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Mudaliar SB, Poojary SS, Bharath Prasad AS, Mazumder N. Probiotics and Paraprobiotics: Effects on Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Their Consequent Potential in Neuropsychiatric Therapy. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1440-1464. [PMID: 38294675 PMCID: PMC11322360 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are clinical conditions that affect cognitive function and emotional stability, often resulting from damage or disease in the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders are a worldwide concern, impacting approximately 12.5% of the global population. The gut microbiota has been linked to neurological development and function, implicating its involvement in neuropsychiatric conditions. Due to their interaction with gut microbial communities, probiotics offer a natural alternative to traditional treatments such as therapeutic drugs and interventions for alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms. Introduced by Metchnikoff in the early 1900s, probiotics are live microorganisms that provide various health benefits, including improved digestion, enhanced sleep quality, and reduced mental problems. However, concerns about their safety, particularly in immunocompromised patients, warrant further investigation; this has led to the concept of "paraprobiotics", inactivated forms of beneficial microorganisms that offer a safer alternative. This review begins by exploring different methods of inactivation, each targeting specific cellular components like DNA or proteins. The choice of inactivation method is crucial, as the health benefits may vary depending on the conditions employed for inactivation. The subsequent sections focus on the potential mechanisms of action and specific applications of probiotics and paraprobiotics in neuropsychiatric therapy. Probiotics and paraprobiotics interact with gut microbes, modulating the gut microbial composition and alleviating gut dysbiosis. The resulting neuropsychiatric benefits primarily stem from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication channel involving various pathways discussed in the review. While further research is needed, probiotics and paraprobiotics are promising therapeutic agents for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Balaji Mudaliar
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sumith Sundara Poojary
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Alevoor Srinivas Bharath Prasad
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Zimmermann JA, Sirini N, Olivero CR, Renna MS, Signorini ML, Zbrun MV, Frizzo LS, Soto LP. Macroencapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSPV002C as nutritional supplement for piglets: Storage stability and survival in gastrointestinal conditions. Rev Argent Microbiol 2024; 56:90-101. [PMID: 37923699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of the encapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSPV002C in macrocapsules made from industrial materials during production, storage and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro and in vivo. The production of macrocapsules involved the evaluation of different wall materials (matrix), namely, gelatin and pregelatinized starch, different inoculums, matrix ratios, and diverse cryoprotectants (whey permeate and maltodextrin). The different macrocapsules were arranged in molds of similar size to pig pelleted food and lyophilized. Then, the viability of the macrocapsules was assessed over time during storage at different temperatures (freezing, refrigeration and room temperature) and atmospheres (vacuum and non-vaccum). The macrocapsules with 10% w/v gelatin+5% w/v pregelatinized starch, permeated (10%, w/v), with a 9:1 inoculum:matrix ratio (GS7.5P9), stored under freezing conditions and vacuum, exhibited the highest viability of L. reuteri DSPV002C (9.3 log CFU/cap until 210 d). Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the encapsulated inoculum showed less viability loss (0.58±0.09 log CFU/ml, 26.53%), compared to the free culture (1.56±0.16 log CFU/ml, 2.85%). Finally, by administering GS7.5P9 to pigs, the tolerance of the bacteria to the gastrointestinal environment was verified, with viable counts equal to or greater than 3.72 log CFU/g of fecal matter throughout the trial. In this study, a high-density carrier probiotic macrocapsule of L. reuteri DSPV002C was obtained, which displayed a long shelf life, a suitable shape to be included in pig feed and an adequate survival of viable cells at the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Noelí Sirini
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Raquel Olivero
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Sol Renna
- Laboratory of Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Lisandro Signorini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Technology EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Virginia Zbrun
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laureano Sebastián Frizzo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lorena Paola Soto
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Littoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
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Zhuang L, Gong J, Shen Q, Yang J, Song C, Liu Q, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhu M. Advances in detection methods for viable Salmonella spp.: current applications and challenges. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1643-1660. [PMID: 37378821 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common intestinal pathogen that can cause food poisoning and intestinal disease. The high prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and sensitive methods for its identification, detection, and monitoring, especially of viable Salmonella. Conventional culture methods need to be more laborious and time-consuming. And they are relatively limited in their ability to detect Salmonella in the viable but non-culturable status if present in the sample to be tested. As a result, there is an increasing need for rapid and accurate techniques to detect viable Salmonella spp. This paper reviewed the status and progress of various methods reported in recent years that can be used to detect viable Salmonella, such as culture-based methods, molecular methods targeting RNAs and DNAs, phage-based methods, biosensors, and some techniques that have the potential for future application. This review can provide researchers with a reference for additional method options and help facilitate the development of rapid and accurate assays. In the future, viable Salmonella detection approaches will become more stable, sensitive, and fast and are expected to play a more significant role in food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengling Zhu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Dai L, Bo X, Liu X, Zhao X, Yu J, Kwok LY, Bao Q. Metabolomic Differences between Viable but Nonculturable and Recovered Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang. Foods 2023; 12:3472. [PMID: 37761181 PMCID: PMC10527867 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermentation process can be affected when the starter culture enters the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate how VBNC cells change physiologically. Lacticaseibacillus (L.) paracasei Zhang is both a probiotic and a starter strain. