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Bo L, Kang X, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Wu S, Li J, Bao S. Isolation and identification of high-yielding alkaline phosphatase strain: a novel mutagenesis technique and optimization of fermentation conditions. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1276-1287. [PMID: 36939156 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2188412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Isolating and screening enzyme-producing strains from microorganisms and the commercial production of ALPs from microorganisms are of increasing interest. In this work, isolation and identification of high-yielding alkaline phosphatase strain were carried out using atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis (ARTP) for optimization of fermentation conditions. A strain of alkaline phosphatase-producing bacteria was screened from soil and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and named S-1. This strain had an alkaline phosphatase activity of 2594.73 U/L. Later, mutagenesis breeding of the alkaline phosphatase-producing S-1 strain was conducted using (ARTP), from which a higher alkaline phosphatase-producing positive mutant strain S-52 was screened. A central combination of five factors, including corn starch, yeast extract, metal ions, fermentation temperature and inoculum ratio, was then used to influence the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Results from the response surface methodology showed that the maximum enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase was 12,110.6 U/L at corn starch, yeast extract and magnesium ions concentrations of 17.48 g/L, 18.052 g/L and 0.744 g/L, respectively; fermentation temperature of 37.192 °C; and inoculation ratio of 5.59%. This study is important for further exploring ARTP mutagenesis in B. amyloliquefaciens and the commercialization of ALPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Bo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Kang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zuohui Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Si Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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2
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Jassas RS, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Mehmood R, Alenazi NA, Al-Rooqi MM, Mughal EU, Alsantali RI, Ahmed SA. Current status of N-, O-, S-heterocycles as potential alkaline phosphatase inhibitors: a medicinal chemistry overview. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16413-16452. [PMID: 37274413 PMCID: PMC10233329 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles are a class of compounds that have been found to be potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase (AP), an enzyme that plays a critical role in various physiological processes such as bone metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, and has been linked to several diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis. AP is a widely distributed enzyme, and its inhibition has been considered as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases. Heterocyclic compounds have been found to inhibit AP by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting its activity. Heterocyclic compounds such as imidazoles, pyrazoles, and pyridines have been found to be potent AP inhibitors and have been studied as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and other diseases. However, the development of more potent and selective inhibitors that can be used as therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases is an ongoing area of research. Additionally, the study of the mechanism of action of heterocyclic AP inhibitors is an ongoing area of research, which could lead to the identification of new targets and new therapeutic strategies. The enzyme known as AP has various physiological functions and is present in multiple tissues and organs throughout the body. This article presents an overview of the different types of AP isoforms, their distribution, and physiological roles. It also discusses the structure and mechanism of AP, including the hydrolysis of phosphate groups. Furthermore, the importance of AP as a clinical marker for liver disease, bone disorders, and cancer is emphasized, as well as its use in the diagnosis of rare inherited disorders such as hypophosphatasia. The potential therapeutic applications of AP inhibitors for different diseases are also explored. The objective of this literature review is to examine the function of alkaline phosphatase in various physiological conditions and diseases, as well as analyze the structure-activity relationships of recently reported inhibitors. The present review summarizes the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of various heterocyclic compounds as AP inhibitors. The SAR studies of these compounds have revealed that the presence of a heterocyclic ring, particularly a pyridine, pyrimidine, or pyrazole ring, in the molecule is essential for inhibitory activity. Additionally, the substitution pattern and stereochemistry of the heterocyclic ring also play a crucial role in determining the potency of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot 51300 Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot 51300 Pakistan
| | - Noof A Alenazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah M Al-Rooqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
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la Rosa GMD, García-Oliva F, Ovando-Vázquez C, Celis-García LB, López-Reyes L, López-Lozano NE. Amino Acids in the Root Exudates of Agave lechuguilla Torr. Favor the Recruitment and Enzymatic Activity of Nutrient-Improvement Rhizobacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02162-x. [PMID: 36571608 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Agave lechuguilla is a widely distributed plant in arid ecosystems. It has been suggested that its microbiome is partially responsible for its great adaptability to the oligotrophic environments of the Chihuahuan Desert. To lead the recruitment of beneficial rhizobacteria, the root exudates are essential; however, the amino acids contained within these compounds had been largely overlooked. Thus, we investigated how the variations of amino acids in the rhizosphere at different growth stages of A. lechuguilla affect the rhizobacterial community composition, its functions, and activity of the beneficial bacteria. In this regard, it was found that arginine and tyrosine were related to the composition of the rhizobacterial community associated to A. lechuguilla, where the most abundant genera were from the phylum Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Moreover, Firmicutes was largely represented by Bacillus in the phosphorus-mineralizing bacteria community, which may indicate its great distribution and versatility in the harsh environments of the Chihuahuan Desert. In contrast, we found a high proportion of Unknown taxa of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, reflecting the enormous diversity in the rhizosphere of these types of plants that remains to be explored. This work also reports the influence of micronutrients and the amino acids methionine and arginine over the increased activity of the nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mineralizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of lechuguillas. In addition, the results highlight the multiple beneficial functions present in the microbiome that could help the host to tolerate arid conditions and improve nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Medina-de la Rosa
- CONACyT-División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, Lomas 4Ta Secc, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Felipe García-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas Y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190, Morelia, Mich, Mexico
| | - Cesaré Ovando-Vázquez
- CONACyT-Centro Nacional de Supercómputo, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Lourdes B Celis-García
- CONACyT-División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, Lomas 4Ta Secc, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Lucía López-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72000, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Nguyen Esmeralda López-Lozano
