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Zhu X, Wang K, Liu C, Wu Y, Wu E, Lv J, Xiao X, Zhu X, Chu C, Chen B. Natural Disinfection-like Process Unveiled in Soil Microenvironments by Enzyme-Catalyzed Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3838-3848. [PMID: 38351523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Substantial natural chlorination processes are a growing concern in diverse terrestrial ecosystems, occurring through abiotic redox reactions or biological enzymatic reactions. Among these, exoenzymatically mediated chlorination is suggested to be an important pathway for producing organochlorines and converting chloride ions (Cl-) to reactive chlorine species (RCS) in the presence of reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, the role of natural enzymatic chlorination in antibacterial activity occurring in soil microenvironments remains unexplored. Here, we conceptualized that heme-containing chloroperoxidase (CPO)-catalyzed chlorination functions as a naturally occurring disinfection process in soils. Combining antimicrobial experiments and microfluidic chip-based fluorescence imaging, we showed that the enzymatic chlorination process exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis compared to H2O2. This enhancement was primarily attributed to in situ-formed RCS. Based on semiquantitative imaging of RCS distribution using a fluorescence probe, the effective distance of this antibacterial effect was estimated to be approximately 2 mm. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed over 97% similarity between chlorine-containing formulas from CPO-catalyzed chlorination and abiotic chlorination (by sodium hypochlorite) of model dissolved organic matter, indicating a natural source of disinfection byproduct analogues. Our findings unveil a novel natural disinfection process in soils mediated by indigenous enzymes, which effectively links chlorine-carbon interactions and reactive species dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Enhui Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Mehta T, Meena M, Nagda A. Bioactive compounds of Curvularia species as a source of various biological activities and biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069095. [PMID: 36569099 PMCID: PMC9777749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi are known to produce several secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds during their growth and reproduction with sort of various biological activities. Genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae) is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that exhibits a facultative pathogenic and endophytic lifestyle. It contains ~213 species among which Curvularia lunata, C. geniculata, C. clavata, C. pallescens, and C. andropogonis are well-known. Among them, C. lunata is a major pathogenic species of various economical important crops especially cereals of tropical regions while other species like C. geniculata is of endophytic nature with numerous bioactive compounds. Curvularia species contain several diverse groups of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenes, polyketides, and quinones. Which possess various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and phytotoxicity. Several genes and gene factors are involved to carry and regulate the expression of these activities which are influenced by environmental signals. Some species of Curvularia also show negative impacts on humans and animals. Apart from their negative effects, there are some beneficial implications like production of enzymes of industrial value, bioherbicides, and source of nanoparticles is reported. Many researchers are working on these aspects all over the world but there is no review in literature which provides significant understanding about these all aspects. Thus, this review will provide significant information about secondary metabolic diversity, their biological activities and biotechnological implications of Curvularia species.
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The Genus Iodidimonas: From Its Discovery to Potential Applications. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081661. [PMID: 36014078 PMCID: PMC9415286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Iodidimonas was recently proposed in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Iodidimonas strains are aerobic, mesophilic, neutrophilic, moderately halophilic, and chemo-organotrophic. They were first discovered in natural gas brine water containing a very high level of iodide (I−). They exhibited a unique phenotypic feature of iodide oxidation to form molecular iodine (I2). Iodidimonas was also enriched and isolated from surface seawater supplemented with iodide, and it is clearer now that their common habitats are those enriched with iodide. In such environments, Iodidimonas species seem to attack microbial competitors with the toxic form I2 to occupy their ecological niche. The iodide-oxidizing enzyme (IOX) purified from the Iodidimonas sp. strain Q-1 exhibited high catalytic efficiency for iodide and consisted of at least two proteins IoxA and IoxC. IoxA is a putative multicopper oxidase with four conserved copper-binding regions but is phylogenetically distinct from other bacterial multicopper oxidases. The IOX/iodide system could be used as a novel enzyme-based antimicrobial system which can efficiently kill Bacillus spores. Furthermore, the IOX/iodide system can be applied to the decolorization of recalcitrant dyes, where iodide may function as a novel inorganic natural redox mediator.
