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Costa S, Summa D, Radice M, Vertuani S, Manfredini S, Tamburini E. Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei using a sequence of seasonally available fruit wastes as sustainable carbon sources. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1447278. [PMID: 39157446 PMCID: PMC11327009 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1447278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lactic acid (LA) production from fossil resources is unsustainable owing to their depletion and environmental concerns. Thus, this study aimed to optimize the production of LA by Lactobacillus casei in a cultured medium containing fruit wastes (FWs) from agro-industries and second cheese whey (SCW) from dairy production, supplemented with maize steep liquor (MSL, 10% v/v) as the nitrogen source. Methods: The FWs were selected based on seasonal availability [early summer (early ripening peach), full summer (melon), late summer (pear), and early autumn (apple)] and SCW as annual waste. Small-scale preliminary tests as well as controlled fermenter experiments were performed to demonstrate the potential of using various food wastes as substrates for LA fermentation, except for apple pomace. Results and discussion: A 5-cycle repeated batch fermentation was conducted to optimize waste utilization and production, resulting in a total of 180.56 g/L of LA with a volumetric productivity of 0.88 g/L∙h. Subsequently, mechanical filtration and enzymatic hydrolysis were attempted. The total amount of LA produced in the 5-cycle repeated batch process was 397.1 g/L over 288 h, achieving a volumetric productivity of 1.32 g/L∙h. These findings suggest a promising biorefinery process for low-cost LA production from agri-food wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Costa
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Summa
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Radice
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Dep. Ciencia de La Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Olavarria K, Becker MV, Sousa DZ, van Loosdrecht MC, Wahl SA. Design and thermodynamic analysis of a pathway enabling anaerobic production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:629-639. [PMID: 37823039 PMCID: PMC10562921 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing anaerobic metabolisms for the production of biotechnologically relevant products presents potential advantages, such as increased yields and reduced energy dissipation. However, lower energy dissipation may indicate that certain reactions are operating closer to their thermodynamic equilibrium. While stoichiometric analyses and genetic modifications are frequently employed in metabolic engineering, the use of thermodynamic tools to evaluate the feasibility of planned interventions is less documented. In this study, we propose a novel metabolic engineering strategy to achieve an efficient anaerobic production of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the model organism Escherichia coli. Our approach involves re-routing of two-thirds of the glycolytic flux through non-oxidative glycolysis and coupling PHB synthesis with NADH re-oxidation. We complemented our stoichiometric analysis with various thermodynamic approaches to assess the feasibility and the bottlenecks in the proposed engineered pathway. According to our calculations, the main thermodynamic bottleneck are the reactions catalyzed by the acetoacetyl-CoA β-ketothiolase (EC 2.3.1.9) and the acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.36). Furthermore, we calculated thermodynamically consistent sets of kinetic parameters to determine the enzyme amounts required for sustaining the conversion fluxes. In the case of the engineered conversion route, the protein pool necessary to sustain the desired fluxes could account for 20% of the whole cell dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Olavarria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippenenweg 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco V. Becker
- Department of Biotechnology, Applied Sciences Faculty, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Z. Sousa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippenenweg 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Applied Sciences Faculty, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S. Aljoscha Wahl
- Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Paul-Gordan-Strasse 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Ribeiro RA, Bourbon-Melo N, Sá-Correia I. The cell wall and the response and tolerance to stresses of biotechnological relevance in yeasts. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:953479. [PMID: 35966694 PMCID: PMC9366716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.953479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrial settings and processes, yeasts may face multiple adverse environmental conditions. These include exposure to non-optimal temperatures or pH, osmotic stress, and deleterious concentrations of diverse inhibitory compounds. These toxic chemicals may result from the desired accumulation of added-value bio-products, yeast metabolism, or be present or derive from the pre-treatment of feedstocks, as in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates. Adaptation and tolerance to industrially relevant stress factors involve highly complex and coordinated molecular mechanisms occurring in the yeast cell with repercussions on the performance and economy of bioprocesses, or on the microbiological stability and conservation of foods, beverages, and other goods. To sense, survive, and adapt to different stresses, yeasts rely on a network of signaling pathways to modulate the global transcriptional response and elicit coordinated changes in the cell. These pathways cooperate and tightly regulate the composition, organization and biophysical properties of the cell wall. The intricacy of the underlying regulatory networks reflects the major role of the cell wall as the first line of defense against a wide range of environmental stresses. However, the involvement of cell wall in the adaptation and tolerance of yeasts to multiple stresses of biotechnological relevance has not received the deserved attention. This article provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning cell wall physicochemical properties during the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their implication in stress tolerance. The available information for non-conventional yeast species is also included. These non-Saccharomyces species have recently been on the focus of very active research to better explore or control their biotechnological potential envisaging the transition to a sustainable circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Ribeiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bourbon-Melo
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Pereira R, Ishchuk OP, Li X, Liu Q, Liu Y, Otto M, Chen Y, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Metabolic Engineering of Yeast. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Peetermans A, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. Mechanisms underlying lactic acid tolerance and its influence on lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:111-130. [PMID: 34055965 PMCID: PMC8144909 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.06.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the major bottlenecks in lactic acid production using microbial fermentation is the detrimental influence lactic acid accumulation poses on the lactic acid producing cells. The accumulation of lactic acid results in many negative effects on the cell such as intracellular acidification, anion accumulation, membrane perturbation, disturbed amino acid trafficking, increased turgor pressure, ATP depletion, ROS accumulation, metabolic dysregulation and metal chelation. In this review, the manner in which Saccharomyces cerevisiae deals with these issues will be discussed extensively not only for lactic acid as a singular stress factor but also in combination with other stresses. In addition, different methods to improve lactic acid tolerance in S. cerevisiae using targeted and non-targeted engineering methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Peetermans
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - María R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.,NovelYeast bv, Open Bio-Incubator, Erasmus High School, Laarbeeklaan 121, 1090 Brussels (Jette), Belgium
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6