- CONACyT-División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, Lomas 4Ta Secc, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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Altaf R, Nadeem H, Iqbal MN, Ilyas U, Ashraf Z, Imran M, Muhammad SA. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, 2D-QSAR, and Molecular Simulation Studies of Dihydropyrimidinone Derivatives as Alkaline Phosphatase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7139-7154. [PMID: 35252705 PMCID: PMC8892665 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of alkaline phosphatases has been observed in several species and has been known to play a crucial role in various biological functions. Higher expressions of alkaline phosphatase have been found in several multifactorial disorders and cancer patients, which has led it to be an interesting target for drug discovery. A strong structural similarity exists between intestinal alkaline phosphatases (IAPs) and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatases (TNAPs), which has led to the discovery of only a few selective inhibitors. Therefore, a series of 22 derivatives of 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1) and ethyl 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) were synthesized to evaluate the anticancer potential of these compounds against breast cancer. The compounds were characterized through spectral and elemental analyses. The inhibitory effect of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives on alkaline phosphatases was evaluated using the calf alkaline phosphatase assay. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was performed to study the radical scavenging effect. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed to elucidate the binding mode of active compounds. Moreover, the two-dimensional qualitative-structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) was performed to study the structural requirements for enzyme inhibition. The calf alkaline phosphatase inhibitory assay revealed significant inhibition of the enzyme by compound 4d with IC50 1.27 μM at 0.1 mM concentration as compared to standard KH2PO4 having IC50 2.80 μM. The compounds 4f, 4e, and 4i also showed very good inhibition with IC50 values of 2.502, 2.943, and 2.132 μM, respectively, at the same concentration. The antioxidant assay revealed efficient radical scavenging activity of compounds 4f, 4e, and 4g at 100 μg/mL with IC50 values of 0.48, 0.61, and 0.75 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking and simulation studies revealed efficient binding of active compounds in the active binding site of the target enzyme. The final QSAR equation revealed good predictivity and statistical validation having R 2 = 0.958 and Q 2 = 0.903, respectively, for the generated model. The compound 4d showed the highest inhibitory activity with stable binding modes acting as a future lead for identifying alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. The molecular simulations suggested the stable binding of this compound, and the QSAR studies revealed the importance of autocorrelated descriptors in the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase. The investigated compounds may serve as potential pharmacophores for potent and selective alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. We intend to further investigate the biological activities of these compounds as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Altaf
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- . Tel: 00923175638109
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir Iqbal
- Department
of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University
Road, Off GT Road, Sahiwal, Sahiwal
District, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ilyas
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 747424, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
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Le‐Vinh B, Akkuş‐Dağdeviren ZB, Le NN, Nazir I, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Alkaline Phosphatase: A Reliable Endogenous Partner for Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le‐Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş‐Dağdeviren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Nguyet‐Minh Nguyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Viet Nam
| | - Imran Nazir
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck 6020 Austria
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Kumar A, Mukhia S, Kumar R. Industrial applications of cold-adapted enzymes: challenges, innovations and future perspective. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:426. [PMID: 34567931 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme cold environments are potential reservoirs of microorganisms producing unique and novel enzymes in response to environmental stress conditions. Such cold-adapted enzymes prove to be valuable tools in industrial biotechnology to meet the increasing demand for efficient biocatalysts. The inherent properties like high catalytic activity at low temperature, high specific activity and low activation energy make the cold-adapted enzymes well suited for application in various industries. The interest in this group of enzymes is expanding as they are the preferred alternatives to harsh chemical synthesis owing to their biodegradable and non-toxic nature. Irrespective of the multitude of applications, the use of cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level is still limited. The current review presents the unique adaptive features and the role of cold-adapted enzymes in major industries like food, detergents, molecular biology and bioremediation. The review highlights the significance of omics technology i.e., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics in enzyme bioprospection from extreme environments. It further points out the challenges in using cold-adapted enzymes at the industrial level and the innovations associated with novel enzyme prospection strategies. Documentations on cold-adapted enzymes and their applications are abundant; however, reports on the role of omics tools in exploring cold-adapted enzymes are still scarce. So, the review covers the aspect concerning the novel techniques for enzyme discovery from nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Srijana Mukhia
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
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Yousef SM, El-Gendi H, Ghozlan H, Sabry SA, Soliman NA, Abdel-Fattah YR. Production, partial purification and characterization of alkaline phosphatase from a thermo-alkaliphile Geobacillus thermodenitrificans I2 isolate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Ambreen S, Yasmin A, Aziz S. Isolation and characterization of organophosphorus phosphatases from Bacillus thuringiensis MB497 capable of degrading Chlorpyrifos, Triazophos and Dimethoate. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04221. [PMID: 32642578 PMCID: PMC7334429 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current investigation, bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis MB497 was examined for production of intracellular and extracellular organophosphorus phosphatase (OPP) enzymes. This strain produced significant amount of extracellular acidic and alkaline phosphatases. Production of neutral phosphatase was negligible. Production of OPP was generally highest at pH 11 and at 45-50 °C. However, activity and stability of OPP was highest at 37 °C and reduced at higher temperatures. OPP production was decreased after 48 h of incubation. Largely, OPP activity was inhibited by SDS and EDTA and significantly enhanced by metals (Zn++, Cu++ and Cd++). Both acidic and alkaline OPPs were capable of bio-precipitation of selected metals (Ni, Mn, Cr and Cd) up to 86-100%. When used against 50 mg/l of three OP pesticides (Chlorpyrifos, Triazophos, and Dimethoate), 81-94.6% degradation of pesticides was observed by alkaline OPP, while acidic OPP showed less degradation (61-70.5%) within 30 min of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ambreen
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Satara Aziz
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Strauss SL. Impact of Cover Crops on the Soil Microbiome of Tree Crops. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E328. [PMID: 32110988 PMCID: PMC7143828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concerns associated with interactions between herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, soil nutrient availability, and plant phytotoxicity in perennial tree crop production systems have renewed interest in the use of cover crops in the inter-row middles or between trees as an alternative sustainable management strategy for these systems. Although interactions between the soil microbiome and cover crops have been examined for annual cropping systems, there are critical differences in management and growth in perennial cropping systems that can influence the soil microbiome and, therefore, the response to cover crops. Here, we discuss the importance of cover crops in tree cropping systems using multispecies cover crop mixtures and minimum tillage and no-tillage to not only enhance the soil microbiome but also carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling compared to monocropping, conventional tillage, and inorganic fertilization. We also identify potentially important taxa and research gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate assessments of the relationships between cover crops, soil microbes, and the health of tree crops. Additional evaluations of the interactions between the soil microbiome, cover crops, nutrient cycling, and tree performance will allow for more effective and sustainable management of perennial cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Strauss
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
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10