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Yousefi M, Nematollahi A, Shadnoush M, Mortazavian AM, Khorshidian N. Antimicrobial Activity of Films and Coatings Containing Lactoperoxidase System: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:828065. [PMID: 35308287 PMCID: PMC8931696 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.828065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of safe and healthy foodstuffs is considered as one of the most important challenges in the food industry, and achieving this important goal is impossible without using various processes and preservatives. However, recently, there has been a growing concern about the use of chemical preservatives and attention has been focused on minimal process and/or free of chemical preservatives in food products. Therefore, researchers and food manufacturers have been induced to utilize natural-based preservatives such as antimicrobial enzymes in their production. Lactoperoxidase, as an example of antimicrobial enzymes, is the second most abundant natural enzyme in the milk and due to its wide range of antibacterial activities, it could be potentially applied as a natural preservative in various food products. On the other hand, due to the diffusion of lactoperoxidase into the whole food matrix and its interaction and/or neutralization with food components, the direct use of lactoperoxidase in food can sometimes be restricted. In this regard, lactoperoxidase can be used as a part of packaging material, especially edible and coating, to keep its antimicrobial properties to extend food shelf-life and food safety maintenance. Therefore, this study aims to review various antimicrobial enzymes and introduce lactoperoxidase as a natural antimicrobial enzyme, its antimicrobial properties, and its functionality in combination with an edible film to extend the shelf-life of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Yousefi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amene Nematollahi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir M. Mortazavian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Khorshidian
- Department of Food Technology Research, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Nasim Khorshidian
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Abstract
Microbes are hardly seen as planktonic species and are most commonly found as biofilm communities in cases of chronic infections. Biofilms are regarded as a biological condition, where a large group of microorganisms gets adhered to a biotic or abiotic surface. In this context, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative nosocomial pathogen is the main causative organism responsible for life-threatening and persistent infections in individuals affected with cystic fibrosis and other lung ailments. The bacteria can form a strong biofilm structure when it adheres to a surface suitable for the development of a biofilm matrix. These bacterial biofilms pose higher natural resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy due to their multiple tolerance mechanisms. This prevailing condition has led to an increasing rate of treatment failures associated with P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. A better understanding of the effect of a diverse group of antibiotics on established biofilms would be necessary to avoid inappropriate treatment strategies. Hence, the search for other alternative strategies as effective biofilm treatment options has become a growing area of research. The current review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms governing biofilm formation and the different strategies employed so far in the control of biofilm infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Moreover, this review can also help researchers to search for new antibiofilm agents to tackle the effect of biofilm infections that are currently imprudent to conventional antibiotics.
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Catalysing the way towards antimicrobial effectiveness: A systematic analysis and a new online resource for antimicrobial–enzyme combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:598-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nahar S, Mizan MFR, Ha AJW, Ha SD. Advances and Future Prospects of Enzyme-Based Biofilm Prevention Approaches in the Food Industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1484-1502. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsun Nahar
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Angela Jie-won Ha
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ.; Anseong Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
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Herget K, Frerichs H, Pfitzner F, Tahir MN, Tremel W. Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707073. [PMID: 29920781 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal oxide nanoparticles and molecular coordination compounds are highlighted as functional mimics of halogenating enzymes. These enzymes are involved in halometabolite biosynthesis. Their activity is based upon the formation of hypohalous acids from halides and hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, which form bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in follow-up reactions. Therefore, enzyme mimics and halogenating enzymes may be valuable tools to combat biofilm formation. Here, halogenating enzyme models are briefly described, enzyme mimics are classified according to their catalytic functions, and current knowledge about the settlement chemistry and adhesion of fouling organisms is summarized. Enzyme mimics with the highest potential are showcased. They may find application in antifouling coatings, indoor and outdoor paints, polymer membranes for water desalination, or in aquacultures, but also on surfaces for food packaging, door handles, hand rails, push buttons, keyboards, and other elements made of plastic where biofilms are present. The use of natural compounds, formed in situ with nontoxic and abundant metal oxide enzyme mimics, represents a novel and efficient "green" strategy to emulate and utilize a natural defense system for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Herget