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomic differences between VBNC and recovered L. paracasei Zhang cells. First, L. paracasei Zhang was induced to enter the VBNC state by keeping the cells in a liquid de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium at 4 °C for 220 days. Flow cytometry was used to sort the induced VBNC cells, and three different types of culture media (MRS medium, skim milk with 1% yeast extract, and skim milk) were used for cell resuscitation. Cell growth responses in the three types of recovery media suggested that the liquid MRS medium was the most effective in reversing the VBNC state in L. paracasei Zhang. Metabolomics analysis revealed 25 differential metabolites from five main metabolite classes (amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin, and purine and pyrimidine). The levels of L-cysteine, L-alanine, L-lysine, and L-arginine notably increased in the revived cells, while cellulose, alginose, and guanine significantly decreased. This study confirmed that VBNC cells had an altered physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiangyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (X.B.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.); (L.-Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Marcos-Fernández R, Sánchez B, Ruiz L, Margolles A. Convergence of flow cytometry and bacteriology. Current and future applications: a focus on food and clinical microbiology. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:556-577. [PMID: 35749433 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2086035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since its development in the 1960s, flow cytometry (FCM) was quickly revealed a powerful tool to analyse cell populations in medical studies, yet, for many years, was almost exclusively used to analyse eukaryotic cells. Instrument and methodological limitations to distinguish genuine bacterial signals from the background, among other limitations, have hampered FCM applications in bacteriology. In recent years, thanks to the continuous development of FCM instruments and methods with a higher discriminatory capacity to detect low-size particles, FCM has emerged as an appealing technique to advance the study of microbes, with important applications in research, clinical and industrial settings. The capacity to rapidly enumerate and classify individual bacterial cells based on viability facilitates the monitoring of bacterial presence in foodstuffs or clinical samples, reducing the time needed to detect contamination or infectious processes. Besides, FCM has stood out as a valuable tool to advance the study of complex microbial communities, or microbiomes, that are very relevant in the context of human health, as well as to understand the interaction of bacterial and host cells. This review highlights current developments in, and future applications of, FCM in bacteriology, with a focus on those related to food and clinical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Marcos-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
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Oldham RC, Held MA. Methods for detection and identification of beer-spoilage microbes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217704. [PMID: 37637116 PMCID: PMC10448528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is critical that breweries of all sizes routinely monitor the microbiome of their process to limit financial losses due to microbial contamination. Contamination by beer-spoiling microbes (BSMs) at any point during the brewing process may lead to significant losses for breweries if gone undetected and allowed to spread. Testing and detection of BSMs must be routine and rapid, and because even small breweries need the capability of BSM detection and identification, the method also needs to be affordable. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are responsible for most spoilage incidents, many of which have been shown to enter the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under conditions present in beer such as cold or oxidative stress. These bacteria are invisible to traditional methods of detection using selective media. This article describes several methods of BSM detection and identification that may be useful in the majority of craft breweries. While there are several genomic methods that meet some or many qualifications of being useful in craft breweries, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) currently best meets the desired method characteristics and holds the most utility in this industry, specifically SYBR Green qPCR. qPCR is a targeted method of detection and identification of microbes that is affordable, rapid, specific, sensitive, quantitative, and reliable, and when paired with valid DNA extraction techniques can be used to detect BSMs, including those in the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryanne C. Oldham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Quality Assurance and Quality Control Laboratory, Jackie O’s Brewery, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Kubota H, Serata M, Matsumoto H, Shida K, Okumura T. Detection of Glycolytically Active Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Strain Shirota by Flow Cytometry Targeting the Efflux Activity of Fluorescent Dye: a Potential Tool for Quality Assessment of Probiotic Cells in Milk Products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0215622. [PMID: 37022200 PMCID: PMC10132099 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02156-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and accurate detection of viable probiotic cells in dairy products is important for assessing product quality in manufacturing. Flow cytometry is widely used for the rapid analysis of bacterial cells. However, further investigation is needed into the optimum property to use it for assessing cell viability. Here, we proposed using the efflux activity of a fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF), as an indicator of cell viability. CF is generated from 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate as a result of cleavage by intracellular esterase. It generally accumulates in the cell, but certain bacterial species are known to extrude it. We found here that the probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (LcS) also extruded CF in the presence of energy sources, such as glucose. To investigate the mechanism of its CF-efflux activity, we screened CF-efflux-negative mutants from a random mutagenesis LcS library and examined the whole genome for genes responsible for CF efflux. We identified a base substitution in the pfkA gene in the glycolytic pathway, and we demonstrated that intact pfkA was essential for CF efflux, indicating that CF-efflux-positive cells must have uncompromised glycolytic activity. We also confirmed that there was a good correlation between the rate of CF-efflux-positive cells and that of colony-forming cells of LcS in a fermented milk product, whereas other properties, such as esterase activity and cell membrane integrity, lost their correlation with the colony-forming activity after long storage. We propose that CF-efflux activity could be an appropriate indicator of cell viability in certain probiotic strains. IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that CF efflux requires uncompromised glycolytic activity in certain lactic acid bacteria. Compared with the cell properties currently widely used for cell viability assessment, such as intracellular esterase activity and membrane integrity, CF-efflux activity enables the accurate detection of culturable cells, especially in products stored for long periods at cold temperatures. These results indicate strongly that CF-efflux activity can be an adequate cell-viability indicator and that flow cytometric quantification could be an alternative to conventional CFU counting. Our findings should be especially informative for dairy/probiotic product manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kan Shida
- Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Bolzon V, Pesando M, Bulfoni M, Nencioni A, Nencioni E. An Integrated Analytical Approach for the Characterization of Probiotic Strains in Food Supplements. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235085. [PMID: 36501115 PMCID: PMC9736879 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Research surrounding health benefits from probiotics is becoming popular because of the increasing demand for safer products with protective and therapeutic effects. Proven benefits are species- or genus-specific; however, no certified assays are available for their characterization and quantification at the strain level in the food supplement industry. The objective of this study was to develop a strain-specific Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based method to be implemented in routine tests for the identification and quantification of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus helveticus, starting from a powder mixture of food supplements. The method optimization was carried out in combination with flow cytometry to compare results between the two strategies and implement the analytical workflow with the information also regarding cell viability. These assays were validated in accordance with the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) criteria using the plate count enumeration as the gold standard reference. Briefly, probiotic DNAs were extracted from two powder food supplements. Strain-specific primers targeting unique sequence regions of 16S RNA were identified and amplified by RT-qPCR. Primers were tested for specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency. Both RT-qPCR and flow-cytometry methods described in our work for the quantification and identification of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were specific, sensitive, and precise, showing better performances with respect to the morphological colony identification. This work demonstrated that RT-qPCR can be implemented in the quality control workflow of commercial probiotic products giving more standardized and effective results regarding species discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michela Bulfoni
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nencioni
- IBSA Institut Biochimique SA, Via del Piano 29, CH-6915 Pambio Noranco, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Nencioni
- Biofarma Group Srl., Via Castelliere 2, 33036 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Erdélyi L, Fenyvesi F, Gál B, Haimhoffer Á, Vasvári G, Budai I, Remenyik J, Bereczki I, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Bácskay I, Vecsernyés M, Kovács R, Váradi J. Investigation of the Role and Effectiveness of Chitosan Coating on Probiotic Microcapsules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091664. [PMID: 35566837 PMCID: PMC9101405 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation and coating are preferred methods to increase the viability of the probiotic strains. The effect of microencapsulation technologies and materials used as microcapsule cores on viability is being investigated during development. In the present study, chitosan-coated and Eudragit L100-55-coated alginate microspheres were produced to encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic bacteria. After the heat loading and simulated gastrointestinal juice dissolution study, the differences in viability were compared based on the CFU/mL values of the samples. The kinetics of the bacterial release and the ratio of the released live/dead cells of Lactobacillus plantarum were examined by flow cytometry. In all cases, we found that the CFU value for the chitosan-coated samples was virtually zero. The ratio of live/dead cells in the 120 min samples was significantly reduced to less than 20% for chitosan, while it was nearly 90% in the uncoated and Eudragit L100-55-coated samples. In the case of chitosan, based on some published MIC values and the amount of chitosan coating determined in the present study, we concluded the reason for our results. It was the first time to determine the amount of the released chitosan coat of the dried microcapsule, which reached the MIC value during the dissolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Erdélyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Bernadett Gál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasvári
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - István Budai
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető Str. 2-4, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.E.); (F.F.); (B.G.); (Á.H.); (G.V.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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A Possible Flow Cytometry-Based Viability and Vitality Assessment Protocol for Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Postexposure to Simulated Gastric Fluid. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5551845. [PMID: 34212032 PMCID: PMC8208853 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5551845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the intake of contaminated water, for diarrheal disease to occur, Vibrio cholerae must survive through the bactericidal digestive secretion of gastric fluid during passage through the stomach. Determining the viability of these bacteria is challenging, with the standard cultivation methods for viability being time-consuming and unable to culture cells that may still function accordingly. This study assessed the use of enzyme action and membrane integrity as alternatives for determining vitality and viability, respectively, in gastric acid-stressed pathogenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, using fluorescent probes thiazole orange (TO) for viability based on membrane integrity, carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) with acetoxymethyl ester (AM) for vitality based on metabolic activity, and propidium iodide (PI) for cell death/damage due to loss of membrane integrity, with flow cytometry. Simulated gastric fluid-treated bacterial cells were labelled with blends of TO+PI and CFDA-AM+PI, and these stained cells were separated into heterologous populations based on their fluorescence signal. The gastric acid exposed cells presented with high green fluorescence signals after staining with the metabolic probe CFDA-AM, which indicated intact (live) cells due to being metabolically active, whereas when the same cells were stained with the DNA probe (TO), these appeared to be in a “stressed state” due to loss of membrane integrity. Damaged cells (dead cells) showed high red fluorescence levels after staining with PI probe. The use of flow cytometry with fluorescent probes is a favorable method for evaluating the vitality and viability of bacteria when cells are labelled with a combination of CFDA-AM+PI.
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11
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Wilkinson MG, LaPointe G. Invited review: Starter lactic acid bacteria survival in cheese: New perspectives on cheese microbiology. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10963-10985. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Zacarías MF, Reinheimer JA, Vinderola G, Kulozik U, Ambros S. Effects of conventional and nonconventional drying on the stability of
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
INL1. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Zacarías
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL‐CONICET) Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Jorge A Reinheimer
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL‐CONICET) Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL‐CONICET) Facultad de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Sabine Ambros
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
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13
