered F. venenatum using the above system. After fermentation optimization, the final yields of betanin and mycoprotein reached 1.91 and 9.53 g/L, respectively, when the constant pH naturally decreased from 6 to 4 without the addition of acid after 48 h of fermentation. These results determine a highly suitable chassis strain for the microbial biomanufacturing of betanin, and the obtained engineered strain here is expected to expand the application prospect and improve economic returns of F. venenatum in the field of future food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruru Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wuxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Mengdan Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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He WB, Hou S, Zeng LY, Tang HB, Tong X, Wu CZ, Liu X, Tan G, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Proteomics analysis of enzyme systems and pathway changes during the moromi fermentation of soy sauce mash. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5735-5750. [PMID: 38441287 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the brewing of soy sauce, the conversion of multiple substances is driven by various microorganisms and their secreted enzyme systems. Soy sauce mash is an important source of enzyme systems during moromi fermentation, but the changes of enzyme systems in soy sauce mash during moromi fermentation are poorly understood. In order to explore the predominant enzyme systems existing during moromi fermentation and to explain the characteristics of the enzyme system changes, an enzymatic activities assay and 4D-label-free proteomics analysis were conducted on soy sauce mash at different stages of fermentation. RESULTS The activities of hydrolytic enzymes in soy sauce mash decreased continuously throughout the fermentation process, while most of the characteristic physicochemical substances in soy sauce mash supernatant had already accumulated at the early stage of fermentation. Four hydrolytic enzymes were found to be positively correlated with important physicochemical indexes by principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The proteomics analysis revealed three highly upregulated enzymes and two enzymes that were present in important metabolic pathways throughout the fermentation process. Furthermore, it was found that Aspergillus oryzae was able to accumulate various nutrients in the soy sauce mash by downregulating most of its metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION Enzymes present with excellent properties during the moromi fermentation period could be obtained from these results. Meanwhile, the characterization of the metabolic pathways of microorganisms during the moromi fermentation period was revealed. The results provide a basis for more scientific and purposeful improvement of moromi fermentation in the future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin He
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Hou
- Foshan Haitian (Gaoming) Flavouring & Food Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Long-Ying Zeng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Biao Tang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Tong
- Foshan Haitian (Gaoming) Flavouring & Food Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Chang-Zheng Wu
- Foshan Haitian (Gaoming) Flavouring & Food Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Foshan Haitian (Gaoming) Flavouring & Food Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Ge Tan
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Microecological Agents of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Mueed A, Madjirebaye P, Shibli S, Deng Z. Flaxseed Peptides and Cyclolinopeptides: A Critical Review on Proteomic Approaches, Biological Activity, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14600-14612. [PMID: 36355404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Linusorbs (LOs) and peptides from flaxseed protein have documented biological activity, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunosuppressive activities, but their mechanism and structure-related bioactivity have not been summarized previously. Therefore, this study reviews the structure, composition, bioavailability, and health benefits of flaxseed peptides and LOs as well as peptide generation and LO modification. However, these peptides and LOs are long linear and cyclic structures, which affect the absorption and bioavailability of these substances in living beings and, thus, impair their overall efficiency and pharmacological effectiveness. Therefore, the development of novel strategies for optimizing the bioavailability of these peptide compounds is critical to ensure their successful application and delivery to the target sites via specially designed methods that will significantly improve their in vivo concentration and also investigate the structure-related activity of distinct amino acid and functional groups in physiological activity. Additionally, these native peptides and their analogues can be used as scaffolds for the production of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Madjirebaye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Sahar Shibli
- Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
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Kusumoto KI, Yamagata Y, Tazawa R, Kitagawa M, Kato T, Isobe K, Kashiwagi Y. Japanese Traditional Miso and Koji Making. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070579. [PMID: 34356958 PMCID: PMC8307815 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning paste produced by fermenting soybeans using the power of koji mold. A recent Japanese cohort study has shown that increased consumption of fermented soybean products is associated with a reduced risk of death in both men and women. In this review, we briefly explain what miso means in the Japanese culture and food industry, varieties of miso available today, and steps involved in miso making. Then, we review early and latest scientific researches in koji mold species, their safety, and beneficial enzymes they produce during fermentation and maturation processes, which play a major part in determining the quality and sensory profile of miso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kusumoto