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Baptista SL, Costa CE, Cunha JT, Soares PO, Domingues L. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of top value chemicals from biorefinery carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107697. [PMID: 33508428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of biorefineries for a cost-effective and sustainable production of energy and chemicals from renewable carbon sources plays a fundamental role in the transition to a circular economy. The US Department of Energy identified a group of key target compounds that can be produced from biorefinery carbohydrates. In 2010, this list was revised and included organic acids (lactic, succinic, levulinic and 3-hydroxypropionic acids), sugar alcohols (xylitol and sorbitol), furans and derivatives (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and furandicarboxylic acid), biohydrocarbons (isoprene), and glycerol and its derivatives. The use of substrates like lignocellulosic biomass that impose harsh culture conditions drives the quest for the selection of suitable robust microorganisms. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, widely utilized in industrial processes, has been extensively engineered to produce high-value chemicals. For its robustness, ease of handling, genetic toolbox and fitness in an industrial context, S. cerevisiae is an ideal platform for the founding of sustainable bioprocesses. Taking these into account, this review focuses on metabolic engineering strategies that have been applied to S. cerevisiae for converting renewable resources into the previously identified chemical targets. The heterogeneity of each chemical and its manufacturing process leads to inevitable differences between the development stages of each process. Currently, 8 of 11 of these top value chemicals have been already reported to be produced by recombinant S. cerevisiae. While some of them are still in an early proof-of-concept stage, others, like xylitol or lactic acid, are already being produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the constant advances in genome-editing tools, e.g. CRISPR/Cas9, coupled with the application of innovative process concepts such as consolidated bioprocessing, will contribute for the establishment of S. cerevisiae-based biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Baptista
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos E Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana T Cunha
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro O Soares
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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7
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Energy coupling of membrane transport and efficiency of sucrose dissimilation in yeast. Metab Eng 2020; 65:243-254. [PMID: 33279674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proton coupled transport of α-glucosides via Mal11 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae costs one ATP per imported molecule. Targeted mutation of all three acidic residues in the active site resulted in sugar uniport, but expression of these mutant transporters in yeast did not enable growth on sucrose. We then isolated six unique transporter variants of these mutants by directed evolution of yeast for growth on sucrose. In three variants, new acidic residues emerged near the active site that restored proton-coupled sucrose transport, whereas the other evolved transporters still catalysed sucrose uniport. The localization of mutations and transport properties of the mutants enabled us to propose a mechanistic model of proton-coupled sugar transport by Mal11. Cultivation of yeast strains expressing one of the sucrose uniporters in anaerobic, sucrose-limited chemostat cultures indicated an increase in the efficiency of sucrose dissimilation by 21% when additional changes in strain physiology were taken into account. We thus show that a combination of directed and evolutionary engineering results in more energy efficient sucrose transport, as a starting point to engineer yeast strains with increased yields for industrially relevant products.
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8
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Gambacorta FV, Dietrich JJ, Yan Q, Pfleger BF. Corrigendum to "Rewiring yeast metabolism to synthesize products beyond ethanol" [Curr Opin Chem Biol 59 (December 2020) 182-192]. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:202-204. [PMID: 33199243 PMCID: PMC9744135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca V. Gambacorta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Joshua J. Dietrich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Brian F. Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison,Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,corresponding author
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9
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Gambacorta FV, Dietrich JJ, Yan Q, Pfleger BF. Rewiring yeast metabolism to synthesize products beyond ethanol. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:182-192. [PMID: 33032255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Baker's yeast, is the industrial workhorse for producing ethanol and the subject of substantial metabolic engineering research in both industry and academia. S. cerevisiae has been used to demonstrate production of a wide range of chemical products from glucose. However, in many cases, the demonstrations report titers and yields that fall below thresholds for industrial feasibility. Ethanol synthesis is a central part of S. cerevisiae metabolism, and redirecting flux to other products remains a barrier to industrialize strains for producing other molecules. Removing ethanol producing pathways leads to poor fitness, such as impaired growth on glucose. Here, we review metabolic engineering efforts aimed at restoring growth in non-ethanol producing strains with emphasis on relieving glucose repression associated with the Crabtree effect and rewiring metabolism to provide access to critical cellular building blocks. Substantial progress has been made in the past decade, but many opportunities for improvement remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca V Gambacorta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Joshua J Dietrich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Abedi E, Hashemi SMB. Lactic acid production - producing microorganisms and substrates sources-state of art. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04974. [PMID: 33088933 PMCID: PMC7566098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid is an organic compound produced via fermentation by different microorganisms that are able to use different carbohydrate sources. Lactic acid bacteria are the main bacteria used to produce lactic acid and among these, Lactobacillus spp. have been showing interesting fermentation capacities. The use of Bacillus spp. revealed good possibilities to reduce the fermentative costs. Interestingly, lactic acid high productivity was achieved by Corynebacterium glutamicum and E. coli, mainly after engineering genetic modification. Fungi, like Rhizopus spp. can metabolize different renewable carbon resources, with advantageously amylolytic properties to produce lactic acid. Additionally, yeasts can tolerate environmental restrictions (for example acidic conditions), being the wild-type low lactic acid producers that have been improved by genetic manipulation. Microalgae and cyanobacteria, as photosynthetic microorganisms can be an alternative lactic acid producer without carbohydrate feed costs. For lactic acid production, it is necessary to have substrates in the fermentation medium. Different carbohydrate sources can be used, from plant waste as molasses, starchy, lignocellulosic materials as agricultural and forestry residues. Dairy waste also can be used by the addition of supplementary components with a nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Abedi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
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11
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Liu Y, Ghosh IN, Martien J, Zhang Y, Amador-Noguez D, Landick R. Regulated redirection of central carbon flux enhances anaerobic production of bioproducts in Zymomonas mobilis. Metab Eng 2020; 61:261-274. [PMID: 32590077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The microbial production of chemicals and fuels from plant biomass offers a sustainable alternative to fossilized carbon but requires high rates and yields of bioproduct synthesis. Z. mobilis is a promising chassis microbe due to its high glycolytic rate in anaerobic conditions that are favorable for large-scale production. However, diverting flux from its robust ethanol fermentation pathway to nonnative pathways remains a major engineering hurdle. To enable controlled, high-yield synthesis of bioproducts, we implemented a central-carbon metabolism control-valve strategy using regulated, ectopic expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and deletion of chromosomal pdc. Metabolomic and genetic analyses revealed that glycolytic intermediates and NADH accumulate when Pdc is depleted and that Pdc is essential for anaerobic growth of Z. mobilis. Aerobically, all flux can be redirected to a 2,3-butanediol pathway for which respiration maintains redox balance. Anaerobically, flux can be redirected to redox-balanced lactate or isobutanol pathways with ≥65% overall yield from glucose. This strategy provides a promising path for future metabolic engineering of Z. mobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Indro Neil Ghosh
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Julia Martien
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States
| | - Robert Landick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, United States.