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Aryal M, Pranatharthiharan P, Muriana PM. Optimization of a Microplate Assay for Generating Listeria Monocytogenes, E. Coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Biofilms and Enzymatic Recovery for Enumeration. Foods 2019; 8:E541. [PMID: 31684098 PMCID: PMC6915590 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable the persistence of pathogens in food processing environments. Sanitizing agents are needed that are effective against pathogens entrapped in biofilms that are more difficult to inactivate than planktonic cells that are displaced and found on equipment surfaces. We examined conditions to develop, analyze, and enumerate the enhanced biofilms of three different foodborne pathogens assisted by fluorescence adherence assay and enzymatic detachment. We compared three different isomeric forms of fluorescent substrates that are readily taken up by bacterial cells based on carboxy-fluorescein diacetate (5-CFDA, 5,6-CFDA, 5,6-CFDA, SE). Biofilm-forming strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 F4546 and Salmonella Montevideo FSIS 051 were identified using a microplate fluorescence assay defined previously for L. monocytogenes. Adherence levels were determined by differences in relative fluorescence units (RFU) as well as recovered bacterial cells. Multiple hydrolytic enzymes were examined for each representative pathogen for the most suitable enzyme for detachment and enumeration to confirm adherence data obtained by fluorescence assay. Cultures were grown overnight in microplates, incubated, washed and replenished with fresh sterile growth medium; this cycle was repeated for seven consecutive days to enrich for robust biofilms. Treatments were performed in triplicate and compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Aryal
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Preetty Pranatharthiharan
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Peter M Muriana
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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14
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Kumar SS, Ghosh AR. Assessment of bacterial viability: a comprehensive review on recent advances and challenges. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:593-610. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shravanthi S. Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Xue Y, Jiang DL, Hu Q, Rao SQ, Gao L, Yang ZQ. Electrochemical Magnetic Bead-Based Immunosensor for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Dairy Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Efficient Culture of Rhodopseudomonas Palustris Using Landfill Leachate. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Ansón-Casaos A, Grasa L, Pereboom D, Mesonero JE, Casanova A, Murillo MD, Martínez MT. In-vitro toxicity of carbon nanotube/polylysine colloids to colon cancer cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 10:374-381. [PMID: 27906137 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are thoroughly purified and dispersed in an aqueous solution of high molecular weight poly-L-lysine (pLlys). Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2/TC7 cells are incubated with the SWCNT dispersions in pLlys, and their effects on cell viability are studied by image flow cytometry. No significant changes are observed in the cell culture wells up to pLlys concentrations of 10 μg ml-1. However, high mortality is detected at pLlys concentrations of 100 μg ml-1. The presence of oxygen-free SWCNTs does not modify the effects of pLlys on cell cultures at any of the tested concentrations (≤1 μg ml-1). In addition, SWCNTs having an 8 wt.% of surface oxygen are tested with identical results. Thus, purified SWCNTs, even bearing oxygen functional groups, act as inert particles in the cell culture medium. This result supports the applicability of SWCNTs as carriers in pharmacological formulations against digestive tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Grasa
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Desirée Pereboom
- Servicio de Citómica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Emilio Mesonero
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alvaro Casanova
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Divina Murillo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Wilkinson MG. Flow cytometry as a potential method of measuring bacterial viability in probiotic products: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Polak-Berecka M, Kubik-Komar A, Gustaw K, Michalak M, Kazimierczak W, Waśko A. Functional traits of Lactobacillus plantarum from fermented Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. in view of multivariate statistical analysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Hansen SJZ, Morovic W, DeMeules M, Stahl B, Sindelar CW. Absolute Enumeration of Probiotic Strains Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ® and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 ® via Chip-Based Digital PCR. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:704. [PMID: 29696008 PMCID: PMC5904286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current standard for enumeration of probiotics to obtain colony forming units by plate counts has several drawbacks: long time to results, high variability and the inability to discern between bacterial strains. Accurate probiotic cell counts are important to confirm the delivery of a clinically documented dose for its associated health benefits. A method is described using chip-based digital PCR (cdPCR) to enumerate Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM both as single strains and in combination. Primers and probes were designed to differentiate the target strains against other strains of the same species using known single copy, genetic differences. The assay was optimized to include propidium monoazide pre-treatment to prevent amplification of DNA associated with dead probiotic cells as well as liberation of DNA from cells with intact membranes using bead beating. The resulting assay was able to successfully enumerate each strain whether alone or in multiplex. The cdPCR method had a 4 and 5% relative standard deviation (RSD) for Bl-04 and NCFM, respectively, making it more precise than plate counts with an industry accepted RSD of 15%. cdPCR has the potential to replace traditional plate counts because of its precision, strain specificity and the ability to obtain results in a matter of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Z Hansen
- Probiotic Development, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wesley Morovic
- Genomics and Microbiome Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Martha DeMeules
- Probiotic Development, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Buffy Stahl
- Genomics and Microbiome Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Connie W Sindelar
- Probiotic Development, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
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21
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Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, Punnapuzha A, Philip S, Mundkur L. Rapid assessment of viable but non-culturable Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 in commercial formulations using Flow cytometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192836. [PMID: 29474436 PMCID: PMC5825061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate enumeration of bacterial count in probiotic formulation is imperative to ensure that the product adheres to regulatory standards and citation in consumer product label. Standard methods like plate count, can enumerate only replicating bacterial population under selected culture conditions. Viable but non culturable bacteria (VBNC) retain characteristics of living cells and can regain cultivability by a process known as resuscitation. This is a protective mechanism adapted by bacteria to evade stressful environmental conditions. B. coagulans MTCC 5856(LactoSpore®) is a probiotic endospore which can survive for decades in hostile environments without dividing. In the present study, we explored the use of flow cytometry to enumerate the viable count of B. coagulans MTCC 5856 under acidic and alkaline conditions, high temperature and in commercial formulations like compressed tablets and capsules. Flow cytometry (FCM) was comparable to plate count method when the spores were counted at physiological conditions. We show that VBNC state is induced in B. coagulans MTCC 5856by high temperature and acidic pH. The cells get resuscitated under physiological conditions and FCM was sensitive to detect the VBNC spores. Flow cytometry showed excellent ability to assess the viable spore count in commercial probiotic formulations of B. coagulans MTCC 5856. The results establish Flow cytometry as a reliable method to count viable bacteria in commercial probiotic preparations. Sporulation as well as existence as VBNC could contribute to the extreme stability of B. coagulans MTCC 5856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Sabinsa Corporation, Payson, UT, United States of America