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hajo Frerichs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Pfitzner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Tahir
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Herget K, Hubach P, Pusch S, Deglmann P, Götz H, Gorelik TE, Gural'skiy IA, Pfitzner F, Link T, Schenk S, Panthöfer M, Ksenofontov V, Kolb U, Opatz T, André R, Tremel W. Haloperoxidase Mimicry by CeO 2-x Nanorods Combats Biofouling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603823. [PMID: 27896889 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CeO2-x nanorods are functional mimics of natural haloperoxidases. They catalyze the oxidative bromination of phenol red to bromophenol blue and of natural signaling molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing. Laboratory and field tests with paint formulations containing 2 wt% of CeO2-x nanorods show a reduction in biofouling comparable to Cu2 O, the most typical biocidal pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Herget
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Hubach
- Catalysis Research, Oxidation Catalysis, BASF SE, GCC/PO - M301, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Quantum Chemistry, BASF SE, GME/M - B001, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hermann Götz
- Forschungsplattform Biomaterialien, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatiana E Gorelik
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Il'ya A Gural'skiy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska St. 64, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Felix Pfitzner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorben Link
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schenk
- Quantum Chemistry, BASF SE, GME/M - B001, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Panthöfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vadim Ksenofontov
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Kolb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rute André
- Catalysis Research, Oxidation Catalysis, BASF SE, GCC/PO - M301, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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Jeon SJ, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB. Phylogenetic Status of an Unrecorded Species of Curvularia, C. spicifera, Based on Current Classification System of Curvularia and Bipolaris Group Using Multi Loci. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:210-7. [PMID: 26539036 PMCID: PMC4630426 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A seed-borne fungus, Curvularia sp. EML-KWD01, was isolated from an indigenous wheat seed by standard blotter method. This fungus was characterized based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic status of the fungus was determined using sequences of three loci: rDNA internal transcribed spacer, large ribosomal subunit, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Multi loci sequencing analysis revealed that this fungus was Curvularia spicifera within Curvularia group 2 of family Pleosporaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jeong Jeon
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Thi Thuong Thuong Nguyen
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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A novel enzyme-based antimicrobial system comprising iodide and a multicopper oxidase isolated from Alphaproteobacterium strain Q-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10011-8. [PMID: 26254787 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alphaproteobacterium strain Q-1 produces an extracellular multicopper oxidase (IOX), which catalyzes iodide (I-) oxidation to form molecular iodine (I2). In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the IOX/iodide system was determined. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested were killed completely within 5 min by 50 mU mL(-1) of IOX and 10 mM iodide. The sporicidal activity of the system was also tested and compared with a common iodophor, povidone-iodine (PVP-I). IOX (300 mU mL(-1)) killed Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores with decimal reduction times of 2.58, 7.62, and 40.9 min, respectively. However, 0.1% PVP-I killed these spores with much longer decimal reduction times of 5.46, 38.0, and 260 min, respectively. To evaluate the more superior sporicidal activity of the IOX system over PVP-I, the amount of free iodine (non-complexed I2) was determined by an equilibrium dialysis technique. The IOX system included more than 40 mg L(-1) of free iodine, while PVP-I included at most 25 mg L(-1) free iodine. Our results suggest that the new enzyme-based antimicrobial system is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms and bacterial spores, and that its strong biocidal activity is due to its high free iodine content, which is probably maintained by re-oxidation of iodide released after oxidation of cell components by I2.