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan;
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Rina Tazawa
- Marukome Co., Ltd., Nagano 380-0943, Japan; (R.T.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Taeko Kato
- Central Miso Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan;
| | - Kenji Isobe
- Central Miso Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan;
- Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yutaka Kashiwagi
- Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
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Ito T, Taguchi Y, Oue H, Amano N, Nagae Y, Noge K, Hashizume K. Formation of taste-active pyroglutamyl peptide ethyl esters in sake by rice koji peptidases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1476-1484. [PMID: 33720315 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Formation of taste-active pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptide ethyl esters in sake was investigated: 2 enzymes (A and B) responsible for the esterification were purified from a rice koji extract. MADLI-TOF/TOF analysis after deglycosylation identified enzyme (A) as peptidase S28 (GenBank accession number OOO13707.1) and enzyme (B) as serine-type carboxypeptidase (accession number AO090010000534). Both enzymes hydrolyzed pGlu peptides and formed ethyl esters under sake mash conditions: acidic pH (3-4) and in ethanol (5%-20% v/v) aqueous solutions. Enzyme (A) formed pGlu penta-peptide ethyl esters from pGlu undeca-peptides by a prolyl endo-type reaction. Enzyme (B) formed (pGlu) deca-peptide and its ethyl esters from pGlu undeca-peptides in an exo-type reaction. We are the first to report the enzymatic ethyl esterification reaction in the formation of pGlu peptides by rice koji peptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Nakano Shimoshinjyo, Akita, Japan
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Kim KU, Kim KM, Choi YH, Hurh BS, Lee I. Whole genome analysis of Aspergillus sojae SMF 134 supports its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation. J Microbiol 2019; 57:874-883. [PMID: 31250400 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus sojae is a koji (starter) mold that has been applied for food fermentation in Asia. The whole genome of A. sojae SMF 134, which was isolated from meju (Korean soybean fermented brick), was analyzed at the genomic level to evaluate its potential as a starter for soybean fermentation. The genome size was 40.1 Mbp, which was expected to be composed of eight chromosomes with 13,748 ORFs. Strain SMF 134 had a total of 151 protease genes, among which two more leucine aminopeptidase (lap) genes were found in addition to the previously known lap 1, and three γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) genes were newly identified. Such genomic characteristics of SMF 134 with many protease and flavor-related (lap and ggt) genes support its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation. In addition, this first complete genome of A. sojae will allow for further genetic studies to better understand the production of various enzymes, including proteases, LAPs, and GGTs, as well as other characteristics as a starter mold for soybean fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Uk Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choi
- Sempio Fermentation Research Center, Sempio Foods Company, Cheongju, 28156, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Serk Hurh
- Sempio Fermentation Research Center, Sempio Foods Company, Cheongju, 28156, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yazawa H, Tokuoka M, Kozato H, Mori Y, Umeo M, Toyoura R, Oda K, Fukuda H, Iwashita K. Investigation of relationship between sake-making parameters and sake metabolites using a newly developed sake metabolome analysis method. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:183-190. [PMID: 30885682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sake metabolome analysis method using liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the metabolome of various types of sakes and other alcohol beverages. Our method identified 198 compounds by comparison with standard metabolites. Using this method, we investigated the relationship between several sake-making parameters and sake metabolites by conducting combination experiments of these parameters using small-scale fermentation. The results indicated that all parameters significantly affected sake metabolites (P < 0.005) and most peaks were affected by multiple sake-making parameters. Interestingly, the effect of the rice cultivar on sake metabolites was higher for koji rice than for kake-rice. This result suggests that the rice cultivar used has a greater effect on the characteristics of Aspergillus oryzae compared to sake yeast and affects sake metabolites. In this study, we also evaluated the combined effect of several parameters. We demonstrated the different effects of each parameter on several amino acids. The results showed a new aspect of the science of sake making. For example, the amount of α-ethylglucoside, which can affect the taste of sake, was negatively correlated with α-glucosidase activity in koji (r = -0.84). In this study, various unidentified peaks were observed; detectable peaks can be increased by analyzing additional standard reagents. Investigating these unidentified peaks and accumulating datasets for sake-making parameters will give us insight into how to improve sake taste and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Yazawa