| | - Shaheen Majeed
- Sabinsa Corporation, Payson, UT, United States of America
| | | | - Ardra Punnapuzha
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheena Philip
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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22
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Tavenier AH, de Boer FJ, Moshaver B, van der Leur SJCM, Stegeman CA, Groeneveld PHP. Flow cytometric analysis of viable bacteria in urine samples of febrile patients at the emergency department. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:689-695. [PMID: 28815948 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast and reliable diagnostics are important in febrile patients admitted to the emergency department. Current urine diagnostics are fast but moderately reliable or reliable but time consuming. Flow cytometry (FC) is a new promising technique in the diagnostics of complicated urinary tract infections by counting bacteria in urine samples. The aim of this study is to improve the FC method by counting only viable bacteria. METHODS Urine was obtained from 135 consecutive febrile patients at the emergency department. According to protocol regular diagnostic urine tests were performed. In addition, FC counting of viable and non-viable bacteria was executed after staining with thiazole orange and propidium iodide. All test results were compared to the results of urine culture (≥ 105 colony forming units/mL). RESULTS At a cut-off value of 2.01 × 105 viable bacteria/mL the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 78.4% (AUC-value 0.955 on ROC-curve). Spearman correlation test exhibited a higher correlation for flow cytometric counting of only viable bacteria than counting of all bacteria (0.59 vs. 0.37). Using ROC-curves, the AUC-values for FC counting of all bacteria, only viable bacteria and Gram staining were respectively 0.935, 0.955, and 0.968 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION FC counting of only viable bacteria can predict quickly and reliably positive and negative urine cultures in febrile patients admitted to the emergency department. It can help to improve the speed and accuracy of the diagnostic procedure at the emergency department. © 2017 Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Tavenier
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious diseases, Isala Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Foppie J de Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious diseases, Isala Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Bijan Moshaver
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Coen A Stegeman
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H P Groeneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious diseases, Isala Zwolle, The Netherlands
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23
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Hua C, Tian J, Tian P, Cong R, Luo Y, Geng Y, Tao S, Ni Y, Zhao R. Feeding a High Concentration Diet Induces Unhealthy Alterations in the Composition and Metabolism of Ruminal Microbiota and Host Response in a Goat Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:138. [PMID: 28210249 PMCID: PMC5288341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited knowledge about the impact of long-term feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet on rumen microbiota, metabolome, and host cell functions. In this study, a combination of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics techniques, 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA genes, and RT-PCR was applied to evaluate the changes of ruminal microbiota composition, ruminal metabolites, and related genes expression in rumen epithelial cells of lactating goats received either a 35% concentrate diet or a 65% concentrate diet for 4 or 19 weeks, respectively. Results show that feeding a HC diet reduced the microbiota diversity and led to the disorders of metabolism in the rumen. The concentrations of lactate, phosphorus, NH3-N and endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide in ruminal fluids, and plasma histamine, lactate and urine N (UN) were increased significantly in goats fed with a HC diet. A significant increase of genes expression related to volatile fatty acids transport, cell apoptosis, and inflammatory responses were also observed in goats fed with a HC diet. Correlation analysis revealed some potential relationships between bacteria abundance and metabolites concentrations. Our findings indicate that a HC diet can induce ruminal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorders, thus increasing risks to host health and potential harm to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Rihua Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Xianyang, China
| | - Yanwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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de Almada CN, Almada CN, Martinez RC, Sant'Ana AS. Paraprobiotics: Evidences on their ability to modify biological responses, inactivation methods and perspectives on their application in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Olszewska MA, Kocot AM, Nynca A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Utilization of physiological and taxonomic fluorescent probes to study Lactobacilli cells and response to pH challenge. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Urmann K, Arshavsky-Graham S, Walter JG, Scheper T, Segal E. Whole-cell detection of live lactobacillus acidophilus on aptamer-decorated porous silicon biosensors. Analyst 2016; 141:5432-40. [PMID: 27381045 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00810k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the design of optical aptamer-based porous silicon (PSi) biosensors for the direct capture of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Aptamers are oligonucleotides (single-stranded DNA or RNA) that can bind their targets with high affinity and specificity, making them excellent recognition elements for biosensing applications. Herein, aptamer Hemag1P, which specifically targets the important probiotic L. acidophilus, was utilized for direct bacteria capture onto oxidized PSi Fabry-Pérot thin films. Monitoring changes in the reflectivity spectrum (using reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy) allows for bacteria detection in a label-free, simple and rapid manner. The performance of the biosensor was optimized by tuning the PSi nanostructure, its optical properties, as well as the immobilization density of the aptamer. We demonstrate the high selectivity and specificity of this simple "direct-capture" biosensing scheme and show its ability to distinguish between live and dead bacteria. The resulting biosensor presents a robust and rapid method for the specific detection of live L. acidophilus at concentrations relevant for probiotic products and as low as 10(6) cells per mL. Rapid monitoring of probiotic bacteria is crucial for quality, purity and safety control as the use of probiotics in functional foods and pharmaceuticals is becoming increasingly popular.