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12
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Bellut K, Krogerus K, Arendt EK. Lachancea fermentati Strains Isolated From Kombucha: Fundamental Insights, and Practical Application in Low Alcohol Beer Brewing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:764. [PMID: 32390994 PMCID: PMC7191199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With a growing interest in non-alcoholic and low alcohol beer (NABLAB), researchers are looking into non-conventional yeasts to harness their special metabolic traits for their production. One of the investigated species is Lachancea fermentati, which possesses the uncommon ability to produce significant amounts of lactic acid during alcoholic fermentation, resulting in the accumulation of lactic acid while exhibiting reduced ethanol production. In this study, four Lachancea fermentati strains isolated from individual kombucha cultures were investigated. Whole genome sequencing was performed, and the strains were characterized for important brewing characteristics (e.g., sugar utilization) and sensitivities toward stress factors. A screening in wort extract was performed to elucidate strain-dependent differences, followed by fermentation optimization to enhance lactic acid production. Finally, a low alcohol beer was produced at 60 L pilot-scale. The genomes of the kombucha isolates were diverse and could be separated into two phylogenetic groups, which were related to their geographical origin. Compared to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae brewers' yeast, the strains' sensitivities to alcohol and acidic conditions were low, while their sensitivities toward osmotic stress were higher. In the screening, lactic acid production showed significant, strain-dependent differences. Fermentation optimization by means of response surface methodology (RSM) revealed an increased lactic acid production at a low pitching rate, high fermentation temperature, and high extract content. It was shown that a high initial glucose concentration led to the highest lactic acid production (max. 18.0 mM). The data indicated that simultaneous lactic acid production and ethanol production occurred as long as glucose was present. When glucose was depleted and/or lactic acid concentrations were high, the production shifted toward the ethanol pathway as the sole pathway. A low alcohol beer (<1.3% ABV) was produced at 60 L pilot-scale by means of stopped fermentation. The beer exhibited a balanced ratio of sweetness from residual sugars and acidity from the lactic acid produced (13.6 mM). However, due to the stopped fermentation, high levels of diacetyl were present, which could necessitate further process intervention to reduce concentrations to acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bellut
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Onyeabor M, Martinez R, Kurgan G, Wang X. Engineering transport systems for microbial production. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 111:33-87. [PMID: 32446412 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development in the field of metabolic engineering has enabled complex modifications of metabolic pathways to generate a diverse product portfolio. Manipulating substrate uptake and product export is an important research area in metabolic engineering. Optimization of transport systems has the potential to enhance microbial production of renewable fuels and chemicals. This chapter comprehensively reviews the transport systems critical for microbial production as well as current genetic engineering strategies to improve transport functions and thus production metrics. In addition, this chapter highlights recent advancements in engineering microbial efflux systems to enhance cellular tolerance to industrially relevant chemical stress. Lastly, future directions to address current technological gaps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Onyeabor
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rodrigo Martinez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gavin Kurgan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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14
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Valk LC, Luttik MAH, de Ram C, Pabst M, van den Broek M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Pronk JT. A Novel D-Galacturonate Fermentation Pathway in Lactobacillus suebicus Links Initial Reactions of the Galacturonate-Isomerase Route With the Phosphoketolase Pathway. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3027. [PMID: 32010092 PMCID: PMC6978723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
D-galacturonate, a key constituent of pectin, is a ubiquitous monomer in plant biomass. Anaerobic, fermentative conversion of D-galacturonate is therefore relevant in natural environments as well as in microbial processes for microbial conversion of pectin-containing agricultural residues. In currently known microorganisms that anaerobically ferment D-galacturonate, its catabolism occurs via the galacturonate-isomerase pathway. Redox-cofactor balancing in this pathway strongly constrains the possible range of products generated from anaerobic D-galacturonate fermentation, resulting in acetate as the predominant organic fermentation product. To explore metabolic diversity of microbial D-galacturonate fermentation, anaerobic enrichment cultures were performed at pH 4. Anaerobic batch and chemostat cultures of a dominant Lactobacillus suebicus strain isolated from these enrichment cultures produced near-equimolar amounts of lactate and acetate from D-galacturonate. A combination of whole-genome sequence analysis, quantitative proteomics, enzyme activity assays in cell extracts, and in vitro product identification demonstrated that D-galacturonate metabolism in L. suebicus occurs via a novel pathway. In this pathway, mannonate generated by the initial reactions of the canonical isomerase pathway is converted to 6-phosphogluconate by two novel biochemical reactions, catalyzed by a mannonate kinase and a 6-phosphomannonate 2-epimerase. Further catabolism of 6-phosphogluconate then proceeds via known reactions of the phosphoketolase pathway. In contrast to the classical isomerase pathway for D-galacturonate catabolism, the novel pathway enables redox-cofactor-neutral conversion of D-galacturonate to ribulose-5-phosphate. While further research is required to identify the structural genes encoding the key enzymes for the novel pathway, its redox-cofactor coupling is highly interesting for metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories for conversion of pectin-containing feedstocks into added-value fermentation products such as ethanol or lactate. This study illustrates the potential of microbial enrichment cultivation to identify novel pathways for the conversion of environmentally and industrially relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jack T. Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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15