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Lin J, Yu J, Wang H, Xu Y, Li F, Chen X, Liang Y, Tang J, Wu L, Zhou Z, Chen C, Liu M, Chun X, Nian R, Song H. Development of a highly thermostable immunoassay based on a nanobody-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein for carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1723-1728. [PMID: 32030492 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM-5) assays are employed in routine clinical settings to diagnose tumor. We selected two nanobodies with high-affinity to CEACAM-5, termed Nb11C12 and Nb2D5, using phage-display technology. The Nb2D5 fused with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CAP), human placental alkaline phosphatase (HAP), or Pyrococcus abyssi alkaline phosphatase (PAP) were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The enzymatic activity of Nb2D5-HAP fusion protein was the best and remained stable at 60 °C for 7 days. The affinity of Nb2D5-HAP fusion protein to CEACAM-5 reached 42 pM. A chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) based on Nb2D5-HAP fusion protein was established for quantitative CEACAM-5 assay in clinical settings. The CLEIA exhibited a wide linear range of 0.31-640 ng/mL toward CEACAM-5, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.85 ng/mL. No cross-reactivity occurred with CEACAM-1, CEACAM-3, CEACAM-6, or CEACAM-8, and no interference was observed with rheumatoid factors. The CLEIA based on Nb2D5-HAP fusion protein was stable for 8 weeks at 37 °C and 50% relative humidity. The CLEIA developed from Nb2D5-HAP fusion protein had much better stability and linearity with similar reproducibility compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed from conventional monoclonal antibodies, which have been widely used in clinics over the past several decades. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Lin
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianli Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 (A) Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shenzhen Innova Nanobodi Co., Ltd., No. 7018 Caitian Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanru Xu
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Li
- Shenzhen Innova Nanobodi Co., Ltd., No. 7018 Caitian Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoheng Chen
- Shenzhen Innova Nanobodi Co., Ltd., No. 7018 Caitian Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunlong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjuan Liu
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Chun
- Dalang Hospital of Dongguan, No. 85 Jinlangzhong Road, Dalang, Dongguan, 523770, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Nian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
| | - Haipeng Song
- Shenzhen Innova Nanobodi Co., Ltd., No. 7018 Caitian Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
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Takahashi S, Morooka Y, Kumakura T, Abe K, Kera Y. Enzymatic characterization and regulation of gene expression of PhoK alkaline phosphatase in Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1125-1134. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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A Novel Alkaline Phosphatase/Phosphodiesterase, CamPhoD, from Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120657. [PMID: 31766749 PMCID: PMC6950083 DOI: 10.3390/md17120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel extracellular alkaline phosphatase/phosphodiesterase from the structural protein family PhoD that encoded by the genome sequence of the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamPhoD) has been expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, the number of amino acids, and the isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein’s subunit are equal to 54832.98 Da, 492, and 5.08, respectively. The salt-tolerant, bimetal-dependent enzyme CamPhoD has a molecular weight of approximately 110 kDa in its native state. CamPhoD is activated by Co2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, or Fe3+ at a concentration of 2 mM and exhibits maximum activity in the presence of both Co2+ and Fe3+ ions in the incubation medium at pH 9.2. The exogenous ions, such as Zn2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+, as well as chelating agents EDTA and EGTA, do not have an appreciable effect on the CamPhoD activity. The temperature optimum for the CamPhoD activity is 45 °C. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of phosphate mono- and diester bonds in nucleotides, releasing inorganic phosphorus from p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), as determined by the Chen method, with rate approximately 150- and 250-fold higher than those of bis-pNPP and 5′-pNP-TMP, respectively. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km), Vmax, and efficiency (kcat/Km) of CamPhoD were 4.2 mM, 0.203 mM/min, and 7988.6 S−1/mM; and 6.71 mM, 0.023 mM/min, and 1133.0 S−1/mM for pNPP and bis-pNPP as the chromogenic substrates, respectively. Among the 3D structures currently available, in this study we found only the low identical structure of the Bacillus subtilis enzyme as a homologous template for modeling CamPhoD, with a new architecture of the phosphatase active site containing Fe3+ and two Ca2+ ions. It is evident that the marine bacterial phosphatase/phosphidiesterase CamPhoD is a new structural member of the PhoD family.
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Meng D, Jiang W, Li J, Huang L, Zhai L, Zhang L, Guan Z, Cai Y, Liao X. An alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 of new application in biodegradation of five broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:336-343. [PMID: 30822193 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1571363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, biodegradation has been considered a promising and eco-friendly way to eliminate organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from the environment. To enrich current biodegrading-enzyme resources, an alkaline phosphatase (AP3) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 was characterized and utilized to test the potential for new applications in the biodegradation of five broad-spectrum OPs. Characterization of AP3 demonstrated that activity was optimal at 40 °C and pH 10.3. The activity of AP3 was enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+, and strongly inhibited by Mn2+, EDTA, and L-Cys. Compared to disodium phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was more suitable to AP3, and the Vm, Km, kcat, kcat/Km values of AP3 for pNPP were 4,033 U mg-1, 12.2 mmol L-1, 3.3 × 106 s-1, and 2.7 × 108 s-1mol-1L, respectively. Degradation of the five OPs, which included chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dipterex, phoxim, and triazophos, was 18.7%, 53.0%, 5.5%, 68.3%, and 96.3%, respectively, after treatment with AP3 for 1 h. After treatment of the OP for 8 h, AP3 activities remained more than 80%, with the exception of phoxim. It can be postulated that AP3 may have a broad OP-degradation ability and could possibly provide excellent potential for biodegradation and bioremediation in polluted ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Meng
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jing Li
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Lin Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Lixin Zhai
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhengbing Guan
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yujie Cai
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiangru Liao
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , China
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Jaroszewicz J, Idaszek J, Choinska E, Szlazak K, Hyc A, Osiecka-Iwan A, Swieszkowski W, Moskalewski S. Formation of calcium phosphate coatings within polycaprolactone scaffolds by simple, alkaline phosphatase based method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:319-328. [PMID: 30606539 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a novel approach to the production of calcium phosphate coatings of scaffolds. Mineral deposits were formed during incubation of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase in sodium glycerophosphate and calcium chloride medium. To modify hydrophobic surface of scaffolds and intensify attachment of coating, scaffolds were incubated at 50 °C (thermal activation, TA) or at 37 °C after short exposition to lipase (lipase activation, LA). Micro-computed tomography observations demonstrated that both methods resulted in deposition of mineral on the surface of external and internal walls of the scaffolds. Precipitate formed after thermal and lipase activation contained particles with average size of 200-400 nm, and the shape of donuts. In thermal activated PCL coatings X-ray diffraction disclosed peaks typical for hydroxyapatite (HAp), while after lipase activation these peaks could be precisely defined only if left for 6 days in the incubation medium. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy suggested crystalline structure of HAp both after thermal and lipase activation. The adherence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was initially higher on coated than pristine PCL, but during 7 days of culture the cell number increased and was similar on all tested samples. Alkaline phosphatase activity, considered as a sign of osteogenic differentiation, measured on PCL samples after 7 days was 2-3 times lower on pristine PCL than on the coated samples, but after 2 weeks increased significantly and reached similar value as on the calcium phosphate substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland.