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Urmann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Farzaneh M, Shi ZQ, Ahmadzadeh M, Hu LB, Ghassempour A. Inhibition of the Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination on Pistachio Nut by Fengycin and Surfactin-Producing Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:209-215. [PMID: 27298596 PMCID: PMC4892817 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2015.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the treatment of pistachio nuts by Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1, a promising isolate to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), caused to reduce the growth of Aspergillus flavus R5 and AFB1 content on pistachio nuts. Fluorescence probes revealed that the cell free supernatant fluid from UTBSP1 affects spore viability considerably. Using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, 10 fractions were separated and collected from methanol extract of cell free supernatant fluid. Two fractions showed inhibition zones against A. flavus. Mass spectrometric analysis of the both antifungal fractions revealed a high similarity between these anti-A. flavus compounds and cyclic-lipopeptides of surfactin, and fengycin families. Coproduction of surfactin and fengycin acted in a synergistic manner and consequently caused a strong antifungal activity against A. flavus R5. There was a positive significant correlation between the reduction of A. flavus growth and the reduction of AFB1 contamination on pistachio nut by UTBSP1. The results indicated that fengycin and surfactin-producing B. subtilis UTBSP1 can potentially reduce A. flavus growth and AFB1 content in pistachio nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Farzaneh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Zhi-Qi Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Masoud Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Karaj 4111,
Iran
| | - Liang-Bin Hu
- Institute of Food Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014,
China
- School of Food, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003,
China
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19835-389,
Iran
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28
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Mudroňová D. Flow cytometry as an auxiliary tool for the selection of probiotic bacteria. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:727-34. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selection of appropriate bacterial strains is crucial for development of new probiotic preparations. The fundamental prerequisite for potential efficacy of a probiotic preparation for oral application is the selection of appropriate bacterial strains with good gastrointestinal colonisation abilities, antimicrobial activity, and tolerance of conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, resistance to different antimicrobial agents, survival during processing and storage. The strain should be genetically stable, it should have good growth properties, to maintain its high viability at processing and when in storage. Mostly, the properties of promising strains are tested in the first phase in vitro, and only the best ones undergo subsequent in vivo testing. in vitro tests are often performed by classical microbiological cultivation methods which are material and time consuming, and they are not able to distinguish between ‘viable but nonculturable’ and dead bacteria. Flow cytometry is usually used for counting, phenotyping or functional characterisation of immune cells. Nowadays, flow cytometry is increasingly used in microbiology for counting bacteria, determining their viability and metabolic activity, detecting specific strains or testing their adherence abilities. The utilisation of flow cytometry in combination with an appropriate fluorescent labelling represents an effective and rapid method for the selection of probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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Hansen G, Johansen CL, Honoré AH, Jensen HM, Jespersen L, Arneborg N. Fluorescent labelling negatively affects the physiology of Lactococcus lactis. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Bridier A, Hammes F, Canette A, Bouchez T, Briandet R. Fluorescence-based tools for single-cell approaches in food microbiology. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 213:2-16. [PMID: 26163933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The better understanding of the functioning of microbial communities is a challenging and crucial issue in the field of food microbiology, as it constitutes a prerequisite to the optimization of positive and technological microbial population functioning, as well as for the better control of pathogen contamination of food. Heterogeneity appears now as an intrinsic and multi-origin feature of microbial populations and is a major determinant of their beneficial or detrimental functional properties. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the behavior of bacteria in microbial communities requires therefore observations at the single-cell level in order to overcome "averaging" effects inherent to traditional global approaches. Recent advances in the development of fluorescence-based approaches dedicated to single-cell analysis provide the opportunity to study microbial communities with an unprecedented level of resolution and to obtain detailed insights on the cell structure, metabolism activity, multicellular behavior and bacterial interactions in complex communities. These methods are now increasingly applied in the field of food microbiology in different areas ranging from research laboratories to industry. In this perspective, we reviewed the main fluorescence-based tools used for single-cell approaches and their concrete applications with specific focus on food microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A Canette
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - R Briandet
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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31
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Ogawa H, Nasu S, Takeshige M, Saito M, Matsuoka H. Rapid and retrievable recording of big data of time-lapse 3D shadow images of microbial colonies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10061. [PMID: 25975590 PMCID: PMC4650366 DOI: 10.1038/srep10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We formerly developed an automatic colony count system based on the time-lapse shadow image analysis (TSIA). Here this system has been upgraded and applied to practical rapid decision. A microbial sample was spread on/in an agar plate with 90 mm in diameter as homogeneously as possible. We could obtain the results with several strains that most of colonies appeared within a limited time span. Consequently the number of colonies reached a steady level (Nstdy) and then unchanged until the end of long culture time to give the confirmed value (Nconf). The equivalence of Nstdy and Nconf as well as the difference of times for Nstdy and Nconf determinations were statistically significant at p < 0.001. Nstdy meets the requirement of practical routines treating a large number of plates. The difference of Nstdy and Nconf, if any, may be elucidated by means of retrievable big data. Therefore Nconf is valid for official documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogawa
- Microbio Corporation, 6-6-3 Minamiyoshinari, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 989-3204, Japan
| | - Senshi Nasu
- Sendai National College of Technology, Department of Intelligent and Electronic Systems, 4-16-1 Ayashi-Chuo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 989-3128, Japan
| | - Motomu Takeshige
- Sendai National College of Technology, Advanced Course of Information Electronic System Engineering, 4-16-1 Ayashi-Chuo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 989-3128, Japan
| | - Mikako Saito
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsuoka