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Shiroyama K, Kawasaki Y, Unno Y, Amachi S. A putative multicopper oxidase, IoxA, is involved in iodide oxidation by Roseovarius sp. strain A-2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1898-905. [PMID: 26041311 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1052767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Roseovarius sp. strain A-2 is an aerobic heterotrophic bacterium with a capacity for oxidizing iodide ion (I(-)) to form molecular iodine (I2). In this study, iodide-oxidizing enzyme of strain A-2 was characterized. The enzyme was an extracellular protein, and Cu(2+) ion significantly enhanced the enzyme activity in the culture supernatant. When iodide was used as the substrate, the crude enzyme showed Km and Vmax values of 4.78 mM and 25.1 U mg(-1), respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by NaN3, EDTA, KCN, and o-phenanthroline, and also had significant activities toward p-phenylenediamine and hydroquinone. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of an active band excised from SDS-PAGE gel revealed that at least two proteins are involved in the enzyme. One of these proteins was closely related with IoxA, a multicopper oxidase previously found as a component of iodide-oxidizing enzyme of Alphaproteobacterium strain Q-1. Furthermore, a terrestrial bacterium Rhodanobacter denitrificans 116-2, which possesses an ioxA-like gene in its genome, was found to oxidize iodide. These results suggest that IoxA catalyzes the oxidation of iodide in phylogenetically distinct bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Shiroyama
- a Graduate School of Horticulture , Chiba University , Matsudo-city , Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kawasaki
- a Graduate School of Horticulture , Chiba University , Matsudo-city , Japan
| | - Yusuke Unno
- b Institute for Environmental Sciences , Kamikita-gun , Japan
| | - Seigo Amachi
- a Graduate School of Horticulture , Chiba University , Matsudo-city , Japan
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Alves D, Olívia Pereira M. Mini-review: Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes as promising candidates to functionalize biomaterial surfaces. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:483-499. [PMID: 24666008 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.889120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infections remain a serious concern in modern healthcare. The development of materials that can resist or prevent bacterial attachment constitutes a promising approach to dealing with this problem. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and enzymes have been recognized as promising candidates for the new generation of antimicrobial surfaces. AMPs have been the focus of great interest in recent years owing to a low propensity for developing bacterial resistance, broad-spectrum activity, high efficacy at very low concentrations, target specificity, and synergistic action with classical antibiotics. Biofilm-dispersing enzymes have been shown to inhibit biofilm formation, detach established biofilm, and increase biofilm susceptibility to other antimicrobials. This review critically examines the potential of these protein-like compounds for developing antibacterial coatings by reporting their immobilization into different substrata using different immobilization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alves
- a IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
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Wever R, van der Horst MA. The role of vanadium haloperoxidases in the formation of volatile brominated compounds and their impact on the environment. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11778-86. [PMID: 23657250 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium haloperoxidases differ strongly from heme peroxidases in substrate specificity and stability and in contrast to a heme group they contain the bare metal oxide vanadate as a prosthetic group. These enzymes specifically oxidize halides in the presence of hydrogen peroxide into hypohalous acids. These reactive halogen intermediates will react rapidly and aspecifically with many organic molecules. Marine algae and diatoms containing these iodo- and bromoperoxidases produce short-lived brominated methanes (bromoform, CHBr3 and dibromomethane CH2Br2) or iodinated compounds. Some seas and oceans are supersaturated with these compounds and they form an important source of bromine to the troposphere and lower stratosphere and contribute significantly to the global budget of halogenated hydrocarbons. This perspective focuses, in particular, on the biosynthesis of these volatile compounds and the direct or indirect involvement of vanadium haloperoxidases in the production of huge amounts of bromoform and dibromomethane. Some of the global sources are discussed and from the literature a picture emerges in which oxidized brominated species generated by phytoplankton, seaweeds and cyanobacteria react with dissolved organic matter in seawater, resulting in the formation of intermediate brominated compounds. These compounds are unstable and decay via a haloform reaction to form an array of volatile brominated compounds of which bromoform is the major component followed by dibromomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wever