| | - Joanna Idaszek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Emilia Choinska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Karol Szlazak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Anna Hyc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Osiecka-Iwan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, Warsaw 02-507, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Moskalewski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Ejaz SA, Saeed A, Shah SJA, Hameed A, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Distinctive inhibition of alkaline phosphatase isozymes by thiazol-2-ylidene-benzamide derivatives: Functional insights into their anticancer role. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6501-6513. [PMID: 29363794 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, the role of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes in the cause of neoplastic diseases such as breast, liver, renal, and bone cancer has been confirmed and, thus they represent a novel target for the discovery of anticancer drugs. In this study different derivatives of thiazol-2-ylidene-benzamide were evaluated for their potential to inhibit alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes. Their anticancer potential was assessed using human breast cancer (MCF-7), bone-marrow cancer (K-562), and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines in comparison to normal cells from baby hamster kidney BHK-21. The results suggested that in comparison to other derivatives, compounds 2i, 2e, and 2a showed more sensitivity towards human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP). Among these, 2″-chloro-N-(3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-4-methylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene) benzamide (2e) was found as the most potent and selective inhibitor for h-TNAP with an IC50 value of 0.079 ± 0.002 μM. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the enzyme inhibition profile and cytotoxic data. The compounds exhibiting maximum anticancer potential also induced maximum apoptosis in the respective cell lines. Furthermore, the DNA interaction studies exhibited the non-covalent mode of interaction with the herring sperm-DNA. Molecular docking studies also supported the in vitro inhibitory activity of potent compounds. Our findings suggested that potent and selective inhibitors might be useful candidates for the treatment or prevention of those diseases associated with the higher level of AP. Moreover, the study can be useful for the researcher to explore more molecular mechanisms of such derivatives and their analogues with the exact findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Jawad Ali Shah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Kim SK, Satari M. Production of newfound alkaline phosphatases from marine organisms with potential functions and industrial applications. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Yuivar Y, Barahona S, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Biochemical and Thermodynamical Characterization of Glucose Oxidase, Invertase, and Alkaline Phosphatase Secreted by Antarctic Yeasts. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:86. [PMID: 29312954 PMCID: PMC5733001 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes in diverse industries has increased substantially over past decades, creating a well-established and growing global market. Currently, the use of enzymes that work better at ambient or lower temperatures in order to decrease the temperatures of production processes is desirable. There is thus a continuous search for enzymes in cold environments, especially from microbial sources, with amylases, proteases, lipases and, cellulases being the most studied. Other enzymes, such as glucose oxidase (GOD), invertase (Inv), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), also have a high potential for application, but have been much less studied in microorganisms living in cold-environments. In this work, secretion of these three enzymes by Antarctic yeast species was analyzed, and five, three, and five species were found to produce extracellular GOD, Inv, and ALP, respectively. The major producers of GOD, Inv, and ALP were Goffeauzyma gastrica, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Dioszegia sp., respectively, from which the enzymes were purified and characterized. Contrary to what was expected, the highest GOD and Inv activities were found at 64°C and 60°C, respectively, and at 47°C for ALP. However, the three enzymes maintained a significant percentage of activity at lower temperatures, especially ALP that kept a 67 and 43% of activity at 10°C and 4°C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassef Yuivar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Tang H, Chen W, Dou ZM, Chen R, Hu Y, Chen W, Chen H. Antimicrobial effect of black pepper petroleum ether extract for the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:2067-2076. [PMID: 28720964 PMCID: PMC5495734 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of black pepper petroleum extract (BPPE) on pathogenic bacteria. The extraction from black pepper showed intense antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and the Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of BPPE against L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium were 0.625 and 1.25 mg/ml, respectively. Detection of Alkaline phosphatase outside the cell revealed that BPPE treatment destroyed the cell wall integrity. BPPE also altered the membrane integrity, thereby causing leaching of 260 and 280 nm UV-absorbing materials into the medium, particularly, nucleic acids and proteins. Propidium iodide infiltration experiments also indicated that BPPE treatment altered the permeability of bacterial cell membrane. Moreover, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was inhibited by BPPE. And the results of scanning electron microscopy showed that BPPE treatment damaged the morphology of the tested bacteria. These results indicated that BPPE could destroy cell wall integrity, alter the permeability of cell membrane, and inhibit the activity of intracellular enzyme, which could kill bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Wenxue Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Zu-Man Dou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Ronghao Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Yueying Hu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Haiming Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, 570228 China
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Divya A, Santhiagu A, Prakash SJ. Cloning, expression and characterization of a highly active thermostable alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 1483 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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phoD Alkaline Phosphatase Gene Diversity in Soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7281-9. [PMID: 26253682 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01823-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase enzymes are responsible for much of the recycling of organic phosphorus in soils. The PhoD alkaline phosphatase takes part in this process by hydrolyzing a range of organic phosphoesters. We analyzed the taxonomic and environmental distribution of phoD genes using whole-genome and metagenome databases. phoD alkaline phosphatase was found to be spread across 20 bacterial phyla and was ubiquitous in the environment, with the greatest abundance in soil. To study the great diversity of phoD, we developed a new set of primers which targets phoD genes in soil. The primer set was validated by 454 sequencing of six soils collected from two continents with different climates and soil properties and was compared to previously published primers. Up to 685 different phoD operational taxonomic units were found in each soil, which was 7 times higher than with previously published primers. The new primers amplified sequences belonging to 13 phyla, including 71 families. The most prevalent phoD genes identified in these soils were affiliated with the orders Actinomycetales (13 to 35%), Bacillales (1 to 29%), Gloeobacterales (1 to 18%), Rhizobiales (18 to 27%), and Pseudomonadales (0 to 22%). The primers also amplified phoD genes from additional orders, including Burkholderiales, Caulobacterales, Deinococcales, Planctomycetales, and Xanthomonadales, which represented the major differences in phoD composition between samples, highlighting the singularity of each community. Additionally, the phoD bacterial community structure was strongly related to soil pH, which varied between 4.2 and 6.8. These primers reveal the diversity of phoD in soil and represent a valuable tool for the study of phoD alkaline phosphatase in environmental samples.
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Golotin V, Balabanova L, Likhatskaya G, Rasskazov V. Recombinant production and characterization of a highly active alkaline phosphatase from marine bacterium Cobetia marina. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:130-143. [PMID: 25260971 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The psychrophilic marine bacterium, Cobetia marina, recovered from the mantle tissue of the marine mussel, Crenomytilus grayanus, which contained a gene encoding alkaline phosphatase (AP) with apparent biotechnology advantages. The enzyme was found to be more efficient than its counterparts and showed k cat value 10- to 100-fold higher than those of all known commercial APs. The enzyme did not require the presence of exogenous divalent cations and dimeric state of its molecule for activity. The recombinant enzyme (CmAP) production and purification were optimized with a final recovery of 2 mg of the homogenous protein from 1 L of the transgenic Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)/Pho40 cells culture. CmAP displayed a half-life of 16 min at 45 °C and 27 min at 40 °C in the presence of 2 mM EDTA, thus suggesting its relative thermostability in comparison with the known cold-adapted analogues. A high concentration of EDTA in the incubation mixture did not appreciably inhibit CmAP. The enzyme was stable in a wide range of pH (6.0-11.0). CmAP exhibited its highest activity at the reaction temperature of 40-50 °C and pH 9.5-10.3. The structural features of CmAP could be the reason for the increase in its stability and catalytic turnover. We have modeled the CmAP 3D structure on the base of the high-quality experimental structure of the close homologue Vibrio sp. AP (VAP) and mutated essential residues predicted to break Mg(2+) bonds in CmAP. It seems probable that the intrinsically tight binding of catalytic and structural metal ions together with the flexibility of intermolecular and intramolecular links in CmAP could be attributed to the adapted mutualistic lifestyle in oceanic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Golotin
- G.B. Elyakova Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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22
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Lee DH, Choi SL, Rha E, Kim SJ, Yeom SJ, Moon JH, Lee SG. A novel psychrophilic alkaline phosphatase from the metagenome of tidal flat sediments. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:1. [PMID: 25636680 PMCID: PMC4335783 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline phosphatase (AP) catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphate monoesters under alkaline conditions and plays important roles in microbial ecology and molecular biology applications. Here, we report on the first isolation and biochemical characterization of a thermolabile AP from a metagenome. RESULTS The gene encoding a novel AP was isolated from a metagenomic library constructed with ocean-tidal flat sediments from the west coast of Korea. The metagenome-derived AP (mAP) gene composed of 1,824 nucleotides encodes a polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 64 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of mAP showed a high degree of similarity to other members of the AP family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mAP is shown to be a member of a recently identified family of PhoX that is distinct from the well-studied classical PhoA family. When the open reading frame encoding mAP was cloned and expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli, the mature mAP was secreted to the periplasm and lacks an 81-amino-acid N-terminal Tat signal peptide. Mature mAP was purified to homogeneity as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular mass of 56 kDa. The purified mAP displayed typical features of a psychrophilic enzyme: high catalytic activity at low temperature and a remarkable thermal instability. The optimal temperature for the enzymatic activity of mAP was 37°C and complete thermal inactivation of the enzyme was observed at 65°C within 15 min. mAP was activated by Ca(2+) and exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.0. Except for phytic acid and glucose 1-phosphate, mAP showed phosphatase activity against various phosphorylated substrates indicating that it had low substrate specificity. In addition, the mAP was able to remove terminal phosphates from cohesive and blunt ends of linearized plasmid DNA, exhibiting comparable efficiency to commercially available APs that have been used in molecular biology. CONCLUSIONS The presented mAP enzyme is the first thermolabile AP found in cold-adapted marine metagenomes and may be useful for efficient dephosphorylation of linearized DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hee Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea. .,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Su-Lim Choi
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea. .,Present address: Su-Lim Choi, Amicogen, Inc., Jinju, Korea.