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Physiological functions at single-cell level of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from traditionally fermented cabbage in response to different pH conditions. J Biotechnol 2015; 200:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Bouix M, Ghorbal S. Rapid assessment of Oenococcus oeni activity by measuring intracellular pH and membrane potential by flow cytometry, and its application to the more effective control of malolactic fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Zhao Y, Knøchel S, Siegumfeldt H. In situ examination of Lactobacillus brevis after exposure to an oxidizing disinfectant. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:623. [PMID: 25505451 PMCID: PMC4244810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beer is a hostile environment for most microorganisms, but some lactic acid bacteria can grow in this environment. This is primarily because these organisms have developed the ability to grow in the presence of hops. It has been speculated that hop resistance is inversely correlated to resistance against oxidation, and this would have great impact on the use of various disinfectants in the brewing industry. In this study, we cultivated bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and then investigated the in situ outgrowth of individual cells into microcolonies on de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar after exposure to the oxidizing agent peracetic acid (PAA). An automated microscope stage allowed us to analyse a much larger number of cells over extended periods of incubation. After PAA treatment, the lag time increased markedly, and extensive variation in morphology, μmax as well as stress resistance was observed between and within the tested Lactobacillus brevis strains. The results suggest that aerobic cultivation increased the oxidative stress tolerance in Lactobacillus brevis. The results also show that dead cells are randomly distributed in a microcolony and the majority of non-growing individual cells do not stain with a membrane impermanent dye (Propidium iodide), which indicates that PAA may not destroy the plasma membrane. In conclusion, the developed microscopic analysis of individual cells on MRS agar can provides faster results and more details of cell physiology compared to the traditional CFU method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Siegumfeldt
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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35
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Booyens J, Thantsha MS. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and flow cytometric assessment of the antibacterial mechanism of action of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) against selected probiotic Bifidobacterium strains. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:289. [PMID: 25099661 PMCID: PMC4137090 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally reported that garlic (Allium sativum) harms pathogenic but not beneficial bacteria. Although numerous studies supporting the alleged garlic effects on pathogens are available, there are limited studies to prove this claim for beneficial bacteria. We have recently shown that garlic exhibits antibacterial activity against probiotic bifidobacteria. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of garlic clove extract (GCE) on Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG 11041, B. longum LMG 13197 and B. lactis Bb12 using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and flow cytometry. METHODS Cultures (1 × 108 CFU ml-1) were individually incubated for 6 h at 37°C in garlic clove extract containing allicin at a corresponding predetermined minimum bactericidal concentration for each strain. For FTIR, an aliquot of each culture was deposited on CaF2 slide and vacuum dried. The slides were immediately viewed using a Bruker Vertex 70 V FT-IR spectrometer equipped with a Hyperion microscope and data analyzed using OPUS software (version 6, Bruker). Spectra were smoothed with a Savitsky-Goly function algorithim, base-line corrected and normalized. Samples for flow cytometry were stained using the Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit L7012. Data compensation and analysis was performed using a BD FACSAria and FlowJo (version 7.6.1). RESULTS Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed changes in spectral features of lipids and fatty acids in cell membranes, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Spectral data as per principle component analysis (PCA) revealed segregation of control and GCE-treated cells for all the tested bifidobacteria. Flow cytometry not only showed increase in numbers of membrane damaged and possibly lysed cells after GCE treatment, but also displayed diffuse light scatter patterns for GCE treated cells, which is evidence for changes to the size, granularity and molecular content of the cells. CONCLUSION Garlic has multiple target sites in bifidobacteria, penetrating the cell membrane and entering the cytoplasm, where it causes changes to carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins and nucleic acids. These changes, for example, modification of membrane properties, may prevent exposed bifidobacteria from colonizing the intestinal mucosa. Loss of colonization potential would render them less efficient as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Booyens
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, New Agricultural Sciences Building Room 9–10, Lunnon road, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Mapitsi Silvester Thantsha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, New Agricultural Sciences Building Room 9–10, Lunnon road, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
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36
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Stochastic exposure to sub-lethal high temperature enhances exopolysaccharides (EPS) excretion and improves Bifidobacterium bifidum cell survival to freeze–drying. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Flow cytometric assessment of Streptococcus mutans viability after exposure to blue light-activated curcumin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:372-9. [PMID: 24973577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans biofilms are considered as primary causative agents of dental caries. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been recently proposed as a strategy for inactivating dental biofilms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of blue light-activated curcumin on S. mutans viability and to explore its potential as a new anti-caries therapeutic agent. The effect of different concentrations and incubation times of photo-activated curcumin on the survival of S. mutans in planktonic and biofilm models of growth was assessed by flow cytometry. METHODS Streptococcus mutans in planktonic suspensions or biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite disks were incubated for 5 or 10min with curcumin prior to blue light activation. Bacteria were labeled with SYTO 9 and propidium iodide before viability was assessed by flow cytometry. Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (α=0.05). RESULTS For planktonic cultures, 0.2μM of light-activated curcumin significantly reduced S. mutans viability (p<0.05). For biofilm cultures, light-activated curcumin at concentration of 40-60μM only suppressed viability by 50% (p<0.05). Independently of the mode of growth, incubation time has no significant effect on PACT efficiency. CONCLUSION This study indicates that blue light-activated curcumin can efficiently inactivate planktonic cultures of S. mutans whereas biofilms were more resistant to treatment. Flow cytometry allowed the detection of bacteria with damaged membranes that were unable to replicate and grow after cell sorting. Further studies seem warranted to optimize the efficacy of light-activated curcumin against S. mutans biofilms.