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Thallinger B, Prasetyo EN, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Antimicrobial enzymes: an emerging strategy to fight microbes and microbial biofilms. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:97-109. [PMID: 23281326 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial enzymes aimed at the disruption of bacterial cellular machinery and biofilm formation are under intense investigation. Several enzyme-based products have already been commercialized for application in the healthcare, food and biomedical industries. Successful removal of complex biofilms requires the use of multi-enzyme formulations that contain enzymes capable of degrading microbial DNA, polysaccharides, proteins and quorum-sensing molecules. The inclusion of anti-quorum sensing enzymes prevents biofilm reformation. The development of effective complex enzyme formulations is urgently needed to deal with the problems associated with biofilm formation in manufacturing, environmental protection and healthcare settings. Nevertheless, advances in synthetic biology, enzyme engineering and whole DNA-Sequencing technologies show great potential to facilitate the development of more effective antimicrobial and anti-biofilm enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Thallinger
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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Persoon IF, Hoogenkamp MA, Bury A, Wesselink PR, Hartog AF, Wever R, Crielaard W. Antimicrobial Effect of a Modified Vanadium Chloroperoxidase on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms at Root Canal pH. J Endod 2013; 39:1035-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Baharum H, Chu WC, Teo SS, Ng KY, Rahim RA, Ho CL. Molecular cloning, homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (GcVBPO1) from Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:49-59. [PMID: 23684235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases belong to a class of vanadium enzymes that may have potential industrial and pharmaceutical applications due to their high stability. In this study, the 5'-flanking genomic sequence and complete reading frame encoding vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (GcVBPO1) was cloned from the red seaweed, Fracilaria changii, and the recombinant protein was biochemically characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of GcVBPO1 is 1818 nucleotides in length, sharing 49% identity with the vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from Corralina officinalis and Cor. pilulifera, respectively. The amino acid residues associated with the binding site of vanadate cofactor were found to be conserved. The Km value of recombinant GcVBPO1 for Br(-) was 4.69 mM, while its Vmax was 10.61 μkat mg(-1) at pH 7. Substitution of Arg(379) with His(379) in the recombinant protein caused a lower affinity for Br(-), while substitution of Arg(379) with Phe(379) not only increased its affinity for Br(-) but also enabled the mutant enzyme to oxidize Cl(-). The mutant Arg(379)Phe was also found to have a lower affinity for I(-), as compared to the wild-type GcVBPO1 and mutant Arg(379)His. In addition, the Arg(379)Phe mutant has a slightly higher affinity for H2O2 compared to the wild-type GcVBPO1. Multiple cis-acting regulatory elements associated with light response, hormone signaling, and meristem expression were detected at the 5'-flanking genomic sequence of GcVBPO1. The transcript abundance of GcVBPO1 was relatively higher in seaweed samples treated with 50 parts per thousand (ppt) artificial seawater (ASW) compared to those treated in 10 and 30 ppt ASW, in support of its role in the abiotic stress response of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Baharum
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Grover N, Dinu CZ, Kane RS, Dordick JS. Enzyme-based formulations for decontamination: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3293-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iodide oxidation by a novel multicopper oxidase from the alphaproteobacterium strain Q-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3941-9. [PMID: 22447601 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00084-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaproteobacterium strain Q-1 is able to oxidize iodide (I(-)) to molecular iodine (I(2)) by an oxidase-like enzyme. One of the two isoforms of the iodide-oxidizing enzyme (IOE-II) produced by this strain was excised from a native polyacrylamide gel, eluted, and purified. IOE-II appeared as a single band (51 kDa) and showed significant in-gel iodide-oxidizing activity in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without heat treatment. However, at least two bands with much higher molecular masses (150 and 230 kDa) were observed with heat treatment (95°C, 3 min). IOE-II was inhibited by NaN(3), KCN, EDTA, and a copper chelator, o-phenanthroline. In addition to iodide, IOE-II showed significant activities toward phenolic compounds such as syringaldazine, 2,6-dimethoxy phenol, and p-phenylenediamine. IOE-II contained copper atoms as prosthetic groups and had UV/VIS absorption peaks at 320 and 590 nm. Comparison of several internal amino acid sequences obtained from trypsin-digested IOE-II with a draft genome sequence of strain Q-1 revealed that the products of two open reading frames (IoxA and IoxC), with predicted molecular masses of 62 and 71 kDa, are involved in iodide oxidation. Furthermore, subsequent tandem mass spectrometric analysis repeatedly detected peptides from IoxA and IoxC with high sequence coverage (32 to 40%). IoxA showed homology with the family of multicopper oxidases and included four copper-binding regions that are highly conserved among various multicopper oxidases. These results suggest that IOE-II is a multicopper oxidase and that it may occur as a multimeric complex in which at least two proteins (IoxA and IoxC) are associated.