| | - Eugene Rha
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Jae-Hee Moon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea. .,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
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Bacillus subtilis alkaline phosphatase IV acquires activity only late at the stationary phase when produced in Escherichia coli. Overexpression and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zimmerman AE, Martiny AC, Allison SD. Microdiversity of extracellular enzyme genes among sequenced prokaryotic genomes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:1187-99. [PMID: 23303371 PMCID: PMC3660669 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between prokaryotic traits and phylogeny is important for predicting and modeling ecological processes. Microbial extracellular enzymes have a pivotal role in nutrient cycling and the decomposition of organic matter, yet little is known about the phylogenetic distribution of genes encoding these enzymes. In this study, we analyzed 3058 annotated prokaryotic genomes to determine which taxa have the genetic potential to produce alkaline phosphatase, chitinase and β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase enzymes. We then evaluated the relationship between the genetic potential for enzyme production and 16S rRNA phylogeny using the consenTRAIT algorithm, which calculated the phylogenetic depth and corresponding 16S rRNA sequence identity of clades of potential enzyme producers. Nearly half (49.2%) of the genomes analyzed were found to be capable of extracellular enzyme production, and these were non-randomly distributed across most prokaryotic phyla. On average, clades of potential enzyme-producing organisms had a maximum phylogenetic depth of 0.008004-0.009780, though individual clades varied broadly in both size and depth. These values correspond to a minimum 16S rRNA sequence identity of 98.04-98.40%. The distribution pattern we found is an indication of microdiversity, the occurrence of ecologically or physiologically distinct populations within phylogenetically related groups. Additionally, we found positive correlations among the genes encoding different extracellular enzymes. Our results suggest that the capacity to produce extracellular enzymes varies at relatively fine-scale phylogenetic resolution. This variation is consistent with other traits that require a small number of genes and provides insight into the relationship between taxonomy and traits that may be useful for predicting ecological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Zimmerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Chiş L, Hriscu M, Bica A, Toşa M, Nagy G, Róna G, G. Vértessy B, Dan Irimie F. Molecular cloning and characterization of a thermostable esterase/lipase produced by a novel Anoxybacillus flavithermus strain. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:119-34. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Minamihata K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Activation of Pyrococcus furiosus alkaline phosphatase by divalent metal ions. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:2055-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Kitaoka M, Mitsumori M, Hayashi K, Hiraishi Y, Yoshinaga H, Nakano K, Miyawaki K, Noji S, Goto M, Kamiya N. Transglutaminase-mediated in situ hybridization (TransISH) system: a new methodology for simplified mRNA detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5885-91. [PMID: 22746100 DOI: 10.1021/ac2034198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection and localization of specific DNA or RNA sequences in cells and tissues are of great importance for biological research, diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. However, the most common procedure for in situ hybridization employs laborious immunostaining techniques. In the present study, we report proof-of-concept for a new RNA-enzyme conjugated probe for the detection of mRNA on tissue sections with a simple procedure. An RNA probe modified with a specific dipeptide substrate of transglutaminase was prepared. Alkaline phosphatase was then covalently and site-specifically combined to the dipeptide-labeled RNA using microbial transglutaminase. The new RNA probe labeled with alkaline phosphatase was validated by in situ hybridization (ISH) and proved to be a sensitive and sequence specific probe for mRNA detection in tissues. The new transglutaminase-mediated ISH (TransISH) strategy is free from antigen-antibody reaction, leads to one-step signal amplification after hybridization, and thus will be widely applicable for highly sensitive nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Asencio AD, Morte A, García-Carmona F, Pérez-Gilabert M. PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CALCIUM-DEPENDENT ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS (1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:347-354. [PMID: 27009724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Triton X-114 (TX-114) is used to extract and partially purify alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from a membranous fraction of Arthrospira platensis Gomont containing cell wall, plasma membrane, thylakoids, and sheath. TX-114 has a double effect: solubilizing cell components to liberate the enzyme and, after phase partitioning, removing chl and other pigments present in the crude extract. The recovery of the enzyme in the aqueous phase suggests the overall hydrophilic character of this enzyme. ALP was kinetically characterized at pH 11.0 using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, giving a Km value of 1.7 mM. Orthovanadate was seen to be a competitive inhibitor of ALP, with a Ki of 0.8 mM. The enzyme was almost completely inactivated in the presence of 70 μM EDTA, although the addition of Ca(2+) reverted this inactivation; these results indicate that ALP from A. platensis is a calcium-dependent metalloenzyme. When the effect of Ca(2+) was investigated in detail, a value of 0.067 μM(-1) for the affinity constant was obtained. The enzyme was histochemically localized in the cytoplasm, cell wall, and sheath using the enzyme-labeled fluorescent substrate (ELF) method. It is assumed that the same enzyme is either soluble in the cytoplasm and in some way "trapped" in the cell wall or in the sheath. ALP localization within the sheath and the subsequent release of phosphorus (P) may benefit the neighboring cells surrounding this layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia D Asencio
- División Botánica, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, SpainDepartamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asuncióín Morte
- División Botánica, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, SpainDepartamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- División Botánica, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, SpainDepartamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuela Pérez-Gilabert
- División Botánica, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, SpainDepartamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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29
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Nasu E, Ichiyanagi A, Gomi K. Cloning and expression of a highly active recombinant alkaline phosphatase from psychrotrophic Cobetia marina. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:321-8. [PMID: 22009571 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters and is widely used in molecular biology techniques and clinical diagnostics. We expressed a recombinant alkaline phosphatase of the marine bacterium, Cobetia marina, in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein was purified with a specific activity of 12,700 U/mg protein, which is the highest activity reported of any bacterial alkaline phosphatase studied to date. The molecular mass of the recombinant protein was 55-60 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE, and was observed to be a dimer by gel filtration analysis. The enzyme was optimally active at 45°C and the recombinant alkaline phosphatase efficiently hydrolyzed a phosphoric acid ester in luminescent and fluorescent substrates. Therefore, this enzyme can be considered to be extremely useful as a label conjugated to an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Nasu
- Noda Development Group, Planning & Administration Department, Kikkoman Biochemifa Company, 376-2, Kamihanawa, Nodashi, Chiba, 278-0033, Japan.