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Kim JW, Lee YG, Kim SJ, Jin YS, Seo JH. Deletion of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes improved 2,3-butanediol production by reducing glycerol production in pyruvate decarboxylase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2019; 304:31-37. [PMID: 31421146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) can be produced at high titers by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by abolishing the ethanol biosynthetic pathway and introducing the bacterial butanediol-producing pathway. However, production of 2,3-BD instead of ethanol by engineered S. cerevisiae has resulted in glycerol production because of surplus NADH accumulation caused by a lower degree of reduction (γ = 5.5) of 2,3-BD than that (γ = 6) of ethanol. In order to eliminate glycerol production and resolve redox imbalance during 2,3-BD production, both GPD1 and GPD2 coding for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were disrupted after overexpressing NADH oxidase from Lactococcus lactis. As disruption of the GPD genes caused growth defects due to limited supply of C2 compounds, Candida tropicalis PDC1 was additionally introduced to provide a necessary amount of C2 compounds while minimizing ethanol production. The resulting strain (BD5_T2 nox_dGPD1,2_CtPDC1) produced 99.4 g/L of 2,3-BD with 0.5 g/L glycerol accumulation in a batch culture. The fed-batch fermentation led to production of 108.6 g/L 2,3-BD with a negligible amount of glycerol production, resulting in a high BD yield (0.462 g2,3-BD/gglucose) corresponding to 92.4 % of the theoretical yield. These results demonstrate that glycerol-free production of 2,3-BD by engineered yeast is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Repubilc of Korea
| | - Ye-Gi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Repubilc of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61822, USA
| | - Jin-Ho Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Repubilc of Korea.
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Jessop‐Fabre MM, Dahlin J, Biron MB, Stovicek V, Ebert BE, Blank LM, Budin I, Keasling JD, Borodina I. The Transcriptome and Flux Profiling of Crabtree‐Negative Hydroxy Acid‐Producing Strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeReveals Changes in the Central Carbon Metabolism. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900013. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M. Jessop‐Fabre
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jonathan Dahlin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mathias B. Biron
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Vratislav Stovicek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Institute of Applied MicrobiologyRWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied MicrobiologyRWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Building 220 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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17
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Mans R, Hassing EJ, Wijsman M, Giezekamp A, Pronk JT, Daran JM, van Maris AJA. A CRISPR/Cas9-based exploration into the elusive mechanism for lactate export in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 17:4628041. [PMID: 29145596 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing allows rapid, simultaneous modification of multiple genetic loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, this technique was used in a functional analysis study aimed at identifying the hitherto unknown mechanism of lactate export in this yeast. First, an S. cerevisiae strain was constructed with deletions in 25 genes encoding transport proteins, including the complete aqua(glycero)porin family and all known carboxylic acid transporters. The 25-deletion strain was then transformed with an expression cassette for Lactobacillus casei lactate dehydrogenase (LcLDH). In anaerobic, glucose-grown batch cultures this strain exhibited a lower specific growth rate (0.15 vs. 0.25 h-1) and biomass-specific lactate production rate (0.7 vs. 2.4 mmol g biomass-1 h-1) than an LcLDH-expressing reference strain. However, a comparison of the two strains in anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures (dilution rate 0.10 h-1) showed identical lactate production rates. These results indicate that, although deletion of the 25 transporter genes affected the maximum specific growth rate, it did not impact lactate export rates when analysed at a fixed specific growth rate. The 25-deletion strain provides a first step towards a 'minimal transportome' yeast platform, which can be applied for functional analysis of specific (heterologous) transport proteins as well as for evaluation of metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mans
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Else-Jasmijn Hassing
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Wijsman
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Annabel Giezekamp
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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18
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Free lactic acid production under acidic conditions by lactic acid bacteria strains: challenges and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5911-5924. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Novy V, Brunner B, Nidetzky B. L-Lactic acid production from glucose and xylose with engineered strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: aeration and carbon source influence yields and productivities. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:59. [PMID: 29642896 PMCID: PMC5894196 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae, engineered for L-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose, is a promising production host for lignocellulose-to-lactic acid processes. However, the two principal engineering strategies-pyruvate-to-lactic acid conversion with and without disruption of the competing pyruvate-to-ethanol pathway-have not yet resulted in strains that combine high lactic acid yields (YLA) and productivities (QLA) on both sugar substrates. Limitations seemingly arise from a dependency on the carbon source and the aeration conditions, but the underlying effects are poorly understood. We have recently presented two xylose-to-lactic acid converting strains, IBB14LA1 and IBB14LA1_5, which have the L-lactic acid dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum (pfLDH) integrated at the pdc1 (pyruvate decarboxylase) locus. IBB14LA1_5 additionally has its pdc5 gene knocked out. In this study, the influence of carbon source and oxygen on YLA and QLA in IBB14LA1 and IBB14LA1_5 was investigated. RESULTS In anaerobic fermentation IBB14LA1 showed a higher YLA on xylose (0.27 g g Xyl-1 ) than on glucose (0.18 g g Glc-1 ). The ethanol yields (YEtOH, 0.15 g g Xyl-1 and 0.32 g g Glc-1 ) followed an opposite trend. In IBB14LA1_5, the effect of the carbon source on YLA was less pronounced (~ 0.80 g g Xyl-1 , and 0.67 g g Glc-1 ). Supply of oxygen accelerated glucose conversions significantly in