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Tokuoka
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Fermentation Science, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hajime Kozato
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Miyuki Umeo
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Rieko Toyoura
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ken Oda
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fukuda
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwashita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Ma X, Liu Y, Li Q, Liu L, Yi L, Ma L, Zhai C. Expression, purification and identification of a thermolysin-like protease, neutral protease I, from Aspergillus oryzae with the Pichia pastoris expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:52-9. [PMID: 27539551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutral proteases are widely used in the textile, food and medical industries. This study was designed to obtain high expression levels of neutral protease I from Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 by using Pichia pastoris GS115 as the host strain for industrial purposes. The coding sequence of the target gene was modified, synthesized, and then cloned into the expression vector pHBM905BDM, which harbored the d1+2 × 201 AOX1 promoter and the MF4I leader sequence. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. The recombinant strain was used for high-density fermentation in a 4-L fermenter. The yield of the target protein reached 12.87 mg/mL, and the enzyme activity was approximately 49370 U/mL, which indicated that this enzyme was expressed in Pichia pastoris at a high level. The target protein was purified and characterized. Its optimum temperature and pH were 55 °C and 8.0, respectively. This enzyme was extremely sensitive to EDTA, which is consistent with the previous reports that it is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease. Our results indicated that low concentrations of zinc, calcium and magnesium ions stimulated the enzyme activity, whereas high concentrations inhibited its activity. In addition, calcium and magnesium ions increased the thermostability of the enzyme. All of the evidence indicated that this protease is a thermolysin-like peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingqing Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Yi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lixin Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Zhai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Fu X, Mei X, Zhou Y, Du B, Tu Y, Yang Z. Characterization of functional proteases from flowers of tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Luna-Vital DA, Mojica L, González de Mejía E, Mendoza S, Loarca-Piña G. Biological potential of protein hydrolysates and peptides from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A review. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Budak SO, Zhou M, Brouwer C, Wiebenga A, Benoit I, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP. A genomic survey of proteases in Aspergilli. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:523. [PMID: 24965873 PMCID: PMC4102723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases can hydrolyze peptides in aqueous environments. This property has made proteases the most important industrial enzymes by taking up about 60% of the total enzyme market. Microorganisms are the main sources for industrial protease production due to their high yield and a wide range of biochemical properties. Several Aspergilli have the ability to produce a variety of proteases, but no comprehensive comparative study has been carried out on protease productivity in this genus so far. RESULTS We have performed a combined analysis of comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymology tests on seven Aspergillus species grown on wheat bran and sugar beet pulp. Putative proteases were identified by homology search and Pfam domains. These genes were then clusters based on orthology and extracellular proteases were identified by protein subcellular localization prediction. Proteomics was used to identify the secreted enzymes in the cultures, while protease essays with and without inhibitors were performed to determine the overall protease activity per protease class. All this data was then integrated to compare the protease productivities in Aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS Genomes of Aspergillus species contain a similar proportion of protease encoding genes. According to comparative genomics, proteomics and enzymatic experiments serine proteases make up the largest group in the protease spectrum across the species. In general wheat bran gives higher induction of proteases than sugar beet pulp. Interesting differences of protease activity, extracellular enzyme spectrum composition, protein occurrence and abundance were identified for species. By combining in silico and wet-lab experiments, we present the intriguing variety of protease productivity in Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ozturkoglu Budak
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy Technology, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Brouwer
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- />Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT The Netherlands