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Persoon IF, Hoogenkamp MA, Bury A, Wesselink PR, Hartog AF, Wever R, Crielaard W. Effect of vanadium chloroperoxidase on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. J Endod 2011; 38:72-4. [PMID: 22152624 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial effect of vanadium chloroperoxidase (VCPO) reaction products on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms of 4 different strains. METHODS Twenty-four-hour biofilms of E. faecalis strains V583, ER5/1, E2, and OS-16 were incubated in mixtures with VCPO, halide (either bromide or chloride), and hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed by colony-forming unit counts. RESULTS The VCPO reaction products had a similar efficacy in reducing the viability of the 4 strains of E. faecalis (94%; range, 87%-100%). Bromide as the halogen of choice was more effective on E. faecalis strains E2 and OS-16, as compared with chloride (Mann-Whitney U test; P < .05). Despite different quantities of produced biofilms by the 4 strains, VCPO treatment was similarly effective toward all strains (Kruskal-Wallis test; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS VCPO treatment results in an antimicrobial effect toward in vitro E. faecalis biofilms and might provide an addition to current endodontic treatment, possibly as an antimicrobial dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona F Persoon
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Banerjee I, Pangule RC, Kane RS. Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:690-718. [PMID: 20886559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1576] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG-based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein-resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling-mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic- and silver-resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide-releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Banerjee
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Molinari JE, Wachs IE. Presence of Surface Vanadium Peroxo-oxo Umbrella Structures in Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts: Fact or Fiction? J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12559-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Molinari
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
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Ahariz M, Courtois P. Candida albicans susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2010; 2:69-78. [PMID: 23662084 PMCID: PMC3645462 DOI: 10.2147/cciden.s10891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo, lactoperoxidase produces hypothiocyanite (OSCN−) from thiocyanate (SCN−) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); in vitro, iodide (I−) can be oxidized into hypoiodite (OI−) by this enzyme. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the anti-Candida effect of iodide versus thiocyanate used as lactoperoxidase substrate to prevent Candida biofilms development. Candida albicans ATCC 10231 susceptibility upon both peroxidase systems was tested in three different experimental designs: (i) in a liquid culture medium, (ii) in an interface model between solid culture medium and gel containing the enzymic systems, (iii) in a biofilm model onto titanium and acrylic resin. Yeast growth in liquid medium was monitored by turbidimetry at 600 nm. Material-adherent yeast biomass was evaluated by the tetrazolium salt MTT method. The iodide-peroxidase system has been shown to inhibit Candida biofilm formation at lower substrate concentrations (~200 fold less H2O2 donor) and for longer incubation periods than the thiocyanate-peroxidase system. In conclusion, efficiency of lactoperoxidase-generated OI− to prevent C. albicans biofilm development allows refining iodine antifungal use in ex vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahariz
- Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Bengtson P, Bastviken D, de Boer W, Oberg G. Possible role of reactive chlorine in microbial antagonism and organic matter chlorination in terrestrial environments. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:1330-9. [PMID: 19453612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that extensive formation of organically bound chlorine occurs both in soil and in decaying plant material. Previous studies suggest that enzymatic formation of reactive chlorine outside cells is a major source. However, the ecological role of microbial-induced extracellular chlorination processes remains unclear. In the present paper, we assess whether or not the literature supports the hypothesis that extracellular chlorination is involved in direct antagonism against competitors for the same resources. Our review shows that it is by no means rare that biotic processes create conditions that render biocidal concentrations of reactive chlorine compounds, which suggest that extracellular production of reactive chlorine may have an important role in antagonistic microbial interactions. To test the validity, we searched the UniprotPK database for microorganisms that are known to produce haloperoxidases. It appeared that many of the identified haloperoxidases from terrestrial environments are originating from organisms that are associated with living plants or decomposing plant material. The results of the in