IBB14LA1 (QLA from 0.38 to 0.81 g L-1 h-1) and IBB14LA1_5 (QLA from 0.05 to 1.77 g L-1 h-1) at constant YLA (IBB14LA1 ~ 0.18 g g Glc-1 ; IBB14LA1_5 ~ 0.68 g g Glc-1 ). In aerobic xylose conversions, however, lactic acid production ceased completely in IBB14LA1 and decreased drastically in IBB14LA1_5 (YLA aerobic ≤ 0.25 g g Xyl-1 and anaerobic ~ 0.80 g g Xyl-1 ) at similar QLA (~ 0.04 g L-1 h-1). Switching from aerobic to microaerophilic conditions (pO2 ~ 2%) prevented lactic acid metabolization, observed for fully aerobic conditions, and increased QLA and YLA up to 0.11 g L-1 h-1 and 0.38 g g Xyl-1 , respectively. The pfLDH and PDC activities in IBB14LA1 were measured and shown to change drastically dependent on carbon source and oxygen. CONCLUSION Evidence from conversion time courses together with results of activity measurements for pfLDH and PDC show that in IBB14LA1 the distribution of fluxes at the pyruvate branching point is carbon source and oxygen dependent. Comparison of the performance of strain IBB14LA1 and IBB14LA1_5 in conversions under different aeration conditions (aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic) further suggest that xylose, unlike glucose, does not repress the respiratory response in both strains. This study proposes new genetic engineering targets for rendering genetically engineering S. cerevisiae better suited for lactic acid biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Brunner
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.
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20
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Combined engineering of disaccharide transport and phosphorolysis for enhanced ATP yield from sucrose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2017; 45:121-133. [PMID: 29196124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic industrial fermentation processes do not require aeration and intensive mixing and the accompanying cost savings are beneficial for production of chemicals and fuels. However, the free-energy conservation of fermentative pathways is often insufficient for the production and export of the desired compounds and/or for cellular growth and maintenance. To increase free-energy conservation during fermentation of the industrially relevant disaccharide sucrose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we first replaced the native yeast α-glucosidases by an intracellular sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LmSPase). Subsequently, we replaced the native proton-coupled sucrose uptake system by a putative sucrose facilitator from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvSUF1). The resulting strains grew anaerobically on sucrose at specific growth rates of 0.09 ± 0.02h-1 (LmSPase) and 0.06 ± 0.01h-1 (PvSUF1, LmSPase). Overexpression of the yeast PGM2 gene, which encodes phosphoglucomutase, increased anaerobic growth rates on sucrose of these strains to 0.23 ± 0.01h-1 and 0.08 ± 0.00h-1, respectively. Determination of the biomass yield in anaerobic sucrose-limited chemostat cultures was used to assess the free-energy conservation of the engineered strains. Replacement of intracellular hydrolase with a phosphorylase increased the biomass yield on sucrose by 31%. Additional replacement of the native proton-coupled sucrose uptake system by PvSUF1 increased the anaerobic biomass yield by a further 8%, resulting in an overall increase of 41%. By experimentally demonstrating an energetic benefit of the combined engineering of disaccharide uptake and cleavage, this study represents a first step towards anaerobic production of compounds whose metabolic pathways currently do not conserve sufficient free-energy.
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21
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Baek S, Kwon EY, Bae S, Cho B, Kim S, Hahn J. Improvement of
d
‐Lactic Acid Production in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Under Acidic Conditions by Evolutionary and Rational Metabolic Engineering. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐Ho Baek
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunice Y. Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Jeong Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Bo‐Ram Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seon‐Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research CenterKRIBBDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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22
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Weusthuis RA, Mars AE, Springer J, Wolbert EJH, van der Wal H, de Vrije TG, Levisson M, Leprince A, Houweling-Tan G, PHA Moers A, Hendriks SNA, Mendes O, Griekspoor Y, Werten MWT, Schaap PJ, van der Oost J, Eggink G. Monascus ruber as cell factory for lactic acid production at low pH. Metab Eng 2017; 42:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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von Kamp A, Klamt S. Growth-coupled overproduction is feasible for almost all metabolites in five major production organisms. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15956. [PMID: 28639622 PMCID: PMC5489714 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modelling of metabolic networks has become an established procedure in the metabolic engineering of production strains. One key principle that is frequently used to guide the rational design of microbial cell factories is the stoichiometric coupling of growth and product synthesis, which makes production of the desired compound obligatory for growth. Here we show that the coupling of growth and production is feasible under appropriate conditions for almost all metabolites in genome-scale metabolic models of five major production organisms. These organisms comprise eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as heterotrophic and photoautotrophic organisms, which shows that growth coupling as a strain design principle has a wide applicability. The feasibility of coupling is proven by calculating appropriate reaction knockouts, which enforce the coupling behaviour. The study presented here is the most comprehensive computational investigation of growth-coupled production so far and its results are of fundamental importance for rational metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel von Kamp
- ARB Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Steffen Klamt
- ARB Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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24