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30
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Kitaoka M, Tsuruda Y, Tanaka Y, Goto M, Mitsumori M, Hayashi K, Hiraishi Y, Miyawaki K, Noji S, Kamiya N. Transglutaminase-mediated synthesis of a DNA-(enzyme)n probe for highly sensitive DNA detection. Chemistry 2011; 17:5387-92. [PMID: 21469233 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic strategy for DNA-enzyme conjugates with a novel architecture was explored using a natural cross-linking catalyst, microbial transglutaminase (MTG). A glutamine-donor substrate peptide of MTG was introduced at the 5-position on the pyrimidine of deoxyuridine triphosphate to prepare a DNA strand with multiple glutamine-donor sites by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A substrate peptide that contained an MTG-reactive lysine residue was fused to the N terminus of a thermostable alkaline phoshatase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuAP) by genetic engineering. By combining enzymatically the substrate moieties of MTG introduced to the DNA template and the recombinant enzyme, a DNA-(enzyme)(n) conjugate with 1:n stoichiometry was successfully obtained. The enzyme/DNA ratio of the conjugate increased as the benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminylglycine (Z-QG) moiety increased in the DNA template. The potential utility of the new conjugate decorated with signaling enzymes was validated in a dot blot hybridization assay. The DNA-(enzyme)(n) probe could clearly detect 10(4) copies of the target nucleic acid with the complementary sequence under harsh hybridization conditions, thereby enabling a simple detection procedure without cumbersome bound/free processes associated with a conventional hapten-antibody reaction-based DNA-detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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31
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Pettit RK. Culturability and secondary metabolite diversity of extreme microbes: expanding contribution of deep sea and deep-sea vent microbes to natural product discovery. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1-11. [PMID: 20437069 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbes from extreme environments do not necessarily require extreme culture conditions. Perhaps the most extreme environments known, deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites, support an incredible array of archaea, bacteria, and fungi, many of which have now been cultured. Microbes cultured from extreme environments have not disappointed in the natural products arena; diverse bioactive secondary metabolites have been isolated from cultured extreme-tolerant microbes, extremophiles, and deep-sea microbes. The contribution of vent microbes to our arsenal of natural products will likely grow, given the culturability of vent microbes; their metabolic, physiologic, and phylogenetic diversity; numerous reports of bioactive natural products from microbes inhabiting high acid, high temperature, or high pressure environments; and the recent isolation of new chroman derivatives and siderophores from deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin K Pettit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2404, USA.
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32
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Luo M, Guo YC, Deng JY, Wei HP, Zhang ZP, Leng Y, Men D, Song LR, Zhang XE, Zhou YF. Characterization of a monomeric heat-labile classical alkaline phosphatase from Anabaena sp. PCC7120. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:655-64. [PMID: 20632947 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910050172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (APs), known inducible enzymes of the Pho regulon and poorly characterized in cyanobacteria, hydrolyze phosphomonoesters to produce inorganic phosphate (P(i)) during P(i) starvation. In this study, two predicted alkaline phosphatase genes in the genome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, all2843 and alr5291, were apparently induced during P(i) starvation. Sequence analysis showed that alr5291 encodes a protein that is an atypical alkaline phosphatase like other cyanobacteria PhoAs, but the protein encoded by all2843 is very similar to the classical PhoAs, such as Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (EAP). To date, there have been no reports about classical phoA in cyanobacterial genomes. The alkaline phosphatase AP(A), coded by all2843, is characterized as a metalloenzyme containing Mg2+ and Zn2+ with molar ratio of 1 : 2. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis indicated that, though the active center of AP(A) is highly conserved in comparison with EAP, differences do exist between AP(A) and EAP in metal ion coordination. Besides, biochemical analysis revealed that AP(A) is a monomeric protein and inactivated rapidly at 50 degrees C. These results suggest that AP(A) is the first monomeric heat-labile classical PhoA found in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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33
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Wende A, Johansson P, Vollrath R, Dyall-Smith M, Oesterhelt D, Grininger M. Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Halophilic Archaeal Alkaline Phosphatase. J Mol Biol 2010; 400:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Chen F, Liu G, Xu Z, Zeng Z. Effect of metal ions on the secondary structure and activity of calf intestine phosphatase. BMB Rep 2008; 41:305-9. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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A Moderately Thermostable Alkaline Phosphatase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T2: Cloning, Expression and Biochemical Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:81-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Cho-Ngwa F, Mbua EN, Nchamukong KG, Titanji VPK. Detection, purification and characterisation of a secretory alkaline phosphatase from Onchocerca species. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 156:136-43. [PMID: 17850899 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An Onchocerca secretory alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) of molecular weight 90 kDa when in crude extract, but which dimerises to about 180 kDa upon purification, was detected, purified and characterised. The enzyme was found to be secreted by both O. ochengi and O. volvulus worms. It was shown to be of Onchocerca origin by Western blotting with bovine onchocerciasis sera and by its time-dependent release in cultures. The O. ochengi enzyme was purified to near homogeneity by a combination of polyethylene glycol precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. About 0.96 mg of the active enzyme was purified from 48.4 mg of the crude parasite-released products, giving a purification fold of 71.45 and a yield of 8.7%. The purified enzyme exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with optimum activity on p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP) at pH 10.2. Its apparent K(m) for p-NPP was 0.56+/-0.03 mM and it required Mg(2+) and dithiothreitol (DTT) for stability throughout its purification. Sodium dodecyl sulphate at 2% (w/v) did not inhibit the enzyme activity, but apparently stabilised it during freezing. Inorganic phosphate inhibited the enzyme competitively with an apparent inhibition constant (K(i)) of 3.33+/-0.04 mM, whereas l-phenylalanine inhibited it in a mixed way with a K(i) of 3.18+/-0.03 mM. While contributing to the understanding of metabolism in Onchocerca, the present apparently unique enzyme which is likely to serve in the nutrition of the parasite could be further characterised as a macrofilaricide target or diagnostic marker in onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
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37
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Li J, Xu L, Yang F. Expression and characterization of recombinant thermostable alkaline phosphatase from a novel thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus XM. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:844-50. [PMID: 17989875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene (tap) encoding a thermostable alkaline phosphatase from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus XM was cloned and sequenced. It is 1506 bp long and encodes a protein of 501 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 54.7 kDa. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with other alkaline phosphatases showed that the regions in the vicinity of the phosphorylation site and metal binding sites are highly conserved. The recombinant thermostable alkaline phosphatase was expressed as a His6-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli and its enzymatic properties were characterized after purification. The pH and temperature optima for the recombinant thermostable alkaline phosphatases activity were pH 12 and 75 degrees C. As expected, the enzyme displayed high thermostability, retaining more than 50% activity after incubating for 6 h at 80 degrees C. Its catalytic function was accelerated in the presence of 0.1 mM Co2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+ but was strongly inhibited by 2.0 mM Fe2+. Under optimal conditions, the Michaelis constant (K(m)) for cleavage of p-nitrophenyl-phosphate was 0.034 mM. Although it has much in common with other alkaline phosphatases, the recombinant thermostable alkaline phosphatase possesses some unique features, such as high optimal pH and good thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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38