- />Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Enzymatic Properties of the Recombinant Serine-Type Carboxypeptidase OcpC, Which Is Unique toAspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:662-8. [PMID: 21512241 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ortega LM, Kikot GE, Rojas NL, López LMI, Astoreca AL, Alconada TM. Production, characterization, and identification using proteomic tools of a polygalacturonase from Fusarium graminearum. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54 Suppl 1:S170-7. [PMID: 24403124 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since enzymatic degradation is a mechanism or component of the aggressiveness of a pathogen, enzymatic activities from a Fusarium graminearum isolate obtained from infected wheat spikes of Argentina Pampa region were studied in order to understand the disease progression, tending to help disease control. In particular, the significance of the study of polygalacturonase activity is based on that such activity is produced in the early stages of infection on the host, suggesting a crucial role in the establishment of disease. In this sense, polygalacturonase activity produced by this microorganism has been purified 375 times from 2-day-old culture filtrates by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography successively. The purified sample showed two protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, with a molecular mass of 40 and 55 kDa. The protein bands were identified as an endopolygalacturonase and as a serine carboxypeptidase of F. graminearum, respectively, by peptide mass fingerprinting (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) fragment ion analysis). The pattern of substrate degradation analyzed by thin layer chromatography confirmed the mode of action of the enzyme as an endopolygalacturonase. High activity of the polygalacturonase against polygalacturonic acid was observed between 4 and 6 of pH, and between 30 and 50 °C, being 5 and 50 °C the optimum pH and temperature, respectively. The enzyme was fully stable at pH 5 for 120 min and 30 °C and sensible to the presence of some metal ions. This information would contribute to understand the most favorable environmental conditions for establishment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel M Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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15
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Ke Y, Huang WQ, Li JZ, Xie MQ, Luo XC. Enzymatic characteristics of a recombinant neutral protease I (rNpI) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12164-12169. [PMID: 23136814 DOI: 10.1021/jf303167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A truncated neutral protease I (NpI) from Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 was expressed in Pichia pastoris with a high enzyme yield of 43101 U/mL. Its optimum pH was about 8.0, and it was stable in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. Its optimum temperature was about 55 °C and retained >90% activity at 50 °C for 120 min. Recombinant NpI (rNpI) was inhibited by Cu(2+) and EDTA. Eight cleavage sites of rNpI in oxidized insulin B-chain were determined by mass spectrometry, and five of them had high hydrophobic amino acid affinity, which makes it efficient in producing antihypertensive peptide IPP from β-casein and a potential debittering agent. The high degree of hydrolysis (DH) of rNpI to soybean protein (8.8%) and peanut protein (11.1%) compared to papain and alcalase makes it a good candidate in the processing of oil industry byproducts. The mutagenesis of H(429), H(433), and E(453) in the deduced zinc-binding motif confirmed rNpI as a gluzincin. All of these results show the great potential of rNpI to be used in the protein hydrolysis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ke
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China 510006
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16
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Li J, Li L. Proteolysis characteristics ofActinomucor elegansandRhizopus oligosporusextracellular proteases under acidic conditions. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins; College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; 510641; China
| | - Li Li
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins; College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; 510641; China
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17
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Effects of microbial fermentation of soybean on growth performances, phosphorus availability, and antioxidant activity in diets for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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18
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Yoon J, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Disruption of ten protease genes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae highly improves production of heterologous proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:747-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Molecular cloning of ocpO encoding carboxypeptidase O of Aspergillus oryzae IAM2640. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:1000-6. [PMID: 20460731 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase O from Aspergillus oryzae IAM2640 is a serine-type carboxypeptidase. In this study, we cloned and sequenced cDNA and genomic DNA carrying ocpO encoding carboxypeptidase O. The results showed that the length of ocpO was 1,816 bp, and the open reading frame encoded a putative preproenzyme composed of 472 amino acid residues of the mature carboxypeptidase O and an additional N-terminal sequence of 50 amino acid residues. A BLASTN search revealed that a gene, AO090020000351, in A. oryzae RIB40, which is strain used in genome-wide sequencing, is a homolog of ocpO. The difference between AO090020000351 and ocpO was only one nucleotide. The difference caused substitution of Ala for Pro at the 277th position of the enzyme; therefore the protein encoded by AO090020000351 was overproduced and purified. The purified protein showed enzymatic properties similar to carboxypeptidase O, indicating that carboxypeptidase O and protease encoded by AO090020000351 are same enzyme.