silico screening were supported by various field and laboratory studies on natural chlorination. Hence, the ability to produce reactive chlorine seems to be especially common in environments that are known for antibiotic-mediated competition for resources (interference competition). Yet, the ability to produce haloperoxidases is also recorded, for example, for plant endosymbionts and parasites, and there is little or no empirical evidence that suggests that these organisms are antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Bengtson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Use of a bacteriophage lysin, PlyC, as an enzyme disinfectant against Streptococcus equi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1388-94. [PMID: 19139235 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02195-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi is the causative agent of the purulent infection equine strangles. This disease is transmitted through shedding of live bacteria from nasal secretions and abscess drainage or by contact with surfaces contaminated by the bacteria. Disinfectants are effective against S. equi, but inactivation by environmental factors, damage to equipment, and toxicity are of great concern. Bacteriophage-encoded lysins (cell wall hydrolases) have been investigated as therapeutic agents due to their ability to lyse susceptible gram-positive organisms. Here, we investigate the use of one lysin, PlyC, as a narrow-spectrum disinfectant against S. equi. This enzyme was active against >20 clinical isolates of S. equi, including both S. equi subsp. equi and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Significantly, PlyC was 1,000 times more active on a per weight basis than Virkon-S, a common disinfecting agent, with 1 microg of enzyme able to sterilize a 10(8) CFU/ml culture of S. equi in 30 min. PlyC was subjected to a standard battery of tests including the Use Dilution Method for Testing Disinfectants and the Germicidal Spray Products Test. Results indicate that aerosolized PlyC can eradicate or significantly reduce the S. equi load on a variety of materials found on common stable and horse-related equipment. Additionally, PlyC was shown to retain full activity under conditions that mimic a horse stable, i.e., in the presence of nonionic detergents, hard water, or organic materials. We propose PlyC as the first protein-based, narrow-spectrum disinfectant against S. equi, which may augment or supplement the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants in barns and stables where equine strangles is prevalent.
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Renirie R, Dewilde A, Pierlot C, Wever R, Hober D, Aubry JM. Bactericidal and virucidal activity of the alkalophilic P395D/L241V/T343A mutant of vanadium chloroperoxidase. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:264-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Asuri P, Karajanagi SS, Kane RS, Dordick JS. Polymer-nanotube-enzyme composites as active antifouling films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:50-3. [PMID: 17294467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Hasan Z, Renirie R, Kerkman R, Ruijssenaars HJ, Hartog AF, Wever R. Laboratory-evolved vanadium chloroperoxidase exhibits 100-fold higher halogenating activity at alkaline pH: catalytic effects from first and second coordination sphere mutations. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9738-44. [PMID: 16455658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution was performed on vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis to increase its brominating activity at a mildly alkaline pH for industrial and synthetic applications and to further understand its mechanism. After successful expression of the enzyme in Escherichia coli, two rounds of screening and selection, saturation mutagenesis of a "hot spot," and rational recombination, a triple mutant (P395D/L241V/T343A) was obtained that showed a 100-fold increase in activity at pH 8 (k(cat) = 100 s(-1)). The increased K(m) values for Br(-) (3.1 mm) and H(2)O(2) (16 microm) are smaller than those found for vanadium bromoperoxidases that are reasonably active at this pH. In addition the brominating activity at pH 5 was increased by a factor of 6 (k(cat) = 575 s(-1)), and the chlorinating activity at pH 5 was increased by a factor of 2 (k(cat) = 36 s(-1)), yielding the "best" vanadium haloperoxidase known thus far. The mutations are in the first and second coordination sphere of the vanadate cofactor, and the catalytic effects suggest that fine tuning of residues Lys-353 and Phe-397, along with addition of negative charge or removal of positive charge near one of the vanadate oxygens, is very important. Lys-353 and Phe-397 were previously assigned to be essential in peroxide activation and halide binding. Analysis of the catalytic parameters of the mutant vanadium bromoperoxidase from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum also adds fuel to the discussion regarding factors governing the halide specificity of vanadium haloperoxidases. This study presents the first example of directed evolution of a vanadium enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Hasan