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Sopina VA. Phosphatase activity in Amoeba proteus at pH 9.0. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Wang E, Koutsioulis D, Leiros HKS, Andersen OA, Bouriotis V, Hough E, Heikinheimo P. Crystal Structure of Alkaline Phosphatase from the Antarctic Bacterium TAB5. J Mol Biol 2007; 366:1318-31. [PMID: 17198711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (APs) are non-specific phosphohydrolases that are widely used in molecular biology and diagnostics. We describe the structure of the cold active alkaline phosphatase from the Antarctic bacterium TAB5 (TAP). The fold and the active site geometry are conserved with the other AP structures, where the monomer has a large central beta-sheet enclosed by alpha-helices. The dimer interface of TAP is relatively small, and only a single loop from each monomer replaces the typical crown domain. The structure also has typical cold-adapted features; lack of disulfide bridges, low number of salt-bridges, and a loose dimer interface that completely lacks charged interactions. The dimer interface is more hydrophobic than that of the Escherichia coli AP and the interactions have tendency to pair with backbone atoms, which we propose to result from the cold adaptation of TAP. The structure contains two additional magnesium ions outside of the active site, which we believe to be involved in substrate binding as well as contributing to the local stability. The M4 site stabilises an interaction that anchors the substrate-coordinating R148. The M5 metal-binding site is in a region that stabilises metal coordination in the active site. In other APs the M5 binding area is supported by extensive salt-bridge stabilisation, as well as positively charged patches around the active site. We propose that these charges, and the TAP M5 binding, influence the release of the product phosphate and thus might influence the rate-determining step of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wang
- Institutt for Kjemi, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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40
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Helianti I, Okubo T, Morita Y, Tamiya E. Characterization of thermostable native alkaline phosphatase from an aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:107-12. [PMID: 17256119 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the characterization of an alkaline phosphatase (AP) from an aerobic hyperthermophilic Archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1. The native AP was purified into homogeneity. The enzyme is predicted as a homodimeric structure with a native molecular mass of about 75 kDa and monomer of about 40 kDa. Apparent optimum pH and temperature were estimated at 10.0 and above 95 degrees C, respectively. Magnesium ion increased both the stability and the activity of the enzyme. A. pernix AP has been demonstrated as a very thermostable AP, retaining about 76% of its activity after being incubated at 90 degrees C for 5.5 h and 67% of its activity after being incubated at 100 degrees C for 2.5 h, respectively, under the presence of Mg(II). Enzyme activity was increased in addition of exogenous Mg(II), Ca(II), Zn(II), and Co(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Is Helianti
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
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41
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Kube J, Brokamp C, Machielsen R, van der Oost J, Märkl H. Influence of temperature on the production of an archaeal thermoactive alcohol dehydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus with recombinant Escherichia coli. Extremophiles 2006; 10:221-7. [PMID: 16463078 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous production of a thermoactive alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhC) from Pyrococcus furiosus in Escherichia coli was investigated. E. coli was grown in a fed-batch bioreactor in minimal medium to high cell densities (cell dry weight 76 g/l, OD600 of 150). Different cultivation strategies were applied to optimize the production of active AdhC, such as lowering the cultivation temperature from 37 to 28 degrees C, heat shock of the culture from 37 to 42 degrees C and from 37 to 45 degrees C, and variation of time of induction (induction at an OD600 of 40, 80 and 120). In addition to the production of active intracellular protein, inclusion bodies were always observed. The maximal activity of 30 U/l (corresponding to 6 mg/l active protein) was obtained after a heat shock from 37 to 42 degrees C, and IPTG induction of the adhC expression at an OD600 of 120. Although no general rules can be provided, some of the here presented variations may be applicable for the optimization of the heterologous production of proteins in general, and of thermozymes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kube
- Bioprozess- und Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, 21071 Hamburg, Germany.
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42
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Gong N, Chen C, Xie L, Chen H, Lin X, Zhang R. Characterization of a thermostable alkaline phosphatase from a novel species Thermus yunnanensis sp. nov. and investigation of its cobalt activation at high temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1750:103-11. [PMID: 15955749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A thermostable alkaline phosphatase with high specific activity and thermal resistance was purified from a novel species of Thermus sp. named as Thermus yunnanensis sp. nov. The enzyme contains a single peptide with a molecular mass of about 52 kDa on SDS-PAGE analysis and appears to be a homodimer in solution with the molecular mass of 104 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature for its activities are pH 8.0-10.0 and 70-80 degrees C, respectively. The catalytic activities of the enzyme are metal ion dependent, and Mg2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ are the main activators. Among these, Co2+ is the most active stimulator and has unique activation effect at high temperature. Metal binding analysis showed the binding of Mg2+ at the metal binding site was easy to loss in the thermoinactivation, and Co2+ was apt to bind at that site and kept the favorable configuration of catalysis, which would result high activation in the incubation with Co2+ at high temperature. According to this study, a model was proposed for the explanation of the activation and the results of actual experiments demonstrated the validity of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningping Gong
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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43
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Yu Plisova E, Balabanova LA, Ivanova EP, Kozhemyako VB, Mikhailov VV, Agafonova EV, Rasskazov VA. A highly active alkaline phosphatase from the marine bacterium cobetia. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:173-8. [PMID: 15906116 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-3022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An alkaline phosphatase with unusually high specific activity has been found to be produced by the marine bacterium Cobetia marina (strain KMM MC-296) isolated from coelomic liquid of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. The properties of enzyme, such as a very high specific activity (15000 DE U/1 mg of protein), no activation with divalent cations, resistance to high concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, as well as substrate specificity toward 5' nucleotides suggest that the enzyme falls in an intermediate position between unspecific alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1) and 5' nucleotidases (EC 3.1.3.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Plisova
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok-22, 690022, Russia
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44
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Zappa S, Boudrant J, Kantrowitz ER. Pyrococcus abyssi alkaline phosphatase: the dimer is the active form. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:575-81. [PMID: 15041236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (APs), E.C. 3.1.3.1, are non-specific phosphomonoesterases optimally active under alkaline conditions. They are classically known to be homodimeric metalloenzymes. This quaternary structure has been considered necessary for activity, although the relationship between quaternary structure and activity is not well understood. Recombinant Pyrococcus abyssi AP was previously isolated and characterized, appearing to have two active quaternary structures on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a monomer and a homodimer. The purpose of the present work was to determine the actual quaternary structure of P. abyssi AP in solution, by isolating each of the two quaternary forms and establishing the parameters governing the assembly and dissociation of the dimer. pH appeared to be an important parameter: in acidic media, the monomer/dimer ratio shifted towards monomer. Buffer composition also affected the quaternary structure: at the same pH, in potassium phosphate buffer, the two quaternary structures were observed, whereas in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer, only the dimer was observed. Metals bound to the enzyme were found to be involved in the stability of the quaternary structure. Indeed, the P. abyssi AP obtained upon removal of the metals was monomeric. Reactivation of the latter was achieved with variable efficiency. From these experiments, no active monomer could be isolated, leading the conclusion that the active form of P. abyssi AP is the homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zappa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPL-ENSAIA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