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20
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Morita H, Okamoto A, Yamagata Y, Kusumoto KI, Koide Y, Ishida H, Takeuchi M. Heterologous expression and characterization of CpI, OcpA, and novel serine-type carboxypeptidase OcpB from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:335-46. [PMID: 19557408 PMCID: PMC2773364 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the genome of Aspergillus oryzae, 12 genes have been predicted to encode serine-type carboxypeptidases. However, the carboxypeptidase activities of the proteins encoded by these genes have not yet been confirmed experimentally. In this study, we have constructed three of these 12 genes overexpressing strains using Aspergillus nidulans and characterized their overproduced recombinant proteins. Of these three genes, one was previously named cpI; the other two have not been reported yet, and hence, we named them ocpA and ocpB. The recombinant proteins released amino acid residues from the C terminus of peptides, and the activity of the enzymes was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating the enzymes to be serine-type carboxypeptidases. Recombinant OcpA, OcpB, and CpI were stable at 45°C, 55°C, and 55°C, respectively, at a low pH. The enzymatic properties of recombinant OcpB were different from those of any reported serine-type carboxypeptidase. On the other hand, recombinant OcpA had similar enzymatic properties to A. oryzae carboxypeptidases O1 and O2. The DNA and N-terminal amino acid sequences of carboxypeptidases O1 and O2 from A. oryzae IAM2640 were similar to those of OcpA. Result of transcriptional analysis of ocpA, ocpB, and cpI suggest differences in transcriptional regulation between these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Morita
- Department of Agriscience and Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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21
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Sørensen JD, Petersen EI, Wiebe MG. Production of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi cutinase in Fusarium venenatum A3/5. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1227-32. [PMID: 17505784 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium venenatum A3/5 was transformed using the Aspergillus niger expression plasmid, pIGF, in which the coding sequence for the F. solani f. sp. pisi cutinase gene had been inserted in frame, with a KEX2 cleavage site, with the truncated A. niger glucoamylase gene under control of the A. niger glucoamylase promoter. The transformant produced up to 21 U cutinase l(-1) in minimal medium containing glucose or starch as the primary carbon source. Glucoamylase (165 U l(-1) or 8 mg l(-1)) was also produced. Both the transformant and the parent strain produced cutinase in medium containing cutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dam Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg, 9000, Denmark
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22
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HASHIZUME K, OKUDA M, NUMATA M, IWASHITA K. Bitter-Tasting Sake Peptides Derived from the N-Terminus of the Rice Glutelin Acidic Subunit. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.13.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Olempska-Beer ZS, Merker RI, Ditto MD, DiNovi MJ. Food-processing enzymes from recombinant microorganisms--a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 45:144-158. [PMID: 16769167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are commonly used in food processing and in the production of food ingredients. Enzymes traditionally isolated from culturable microorganisms, plants, and mammalian tissues are often not well-adapted to the conditions used in modern food production methods. The use of recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to manufacture novel enzymes suitable for specific food-processing conditions. Such enzymes may be discovered by screening microorganisms sampled from diverse environments or developed by modification of known enzymes using modern methods of protein engineering or molecular evolution. As a result, several important food-processing enzymes such as amylases and lipases with properties tailored to particular food applications have become available. Another important achievement is improvement of microbial production strains. For example, several microbial strains recently developed for enzyme production have been engineered to increase enzyme yield by deleting native genes encoding extracellular proteases. Moreover, certain fungal production strains have been modified to reduce or eliminate their potential for production of toxic secondary metabolites. In this article, we discuss the safety of microorganisms used as hosts for enzyme-encoding genes, the construction of recombinant production strains, and methods of improving enzyme properties. We also briefly describe the manufacture and safety assessment of enzyme preparations and summarize options for submitting information on enzyme preparations to the US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia S Olempska-Beer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, HFS-255, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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24