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Ho PW, Swinnen S, Duitama J, Nevoigt E. The sole introduction of two single-point mutations establishes glycerol utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK derivatives. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:10. [PMID: 28053667 PMCID: PMC5209837 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycerol is an abundant by-product of biodiesel production and has several advantages as a substrate in biotechnological applications. Unfortunately, the popular production host Saccharomyces cerevisiae can barely metabolize glycerol by nature. RESULTS In this study, two evolved derivatives of the strain CEN.PK113-1A were created that were able to grow in synthetic glycerol medium (strains PW-1 and PW-2). Their growth performances on glycerol were compared with that of the previously published evolved CEN.PK113-7D derivative JL1. As JL1 showed a higher maximum specific growth rate on glycerol (0.164 h-1 compared to 0.119 h-1 for PW-1 and 0.127 h-1 for PW-2), its genomic DNA was subjected to whole-genome resequencing. Two point mutations in the coding sequences of the genes UBR2 and GUT1 were identified to be crucial for growth in synthetic glycerol medium and subsequently verified by reverse engineering of the wild-type strain CEN.PK113-7D. The growth rate of the resulting reverse-engineered strain was 0.130 h-1. Sanger sequencing of the GUT1 and UBR2 alleles of the above-mentioned evolved strains PW-1 and PW-2 also revealed one single-point mutation in these two genes, and both mutations were demonstrated to be also crucial and sufficient for obtaining a maximum specific growth rate on glycerol of ~0.120 h-1. CONCLUSIONS The current work confirmed the importance of UBR2 and GUT1 as targets for establishing glycerol utilization in strains of the CEN.PK family. In addition, it shows that a growth rate on glycerol of 0.130 h-1 can be established in reverse-engineered CEN.PK strains by solely replacing a single amino acid in the coding sequences of both Ubr2 and Gut1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Wei Ho
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Steve Swinnen
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jorge Duitama
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 Este No 19A-40, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elke Nevoigt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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25
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Lee JW, In JH, Park JB, Shin J, Park JH, Sung BH, Sohn JH, Seo JH, Park JB, Kim SR, Kweon DH. Co-expression of two heterologous lactate dehydrogenases genes in Kluyveromyces marxianus for l-lactic acid production. J Biotechnol 2016; 241:81-86. [PMID: 27867078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is a versatile compound used in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, leather, and chemical industries. Biological production of LA is possible by yeast strains expressing a bacterial gene encoding l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Kluyveromyces marxianus is an emerging non-conventional yeast with various phenotypes of industrial interest. However, it has not been extensively studied for LA production. In this study, K. marxianus was engineered to express and co-express various heterologous LDH enzymes that were reported to have different pH optimums. Specifically, three LDH enzymes originating from Staphylococcus epidermidis (SeLDH; optimal at pH 5.6), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LaLDH; optimal at pH 5.3), and Bos taurus (BtLDH; optimal at pH 9.8) were functionally expressed individually and in combination in K. marxianus, and the resulting strains were compared in terms of LA production. A strain co-expressing SeLDH and LaLDH (KM5 La+SeLDH) produced 16.0g/L LA, whereas the strains expressing those enzymes individually produced only 8.4 and 6.8g/L, respectively. This co-expressing strain produced 24.0g/L LA with a yield of 0.48g/g glucose in the presence of CaCO3. Our results suggest that co-expression of LDH enzymes with different pH optimums provides sufficient LDH activity under dynamic intracellular pH conditions, leading to enhanced production of LA compared to individual expression of the LDH enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon In
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Bum Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeok Shin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Park
- Biomaterials Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Sohn
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byoung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Lange J, Takors R, Blombach B. Zero-growth bioprocesses: A challenge for microbial production strains and bioprocess engineering. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:27-35. [PMID: 32624726 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of renewable feedstocks is an established technology in industrial biotechnology. Besides strict aerobic or anaerobic modes of operation, novel innovative and industrially applicable fermentation processes were developed connecting the advantages of aerobic and anaerobic conditions in a combined production approach. As a consequence, rapid aerobic biomass formation to high cell densities and subsequent anaerobic high-yield and zero-growth production is realized. Following this strategy, bioprocesses operating with substantial overall yield and productivity can be obtained. Here, we summarize the current knowledge and achievements in such microbial zero-growth production processes and pinpoint to challenges due to the complex adaptation of the cellular metabolism during the cell's passage from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
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27
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Towards the exploitation of glycerol's high reducing power in Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based bioprocesses. Metab Eng 2016; 38:464-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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GSF2 deletion increases lactic acid production by alleviating glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34812. [PMID: 27708428 PMCID: PMC5052599 DOI: 10.1038/srep34812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving lactic acid (LA) tolerance is important for cost-effective microbial production of LA under acidic fermentation conditions. Previously, we generated LA-tolerant D-LA-producing S. cerevisiae strain JHY5310 by laboratory adaptive evolution of JHY5210. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing of JHY5310, identifying four loss-of-function mutations in GSF2, SYN8, STM1, and SIF2 genes, which are responsible for the LA tolerance of JHY5310. Among the mutations, a nonsense mutation in GSF2 was identified as the major contributor to the improved LA tolerance and LA production in JHY5310. Deletion of GSF2 in the parental strain JHY5210 significantly improved glucose uptake and D-LA production levels, while derepressing glucose-repressed genes including genes involved in the respiratory pathway. Therefore, more efficient generation of ATP and NAD+ via respiration might rescue the growth defects of the LA-producing strain, where ATP depletion through extensive export of lactate and proton is one of major reasons for the impaired growth. Accordingly, alleviation of glucose repression by deleting MIG1 or HXK2 in JHY5210 also improved D-LA production. GSF2 deletion could be applied to various bioprocesses where increasing biomass yield or respiratory flux is desirable.
