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Analysis of saponins detoxification genes in Ilyonectria mors-panacis G3B inducing root rot of Panax notoginseng by RNA-Seq. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5205-5213. [PMID: 34350471 PMCID: PMC8502126 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are kinds of antifungal compounds produced by Panax notoginseng to resist invasion by pathogens. Ilyonectria mors-panacis G3B was the dominant pathogen inducing root rot of P. notoginseng, and the abilities to detoxify saponins were the key to infect P. notoginseng successfully. To research the molecular mechanisms of detoxifying saponins in I. mors-panacis G3B, we used high-throughput RNA-Seq to identify 557 and 1519 differential expression genes (DEGs) in I. mors-panacis G3B with saponins treatments for 4H (Hours) and 12H (Hours) compared with no saponins treatments, respectively. Among these DEGs, we found 93 genes which were simultaneously highly expressed in I. mors-panacis G3B with saponins treatments for 4H and 12H, they mainly belong to genes encoding transporters, glycoside hydrolases, oxidation-reduction enzymes, transcription factors and so on. In addition, there were 21 putative PHI (Pathogen-Host Interaction) genes out of those 93 up-regulated genes. In this report, we analyzed virulence-associated genes in I. mors-panacis G3B which may be related to detoxifying saponins to infect P. notoginseng successfully. They provided an excellent starting point for in-depth study on pathogenicity of I. mors-panacis G3B and developed appropriate root rot disease management strategies in the future.
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Westrick NM, Smith DL, Kabbage M. Disarming the Host: Detoxification of Plant Defense Compounds During Fungal Necrotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651716. [PMID: 33995447 PMCID: PMC8120277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While fungal biotrophs are dependent on successfully suppressing/subverting host defenses during their interaction with live cells, necrotrophs, due to their lifestyle are often confronted with a suite of toxic metabolites. These include an assortment of plant defense compounds (PDCs) which can demonstrate broad antifungal activity. These PDCs can be either constitutively present in plant tissue or induced in response to infection, but are nevertheless an important obstacle which needs to be overcome for successful pathogenesis. Fungal necrotrophs have developed a number of strategies to achieve this goal, from the direct detoxification of these compounds through enzymatic catalysis and modification, to the active transport of various PDCs to achieve toxin sequestration and efflux. Studies have shown across multiple pathogens that the efficient detoxification of host PDCs is both critical for successful infection and often a determinant factor in pathogen host range. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of the various mechanisms for PDC detoxification which have been identified in both fungal necrotrophs and fungal pathogens which depend on detoxification during a necrotrophic phase of infection. Furthermore, the effect that these mechanisms have on fungal host range, metabolism, and disease control will be discussed.
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Immobilization and In vitro Evaluation of Soyasapogenol B onto Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Ing Rech Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Amin HA, Secundo F, Amer H, Mostafa FA, Helmy WA. Improvement of Aspergillus flavus saponin hydrolase thermal stability and productivity via immobilization on a novel carrier based on sugarcane bagasse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 17:55-62. [PMID: 29321979 PMCID: PMC5755741 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soyasapogenol B (SB) is known to have many biological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antiviral and anticancer activities. Enzymatic conversion of soyasaponins to SB was carried out using saponin hydrolase (SH) extracted from Aspergillus flavus. The partially purified enzyme was immobilized on different carriers by physical adsorption, covalent binding or entrapment. Among the investigated carriers, Eupergit C and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) activated by DIC and NHS were the most suitable two carriers for immobilization (the immobilized forms recovered 46.5 and 37.1% of the loaded enzyme activity, respectively). Under optimized immobilization conditions, immobilized SH on Eupergit C and on activated SBC recovered 87.7 and 83.3% of its original activity, respectively. Compared to free SH, immobilized SH on Eupergit C and on activated SCB showed higher optimum pH, activation energy, half-lives and lower deactivation constant rate. Also, their SB productivities were improved by 2.3- and 2.2-folds compared to free SH (87.7 and 83.3 vs. 37.5%, respectively). Hence, being SCB more sustainable and an inexpensive material, it can be considered a good alternative to Eupergit C as a support for SH immobilization. SH immobilization on industrially applicable and inexpensive carrier is necessary to improve SB yield and reduce its production cost. The chemical structure of SCB and the resulting cellulose derivatives were studied by ATR-IR spectroscopy. The thermal analysis technique was used to study the chemical treatment of SCB and coupling with the enzyme. This technique confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose by chemical treatment of SCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala A. Amin
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept.National Research CentreCairoEgypt
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Hassan Amer