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Ramírez-Zavala B, Mercado-Flores Y, Hernández-Rodríguez C, Villa-Tanaca L. Purification and characterization of a serine carboxypeptidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 91:245-52. [PMID: 14984772 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Revised: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We purified a carboxypeptidase (CPY) from the yeast of Kluyveromyces marxianus. This enzyme was purified 170 times from a soluble extract of 100000 x g. Purification consisted in a fractionated precipitation with ammonium sulfate and two chromatographic steps consisting of anion exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interactions chromatography. The native enzyme depicted a molecular mass of 67 kDa by gel filtration. This serine carboxypeptidase depicted an optimal pH of 8.5 and was stable at a pH ranging from 6.0 to 9.0, its optimal temperature was of 45 degrees C and was unstable at temperatures above 55 degrees C; Michaelis constant and Vmax for N-benzoyl-l-tyrosine-p-nitroanilide were of 29 microM and 612 microM/min mg of protein, respectively. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsufonyl fluoride (PMSF) and, to a lesser degree, by trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidine)-butane. This study indicated that K. marxianus carboxypeptidase could be an alternative to other animal-source carboxypeptidases in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Ramírez-Zavala
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
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25
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Farnworth NE, Robson GD, Trinci AP, Wiebe MG. Trypsin-like protease (TLP) production in Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium venenatum and use of the TLP promoter for recombinant protein (glucoamylase) production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Kitamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
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27
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Enzyme Production in Industrial Fungi-Molecular Genetic Strategies for Integrated Strain Improvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(03)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Monod M, Capoccia S, Léchenne B, Zaugg C, Holdom M, Jousson O. Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi. Int J Med Microbiol 2002; 292:405-19. [PMID: 12452286 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of human pathogenic fungi secrete proteases in vitro or during the infection process. Secreted endoproteases belong to the aspartic proteases of the pepsin family, serine proteases of the subtilisin family, and metalloproteases of two different families. To these proteases has to be added the non-pepsin-type aspartic protease from Aspergillus niger and a unique chymotrypsin-like protease from Coccidioides immitis. Pathogenic fungi also secrete aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases and dipeptidyl-peptidases. The function of fungal secreted proteases and their importance in infections vary. It is evident that secreted proteases are important for the virulence of dermatophytes since these fungi grow exclusively in the stratum corneum, nails or hair, which constitutes their sole nitrogen and carbon sources. The aspartic proteases secreted by Candida albicans are involved in the adherence process and penetration of tissues, and in interactions with the immune system of the infected host. For Aspergillus fumigatus, the role of proteolytic activity has not yet been proved. Although the secreted proteases have been intensively investigated as potential virulence factors, knowledge on protease substrate specificities is rather poor and few studies have focused on the research of inhibitors. Knowledge of substrate specificities will increase our understanding about the action of each protease secreted by pathogenic fungi and will help to determine their contribution to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Monod
- Service de Dermatologie (DHURDV), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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29
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Raksakulthai R, Haard NF. Purification and characterization of a carboxypeptidase from squid hepatopancreas (Illex illecebrosus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:5019-5030. [PMID: 11600061 DOI: 10.1021/jf010320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas of squid (Illex illecebrosus) extract contains a wide range of carboxypeptidase (CP) activities based on hydrolysis of N-CBZ-dipeptide substrates. SDS-PAGE zymograms with N-CBZ-Phe-Leu substrate revealed three activity zones (CP-I, 23 kDa; CP-II, 29 kDa; CP-III, 42 kDa). CP-I was purified 225-fold with 86.20% recovery based on N-CBZ-Ala-Phe activity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. The purified enzyme had broad specificity toward N-CBZ-dipeptides; however, it preferred substrates with a hydrophobic