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Yurchenko JV, Budilov AV, Deyev SM, Khromov IS, Sobolev AY. Cloning of an alkaline phosphatase gene from the moderately thermophilic bacterium Meiothermus ruber and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 270:87-93. [PMID: 12928867 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2003] [Accepted: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A gene that codes for an alkaline phosphatase was cloned from the thermophilic bacterium Meiothermus ruber, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the enzyme precursor including the putative signal sequence is composed of 503 amino acid residues and has an estimated molecular mass of 54,229 Da. Comparison of the peptide sequence with that of the prototype alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli revealed conservation of the regions in the vicinity of the corresponding phosphorylation site and metal binding sites. The protein was expressed in E. coli and its enzymatic properties were characterized. In the absence of exogenously added metal ions, activity was negligible; to obtain maximal activity, addition of free Mg2+ ions was required. Zn2+ ions had an inhibitory effect on the activity of the M. ruber enzyme. The pH and temperature optima for activity were found to be 11.0 and 62 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was moderately thermostable: it retained about 50% activity after incubation for 6 h at 60 degrees C, whereas at 80 degrees C it was completely inactivated within 2 h. The Michaelis constant for cleavage of 4-nitrophenylphosphate was 0.055 mM. While having much in common with other alkaline phosphatases, the M. ruber enzyme presents some unique features, such as a very narrow pH range for activity and an absolute requirement for magnesium for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Yurchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Square, 123182, Moscow, Russia
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Boulanger RR, Kantrowitz ER. Characterization of a monomeric Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase formed upon a single amino acid substitution. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23497-501. [PMID: 12707276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) from Escherichia coli as well as APs from many other organisms exist in a dimeric quaternary structure. Each monomer contains an active site located 32 A away from the active site in the second subunit. Indirect evidence has previously suggested that the monomeric form of AP is inactive. Molecular modeling studies indicated that destabilization of the dimeric interface should occur if Thr-59, located near the 2-fold axis of symmetry, were replaced by a sterically large and charged residue such as arginine. The T59R enzyme was constructed and characterized by sucrose-density gradient sedimentation, size-exclusion chromatography, and circular dichroism (CD) and compared with the previously constructed T59A enzyme. The T59A enzyme was found to exist as a dimer, whereas the T59R enzyme was found to exist as a monomer. The T59A, T59R, and wild-type APs exhibited almost identical secondary structures as judged by CD. The T59R monomeric AP has a melting temperature (Tm) of 43 degrees C, whereas the wild-type AP dimer has a Tm of 97 degrees C. The catalytic activity of the T59R enzyme was reduced by 104-fold, whereas the T59A enzyme exhibited an activity similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. The T59A and wild-type enzymes contained similar levels of zinc and magnesium, whereas the T59R enzyme has almost undetectable amounts of tightly bound metals. These results suggest that a significant conformational change occurs upon dimerization, which enhances thermal stability, metal binding, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Boulanger
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Expression of Pyrococcus abyssi recombinant alkaline phosphatase: influences of Escherichia coli rare codons and secretion by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cohen GN, Barbe V, Flament D, Galperin M, Heilig R, Lecompte O, Poch O, Prieur D, Quérellou J, Ripp R, Thierry JC, Van der Oost J, Weissenbach J, Zivanovic Y, Forterre P. An integrated analysis of the genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47:1495-512. [PMID: 12622808 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic euryarchaeon Pyrococcus abyssi and the related species Pyrococcus furiosus and Pyrococcus horikoshii, whose genomes have been completely sequenced, are presently used as model organisms in different laboratories to study archaeal DNA replication and gene expression and to develop genetic tools for hyperthermophiles. We have performed an extensive re-annotation of the genome of P. abyssi to obtain an integrated view of its phylogeny, molecular biology and physiology. Many new functions are predicted for both informational and operational proteins. Moreover, several candidate genes have been identified that might encode missing links in key metabolic pathways, some of which have unique biochemical features. The great majority of Pyrococcus proteins are typical archaeal proteins and their phylogenetic pattern agrees with its position near the root of the archaeal tree. However, proteins probably from bacterial origin, including some from mesophilic bacteria, are also present in the P. abyssi genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges N Cohen
- Institut Pasteur, 25,28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
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Wojciechowski CL, Kantrowitz ER. Altering of the metal specificity of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50476-81. [PMID: 12399456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209326200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of sequence alignments of alkaline phosphatases revealed a correlation between metal specificity and certain amino acid side chains in the active site that are metal-binding ligands. The Zn(2+)-requiring Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase has an Asp at position 153 and a Lys at position 328. Co(2+)-requiring alkaline phosphatases from Thermotoga maritima and Bacillus subtilis have a His and a Trp at these positions, respectively. The mutations D153H, K328W, and D153H/K328W were induced in E. coli alkaline phosphatase to determine whether these residues dictate the metal dependence of the enzyme. The wild-type and D153H enzymes showed very little activity in the presence of Co(2+), but the K328W and especially the D153H/K328W enzymes effectively use Co(2+) for catalysis. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that in all cases except for the D153H/K328W enzyme, a possible conformation change occurs upon binding Co(2+). These data together indicate that the active site of the D153H/K328W enzyme has been altered significantly enough to allow the enzyme to utilize Co(2+) for catalysis. These studies suggest that the active site residues His and Trp at the E. coli enzyme positions 153 and 328, respectively, at least partially dictate the metal specificity of alkaline phosphatase.
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Wojciechowski CL, Cardia JP, Kantrowitz ER. Alkaline phosphatase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium T. maritima requires cobalt for activity. Protein Sci 2002; 11:903-11. [PMID: 11910033 PMCID: PMC2373536 DOI: 10.1110/ps.4260102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima encodes a gene sharing sequence similarities with several known genes for alkaline phosphatase (AP). The putative gene was isolated and the corresponding protein expressed in Escherichia coli, with and without a predicted signal sequence. The recombinant protein showed phosphatase activity toward the substrate p-nitrophenyl-phosphate with a k(cat) of 16 s(-1) and a K(m) of 175 microM at a pH optimum of 8.0 when assayed at 25 degrees C. T. maritima phosphatase activity increased at high temperatures, reaching a maximum k(cat) of 100 s(-1), with a K(m) of 93 microM at 65 degrees C. Activity was stable at 65 degrees C for >24 h and at 90 degrees C for 5 h. Phosphatase activity was dependent on divalent metal ions, specifically Co(II) and Mg(II). Circular dichroism spectra showed that the enzyme gains secondary structure on addition of these metals. Zinc, the most common divalent metal ion required for activity in known APs, was shown to inhibit the T. maritima phosphatase enzyme at concentrations above 0.3 moles Zn: 1 mole monomer. All activity was abolished in the presence of 0.1 mM EDTA. The T. maritima AP primary sequence is 28% identical when compared with E. coli AP. Based on a structural model, the active sites are superimposable except for two residues near the E. coli AP Mg binding site, D153 and K328 (E. coli numbering) corresponding to histidine and tryptophan in T. maritima AP, respectively. Sucrose-density gradient sedimentation experiments showed that the protein exists in several quaternary forms predominated by an octamer.
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