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Faten A. Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A. Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Matsuoka K, Miyajima R, Karasawa S. Aggregate Formation of Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-O-Glucuronide. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-2001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Watanabe M, Sumida N, Yanai K, Murakami T. Cloning and Characterization of Saponin Hydrolases fromAspergillus oryzaeandEupenicillium brefeldianum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:2178-85. [PMID: 16306700 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We purified saponin hydrolases from Aspergillus oryzae PF1224 and Eupenicillium brefeldianum PF1226. It was confirmed that the enzymes from A. oryzae PF1224 (Sda1) and E. brefeldianum PF1226 (Sde1) are glycoproteins with molecular masses of 82 and 90 kDa respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of each enzyme from the cloned genes (sda1 or sde1) showed approximately 50% homology with that of the saponin hydrolase Sdn1 from Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta PF1225 (DDBJ accession no. AB110615). When sda1 and sde1 were expressed in the host Trichoderma viride under the control of the cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter, recombinant proteins were secreted with molecular masses of 77 and 67 kDa respectively. These recombinant enzymes hydrolyzed soyasaponin I to soyasapogenol B and triose, and its substrate specificities for glycosides were similar to that of Sdn1, but the specific activities of these enzymes were lower than that of Sdn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Watanabe
- Microbiological Resources and Technology Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Amin HAS, Mohamed SS. Immobilization of Aspergillus terreus on loofa sponge for soyasapogenol B production from soybean saponin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Amin HAS, Hanna AG, Mohamed SS. Comparative studies of acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis for production of soyasapogenols from soybean saponin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.632479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huang HZ, Feng B, Song XB, Ma BP. Purification and characterization of glycyrrhizin-β-d-glucuronidase and baicalin-β-d-glucuronidase from a commercial enzyme preparation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.595787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dong Y, Teng H, Qi S, Liu L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Xiu Z. Pathways and kinetics analysis of biotransformation of Dioscorea zingiberensis by Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A review of the herbal phosphodiesterase inhibitors; future perspective of new drugs. Cytokine 2009; 49:123-9. [PMID: 20005737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs) are a class of drugs that are widely used because of their various pharmacological properties including cardiotonic, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, antidepressant, antithrombotic, bronchodilator, antiinflammatory and enhancer of cognitive function. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased. Some pharmacologically active substances that come from plants demonstrate PDEI activity. They mainly belong to alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. In this review, studies on herbal PDEI were reviewed and their possible therapeutic applications were discussed. Screening plants for PDE inhibitory activity may help to develop standardized phytotherapeutic products or find new sources for new lead structures with PDEI pharmacological activity. The studies discussed in this paper are mainly in vitro and for more reasonable and conclusive results, it is required to conduct in vivo and finally human and clinical tests.
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Andreea Neculai M, Ivanov D, Bernards MA. Partial purification and characterization of three ginsenoside-metabolizing beta-glucosidases from Pythium irregulare. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1948-1957. [PMID: 19818460 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ginseng pathogen Pythium irregulare is able to selectively metabolize the 20(S) protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and gypenoside XVII via extracellular glycosidases, leading to the formation and partial assimilation of ginsenoside F2. Herein we have partially purified three ginsenoside-deglycosylating enzymes from P. irregulare culture filtrates, and provide preliminary characterization. A protocol involving acetone precipitation, chromatofocusing on PBE 94, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 HR and ion-exchange on Q Sepharose Fast Flow resulted in a 13-25-fold purification. The three enzymes were induced in cultures grown in the presence of ginsenosides, and found to be acidic proteins (pI of 4.5-5.0), consisting of an apparent high molecular weight (approximately 160 kDa) homodimer of 78 kDa subunits, with beta(1-->6) activity, and two monomeric enzymes of 61 and 57 kDa, with beta(1-->2) activity. Primary sequence analysis identified them as beta-glucosidases, with no homology to other saponin-deglycosylating enzymes. These are the first glycosidases purified from a Pythium species. We speculate that their role is likely to help Pythium find its host, and/or obtain nutrients/growth factors from its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andreea Neculai
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Kirby J, Keasling JD. Biosynthesis of plant isoprenoids: perspectives for microbial engineering. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:335-55. [PMID: 19575586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large and highly diverse group of natural products with many functions in plant primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenoids are synthesized from common prenyl diphosphate precursors through the action of terpene synthases and terpene-modifying enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Many isoprenoids have important applications in areas such as human health and nutrition, and much effort has been directed toward their production in microbial hosts. However, many hurdles must be overcome in the elucidation and functional microbial expression of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of an isoprenoid of interest. Here, we review investigations into isoprenoid function and gene discovery in plants as well as the latest advances in isoprenoid pathway engineering in both plant and microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kirby
- California Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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