amino acid at the C terminus. CP-I had greatest activity with N-CBZ-Ala-Phe (specific activity = 7104 units/mg of protein, K(m) = 0.40 mM, and physiological efficiency = 22863). CP-I had a pI of 3.4 and is a metalloprotease that is activated by Co(2+) and partially inhibited by Pefabloc, a serine protease inhibitor. With N-CBZ-Ala-Phe and Gly-Phe, it had optimum activity at pH 8 and 70 degrees C. The amino acid composition of squid CP-I is similar to that of CP A from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raksakulthai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Wiebe MG, Robson GD, Shuster J, Trinci AP. Evolution of a recombinant (gucoamylase-producing) strain of Fusarium venenatum A3/5 in chemostat culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:146-56. [PMID: 11255162 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium venenatum JeRS 325 is a transformant of strain A3/5 which produces Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (GAM) under the control of a Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease promoter. The evolution of JeRS 325 was studied in glucose-limited chemostat cultures grown on NaNO3 or (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source. Thirteen mutants which were more highly branched and four mutants which were more sparsely branched than the parental strain were isolated from the NaNO3 chemostat. The highly branched mutants detected in this chemostat did not displace the sparsely branched population. The mutants isolated from the NaNO3 chemostat complemented representative strains previously isolated from glucose-limited chemostat cultures of F. venenatum A3/5 grown on (NH4)2SO4, but showed little complementation between themselves. By contrast, a highly branched mutant isolated from the (NH4)2SO4 chemostat culture displaced the sparsely branched mycelial population. None of the mutants isolated from the NaNO3 or (NH4)2SO4 chemostats produced as much GAM as JeRS 325. Southern blot analysis showed that all except one mutant had lost copies of both the glucoamylase and the acetamidase (the selectable marker) genes. However, specific GAM production was not necessarily correlated with the extent of glaA gene loss observed. Further, 10 of the mutants had lost the ability to grow on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source, although they retained copies of the amdS gene. In competition studies, mutants which could not utilize acetamide displaced mutants which could. The presence of foreign DNA in JeRS 325 resulted in a reduced specific growth rate (compared to A3/5), but the presence of the foreign DNA did not prevent the evolution of the strain or the isolation of mutants which had improved growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wiebe
- School of Biological Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Bldg., University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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31
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Blinkovsky AM, Byun T, Brown KM, Golightly EJ, Klotz AV. A non-specific aminopeptidase from Aspergillus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1480:171-81. [PMID: 10899618 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fermentation broth supernatant of the Aspergillus oryzae strain ATCC20386 contains aminopeptidase activity that releases a wide variety of amino acids from natural peptides. The supernatant was fractionated by anion exchange chromatography. Based on the primary amino acid sequence data obtained from proteins in certain fractions, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were made and a PCR product was generated. This PCR product was used to screen an A. oryzae cDNA library from which the full length gene was then obtained. Fusarium venenatum and A. oryzae were used as hosts for gene expression. Transformed strains of both F. venenatum and A. oryzae over-expressed an active aminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11), named aminopeptidase II. The recombinant enzyme from both fungal hosts appeared as smears on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After deglycosylation of the N-linked sugars, both samples were a sharp band at approximately 56 kDa and had identical N-terminal amino acid sequences. Aminopeptidase II is a metalloenzyme with, presumably, Zn in the active site. Using various natural peptides and para-nitroanilides (pNAs) of amino acids as substrates, the aminopeptidase was found to be non-specific. Only X-Pro bonds demonstrated resistance to hydrolysis catalyzed by this aminopeptidase. The optimal enzyme activity was observed at pH 9.5 and 55 degrees C. Among amino acid pNAs, Leu-pNA appears to have the highest value of bimolecular constant of 40 min(-1) mM(-1) (k(cat) = 230 min(-1); K(m) = 5.8 mM) at pH 7.5 and 21 degrees C. Among Xaa-Ala-Pro-Tyr-Lys-amide pentapeptides, the velocity of catalytic hydrolysis at pH 7.5 and 21 degrees C was in a decreasing order: Pro, Ala, Leu, Gly and Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Blinkovsky
- Novo Nordisk Biotech Inc., 1445 Drew Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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