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Novy V, Brunner B, Müller G, Nidetzky B. Toward "homolactic" fermentation of glucose and xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring a kinetically efficient l-lactate dehydrogenase within pdc1-pdc5 deletion background. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:163-171. [PMID: 27426989 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Lactic acid is an important platform chemical and its production from the lignocellulosic sugars glucose and xylose is, therefore, of high interest. Tolerance to low pH and a generally high robustness make Saccharomyces cerevisiae a promising host for l-lactic acid fermentation but strain development for effective utilization of both sugars is an unsolved problem. The herein used S. cerevisiae strain IBB10B05 incorporates a NADH-dependent pathway for oxidoreductive xylose assimilation within CEN.PK113-7D background and was additionally evolved for accelerated xylose-to-ethanol fermentation. Selecting the Plasmodium falciparum l-lactate dehydrogenase (pfLDH) for its high kinetic efficiency, strain IBB14LA1 was derived from IBB10B05 by placing the pfldh gene at the pdc1 locus under control of the pdc1 promotor. Strain IBB14LA1_5 additionally had the pdc5 gene disrupted. With both strains, continued l-lactic acid formation from glucose or xylose, each at 50 g/L, necessitated stabilization of pH. Using calcium carbonate (11 g/L), anaerobic shaken bottle fermentations at pH ≥ 5 resulted in l-lactic acid yields (YLA ) of 0.67 g/g glucose and 0.80 g/g xylose for strain IBB14LA1_5. Only little xylitol was formed (≤0.08 g/g) and no ethanol. In pH stabilized aerobic conversions of glucose, strain IBB14LA1_5 further showed excellent l-lactic acid productivities (1.8 g/L/h) without losses in YLA (0.69 g/g glucose). In strain IBB14LA1, the YLA was lower (≤0.18 g/g glucose; ≤0.27 g/g xylose) due to ethanol as well as xylitol formation. Therefore, this study shows that a S. cerevisiae strain originally optimized for xylose-to-ethanol fermentation was useful to implement l-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose; and with the metabolic engineering strategy applied, advance toward homolactic fermentation of both sugars was made. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 163-171. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Brunner
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerdt Müller
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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van Rossum HM, Kozak BU, Pronk JT, van Maris AJA. Engineering cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A supply in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Pathway stoichiometry, free-energy conservation and redox-cofactor balancing. Metab Eng 2016; 36:99-115. [PMID: 27016336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial cell factory and an attractive experimental model for evaluating novel metabolic engineering strategies. Many current and potential products of this yeast require acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) as a precursor and pathways towards these products are generally expressed in its cytosol. The native S. cerevisiae pathway for production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA consumes 2 ATP equivalents in the acetyl-CoA synthetase reaction. Catabolism of additional sugar substrate, which may be required to generate this ATP, negatively affects product yields. Here, we review alternative pathways that can be engineered into yeast to optimize supply of cytosolic acetyl-CoA as a precursor for product formation. Particular attention is paid to reaction stoichiometry, free-energy conservation and redox-cofactor balancing of alternative pathways for acetyl-CoA synthesis from glucose. A theoretical analysis of maximally attainable yields on glucose of four compounds (n-butanol, citric acid, palmitic acid and farnesene) showed a strong product dependency of the optimal pathway configuration for acetyl-CoA synthesis. Moreover, this analysis showed that combination of different acetyl-CoA production pathways may be required to achieve optimal product yields. This review underlines that an integral analysis of energy coupling and redox-cofactor balancing in precursor-supply and product-formation pathways is crucial for the design of efficient cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen M van Rossum
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara U Kozak
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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Milne N, Wahl SA, van Maris AJA, Pronk JT, Daran JM. Excessive by-product formation: A key contributor to low isobutanol yields of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:39-51. [PMID: 29142820 PMCID: PMC5678825 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is theoretically possible to engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in which isobutanol is the predominant catabolic product and high-yielding isobutanol-producing strains are already reported by industry. Conversely, isobutanol yields of engineered S. cerevisiae strains reported in the scientific literature typically remain far below 10% of the theoretical maximum. This study explores possible reasons for these suboptimal yields by a mass-balancing approach. A cytosolically located, cofactor-balanced isobutanol pathway, consisting of a mosaic of bacterial enzymes whose in vivo functionality was confirmed by complementation of null mutations in branched-chain amino acid metabolism, was expressed in S. cerevisiae. Product formation by the engineered strain was analysed in shake flasks and bioreactors. In aerobic cultures, the pathway intermediate isobutyraldehyde was oxidized to isobutyrate rather than reduced to isobutanol. Moreover, significant concentrations of the pathway intermediates 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate and α-ketoisovalerate, as well as diacetyl and acetoin, accumulated extracellularly. While the engineered strain could not grow anaerobically, micro-aerobic cultivation resulted in isobutanol formation at a yield of 0.018±0.003 mol/mol glucose. Simultaneously, 2,3-butanediol was produced at a yield of 0.649±0.067 mol/mol glucose. These results identify massive accumulation of pathway intermediates, as well as overflow metabolites derived from acetolactate, as an important, previously underestimated contributor to the suboptimal yields of 'academic' isobutanol strains. The observed patterns of by-product formation is consistent with the notion that in vivo activity of the iron-sulphur-cluster-requiring enzyme dihydroxyacid dehydratase is a key bottleneck in the present and previously described 'academic' isobutanol-producing yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milne
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S A Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A J A van Maris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J M Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a deletion of ssb1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:87-96. [PMID: 26660479 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is an important renewable polymer, but current processes for producing its precursor, lactic acid, suffer from process inefficiencies related to the use of bacterial hosts. Therefore, improving the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce lactic acid is a promising approach to improve industrial production of lactic acid. As one such improvement required, the lactic acid tolerance of yeast must be significantly increased. To enable improved tolerance, we employed an RNAi-mediated genome-wide expression knockdown approach as a means to rapidly identify potential genetic targets. In this approach, several gene knockdown targets were identified which confer increased acid tolerance to S. cerevisiae BY4741, of which knockdown of the ribosome-associated chaperone SSB1 conferred the highest increase (52%). This target was then transferred into a lactic acid-overproducing strain of S. cerevisiae CEN.PK in the form of a knockout and the resulting strain demonstrated up to 33% increased cell growth, 58% increased glucose consumption, and 60% increased L-lactic acid production. As SSB1 contains a close functional homolog SSB2 in yeast, this result was counterintuitive and may point to as-yet-undefined functional differences between SSB1 and SSB2 related to lactic acid production. The final strain produced over 50 g/L of lactic acid in under 60 h of fermentation.