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38
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Flow cytometric viability assessment of lactic acid bacteria starter cultures produced by fluidized bed drying. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4897-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Kuwana R, Takamatsu H. The GerW protein is essential for L-alanine-stimulated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores. J Biochem 2013; 154:409-17. [PMID: 23921501 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GerW (formerly called YtfJ) is a protein found in dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis. We have studied spore proteins in B. subtilis before, and here we report the characterization of GerW protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that gerW mRNA was transcribed by SigF-containing RNA polymerase beginning 1 h after the initiation of sporulation. Fluorescence was detected in forespores and dormant spores of B. subtilis recombinant strains expressing GerW-GFP. During germination in the presence of L-alanine or a mixture of L-asparagine, D-glucose, D-fructose and potassium ions (AGFK), normal spores of B. subtilis became darkened, stained positive with Hoechst 33342 and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE), and released dipicolinic acid (DPA). In the case of gerW-deficient spores, AGFK triggered germination in a manner similar to that seen in the wild-type spores, whereas spores stimulated by L-alanine remained refractive under the phase contrast microscope, failed to stain positive with Hoechst 33342 or CFDA-SE, and released almost no DPA. These results indicate that GerW is essential for the L-alanine-induced breakdown of spore dormancy followed by core rehydration and the resumption of enzymatic activity, and suggest that GerW is involved in the early stages of germination in the presence of l-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Kuwana
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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40
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Zhu T, Xu X. Efficacy of a dual fluorescence method in detecting the viability of overwintering cyanobacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:174-80. [PMID: 23627896 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chill in the light is the major environmental stress that cyanobacteria encounter in winter. Cyanobacterial cells may acquire chill-light tolerance upon exposure to low temperature in autumn and early winter. We sought to establish the efficacy of the dual fluorescence method in detecting the viability of overwintering cyanobacteria and to provide further evidence for the chill-light tolerance of preconditioned cyanobacteria. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 were exposed to chill (5°C)-light stress with or without pretreatment at 15°C and stained with SYTO 9 and propidium iodide. Live and dead cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope, and the percentage of viable cells was quantified on a microplate reader. The dual fluorescence method showed consistent results with tests of the ability to reinitiate growth. Cell viability was quantitatively correlated with ratio of SYTO 9/propidium iodide fluorescence. Previously, Microcystis colonies in Lake Taihu had been found to accumulate RNA-binding protein 1 in autumn and winter. Use of this method directly showed the viability of such Microcystis colonies throughout the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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41
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Tryptic soy medium is feasible for the in situ preparation of standards containing small defined numbers of microbial cells. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:49-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Bouix M, Ghorbal S. Rapid enumeration of Oenococcus oeni
during malolactic fermentation by flow cytometry. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1075-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bouix
- AgroParisTech; INRA; UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires; Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - S. Ghorbal
- AgroParisTech; INRA; UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires; Thiverval-Grignon France
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43
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O'Sullivan DJ, Giblin L, McSweeney PLH, Sheehan JJ, Cotter PD. Nucleic acid-based approaches to investigate microbial-related cheese quality defects. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23346082 PMCID: PMC3549567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial profile of cheese is a primary determinant of cheese quality. Microorganisms can contribute to aroma and taste defects, form biogenic amines, cause gas and secondary fermentation defects, and can contribute to cheese pinking and mineral deposition issues. These defects may be as a result of seasonality and the variability in the composition of the milk supplied, variations in cheese processing parameters, as well as the nature and number of the non-starter microorganisms which come from the milk or other environmental sources. Such defects can be responsible for production and product recall costs and thus represent a significant economic burden for the dairy industry worldwide. Traditional non-molecular approaches are often considered biased and have inherently slow turnaround times. Molecular techniques can provide early and rapid detection of defects that result from the presence of specific spoilage microbes and, ultimately, assist in enhancing cheese quality and reducing costs. Here we review the DNA-based methods that are available to detect/quantify spoilage bacteria, and relevant metabolic pathways in cheeses and, in the process, highlight how these strategies can be employed to improve cheese quality and reduce the associated economic burden on cheese processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. O'Sullivan
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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Flow cytometric assessment of the protectants for enhanced in vitro survival of probiotic lactic acid bacteria through simulated human gastro-intestinal stresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:345-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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45
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Paul A, Bakshi S, Sahoo DP, Kalita MC, Sahoo L. Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Using Leaf Explants: Bactericidal Effect of Leaf Extracts and Counteracting Strategies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1871-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Adhikari MD, Panda BR, Vudumula U, Chattopadhyay A, Ramesh A. A facile method for estimating viable bacterial cells in solution based on “subtractive-aggregation” of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra01023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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47
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Dupont C, Augustin JC. Relationship between the culturability of stressed Listeria monocytogenes cells in non-selective and selective culture media and the cellular esterase activity measured by solid phase cytometry. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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The application of flow cytometry to the characterisation of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri DPC16 and the evaluation of sugar preservatives for its lyophilization. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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El Arbi A, Ghorbal S, Delacroix-Buchet A, Bouix M. Assessment of the dynamics of the physiological states of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris SK11 during growth by flow cytometry. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1205-11. [PMID: 21787374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to improve knowledge about the dynamics of the physiological states of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris SK11, a chain-forming bacterium, during growth, and to evaluate whether flow cytometry (FCM) combined with fluorescent probes can assess these different physiological states. METHODS AND RESULTS Cellular viability was assessed using double labelling with carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. FCM makes it possible to discriminate between three cell populations: viable cells, dead cells and cells in an intermediate physiological state. During exponential and stationary phases, the cells in the intermediate physiological state were culturable, whereas this population was no longer culturable at the end of the stationary phase. CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We introduced a new parameter, the ratio of the means of the fluorescence cytometric index to discriminate between viable culturable and viable nonculturable cells. Finally, this work confirms the relevance of FCM combined with two fluorescent stains to evaluate the physiological states of L. lactis SK11 cells during their growth and to distinguish viable cells from viable but not culturable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El Arbi
- AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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David F, Berger A, Hänsch R, Rohde M, Franco-Lara E. Single cell analysis applied to antibody fragment production with Bacillus megaterium: development of advanced physiology and bioprocess state estimation tools. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:23. [PMID: 21496219 PMCID: PMC3101136 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single cell analysis for bioprocess monitoring is an important tool to gain deeper insights into particular cell behavior and population dynamics of production processes and can be very useful for discrimination of the real bottleneck between product biosynthesis and secretion, respectively. RESULTS Here different dyes for viability estimation considering membrane potential (DiOC2(3), DiBAC4(3), DiOC6(3)) and cell integrity (DiBAC4(3)/PI, Syto9/PI) were successfully evaluated for Bacillus megaterium cell characterization. It was possible to establish an appropriate assay to measure the production intensities of single cells revealing certain product secretion dynamics. Methods were tested regarding their sensitivity by evaluating fluorescence surface density and fluorescent specific concentration in relation to the electronic cell volume. The assays established were applied at different stages of a bioprocess where the antibody fragment D1.3 scFv production and secretion by B. megaterium was studied. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to distinguish between live, metabolic active, depolarized, dormant, and dead cells and to discriminate between high and low productive cells. The methods were shown to be suitable tools for process monitoring at single cell level allowing a better process understanding, increasing robustness and forming a firm basis for physiology-based analysis and optimization with the general application for bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian David
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
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