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hansen EH, Schäfer T, Molin S, Gram L. Effect of environmental and physiological factors on the antibacterial activity of Curvularia haloperoxidase system against Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:581-8. [PMID: 15715860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental and physiological factors on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. METHODS AND RESULTS The Curvularia haloperoxidase system is a novel enzyme system that produces reactive oxygen species which have an antimicrobial effect. Escherichia coli MG1655 was exposed to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system under different temperatures and NaCl concentrations and after exposure to different stress factors. Temperature clearly affected enzymatic activity with increasing antibacterial effect at increasing temperature. The presence of NaCl interfered with the enzyme system and in the presence of 1% NaCl, no antibacterial effect could be observed at pH 7. Cells grown at pH 8.0 were in one experiment more resistant than cells grown at pH 6.5, whereas cells grown in the presence of 2% NaCl were more susceptible to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. CONCLUSIONS Environmental and physiological factors can affect the antibacterial activity of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study demonstrates a systematic approach in assessing the effect of environmental and physiological factors on microbial susceptibility to biocides. Such information is crucial for prediction of application as well as potential side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Hansen
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Alle, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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Leiter E, Marx F, Pusztahelyi T, Haas H, Pócsi I. Penicillium chrysogenum glucose oxidase - a study on its antifungal effects. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:1201-9. [PMID: 15546411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Purification and characterization of the high molecular mass Candida albicans-killing protein secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum. METHODS AND RESULTS The protein was purified by a combination of ultrafiltration, chromatofocusing and gel filtration. Enzymological characteristics [relative molecular mass (M(r)) = 155 000, subunit structure alpha(2) with M(r,alpha) = 76 000, isoelectric point (pI) = 5.4] were determined using SDS-PAGE and 2D-electrophoresis. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and homology search demonstrated that the antifungal protein was the glucose oxidase (GOX) of the fungus. The enzyme was cytotoxic for a series of bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. Vitamin C (1.0 mg ml(-1)) prevented oxidative cell injuries triggered by 0.004 U GOX in Emericella nidulans cultures but bovine liver catalase was ineffective even at a GOX : catalase activity ratio of 0.004 : 200 U. A secondary inhibition of growth in E. nidulans cultures by the oxygen-depleting GOX-catalase system was likely to replace the primary inhibition exerted by H(2)O(2). CONCLUSIONS Penicillium chrysogenum GOX possesses similar enzymological features to those described earlier for other Penicillium GOXs. Its cytotoxicity was dependent on the inherent antioxidant potential of the test micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Penicillium chrysogenum GOX may find future applications in glucose biosensor production, the disinfection of medical implants or in the food industry as an antimicrobial and/or preservative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leiter
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Hansen EH, Schembri MA, Klemm P, Schäfer T, Molin S, Gram L. Elucidation of the antibacterial mechanism of the Curvularia haloperoxidase system by DNA microarray profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1749-57. [PMID: 15006801 PMCID: PMC368414 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.3.1749-1757.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel antimicrobial enzyme system, the Curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of elucidating its mechanism of antibacterial action. Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was stressed with sublethal concentrations of the enzyme system, causing a temporary arrest of growth. The expression of genes altered upon exposure to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system was analyzed by using DNA microarrays. Only a limited number of genes were involved in the response to the Curvularia haloperoxidase system. Among the induced genes were the ibpA and ibpB genes encoding small heat shock proteins, a gene cluster of six genes (b0301-b0306) of unknown function, and finally, cpxP, a member of the Cpx pathway. Knockout mutants were constructed with deletions in b0301-b0306, cpxP, and cpxARP, respectively. Only the mutant lacking cpxARP was significantly more sensitive to the enzyme system than was the wild type. Our results demonstrate that DNA microarray technology cannot be used as the only technique to investigate the mechanisms of action of new antimicrobial compounds. However, by combining DNA microarray analysis with the subsequent creation of knockout mutants, we were able to pinpoint one of the specific responses of E. coli--namely, the Cpx pathway, which is important for managing the stress response from the Curvularia haloperoxidase system.
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