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Hara KY, Kondo A. ATP regulation in bioproduction. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:198. [PMID: 26655598 PMCID: PMC4676173 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is consumed as a biological energy source by many intracellular reactions. Thus, the intracellular ATP supply is required to maintain cellular homeostasis. The dependence on the intracellular ATP supply is a critical factor in bioproduction by cell factories. Recent studies have shown that changing the ATP supply is critical for improving product yields. In this review, we summarize the recent challenges faced by researchers engaged in the development of engineered cell factories, including the maintenance of a large ATP supply and the production of cell factories. The strategies used to enhance ATP supply are categorized as follows: addition of energy substrates, controlling pH, metabolic engineering of ATP-generating or ATP-consuming pathways, and controlling reactions of the respiratory chain. An enhanced ATP supply generated using these strategies improves target production through increases in resource uptake, cell growth, biosynthesis, export of products, and tolerance to toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Baek SH, Kwon EY, Kim YH, Hahn JS. Metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution for efficient production of D-lactic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2737-48. [PMID: 26596574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for microbial production of lactic acid (LA) as a monomer of biodegradable poly lactic acid (PLA). Both optical isomers, D-LA and L-LA, are required to produce stereocomplex PLA with improved properties. In this study, we developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for efficient production of D-LA. D-LA production was achieved by expressing highly stereospecific D-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhA, LEUM_1756) from Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293 in S. cerevisiae lacking natural LA production activity. D-LA consumption after glucose depletion was inhibited by deleting DLD1 encoding D-lactate dehydrogenase and JEN1 encoding monocarboxylate transporter. In addition, ethanol production was reduced by deleting PDC1 and ADH1 genes encoding major pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively, and glycerol production was eliminated by deleting GPD1 and GPD2 genes encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. LA tolerance of the engineered D-LA-producing strain was enhanced by adaptive evolution and overexpression of HAA1 encoding a transcriptional activator involved in weak acid stress response, resulting in effective D-LA production up to 48.9 g/L without neutralization. In a flask fed-batch fermentation under neutralizing condition, our evolved strain produced 112.0 g/L D-LA with a yield of 0.80 g/g glucose and a productivity of 2.2 g/(L · h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Baek
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice Y Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Improvement of glucose uptake rate and production of target chemicals by overexpressing hexose transporters and transcriptional activator Gcr1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8392-401. [PMID: 26431967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02056-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering to increase the glucose uptake rate might be beneficial to improve microbial production of various fuels and chemicals. In this study, we enhanced the glucose uptake rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpressing hexose transporters (HXTs). Among the 5 tested HXTs (Hxt1, Hxt2, Hxt3, Hxt4, and Hxt7), overexpression of high-affinity transporter Hxt7 was the most effective in increasing the glucose uptake rate, followed by moderate-affinity transporters Hxt2 and Hxt4. Deletion of STD1 and MTH1, encoding corepressors of HXT genes, exerted differential effects on the glucose uptake rate, depending on the culture conditions. In addition, improved cell growth and glucose uptake rates could be achieved by overexpression of GCR1, which led to increased transcription levels of HXT1 and ribosomal protein genes. All genetic modifications enhancing the glucose uptake rate also increased the ethanol production rate in wild-type S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the growth-promoting effect of GCR1 overexpression was successfully applied to lactic acid production in an engineered lactic acid-producing strain, resulting in a significant improvement of productivity and titers of lactic acid production under acidic fermentation conditions.
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Lu H, Liu X, Huang M, Xia J, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Noorman H. Integrated isotope-assisted metabolomics and (13)C metabolic flux analysis reveals metabolic flux redistribution for high glucoamylase production by Aspergillus niger. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:147. [PMID: 26383080 PMCID: PMC4574132 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus niger is widely used for enzyme production and achievement of high enzyme production depends on the comprehensive understanding of cell’s metabolic regulation mechanisms. Results In this paper, we investigate the metabolic differences and regulation mechanisms between a high glucoamylase-producing strain A. niger DS03043 and its wild-type parent strain A. niger CBS513.88 via an integrated isotope-assisted metabolomics and 13C metabolic flux analysis approach. We found that A. niger DS03043 had higher cell growth, glucose uptake, and glucoamylase production rates but lower oxalic acid and citric acid secretion rates. In response to above phenotype changes, A. niger DS03043 was characterized by an increased carbon flux directed to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in contrast to reduced flux through TCA cycle, which were confirmed by consistent changes in pool sizes of metabolites. A higher ratio of ATP over AMP in the high producing strain might contribute to the increase in the PP pathway flux as glucosephosphate isomerase was inhibited at higher ATP concentrations. A. niger CBS513.88, however, was in a higher redox state due to the imbalance of NADH regeneration and consumption, resulting in the secretion of oxalic acid and citric acid, as well as the accumulation of intracellular OAA and PEP, which may in turn result in the decrease in the glucose uptake rate. Conclusions The application of integrated metabolomics and 13C metabolic flux analysis highlights the regulation mechanisms of energy and redox metabolism on flux redistribution in A. niger. An integrated isotope-assisted metabolomics and 13C metabolic flux analysis was was firstly systematically performed in A. niger. In response to enzyme production, the metabolic flux in A. niger DS03043 (high-producing) was redistributed, characterized by an increased carbon flux directed to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway as well as an increased pool size of pentose. The consistency in 13C metabolic flux analysis and metabolites quantification indicated that an imbalance of NADH formation and consumption led to the accumulation and secretion of organic acids in A. niger CBS513.88 (wild-type) ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0329-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Henk Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box1, 2600 MA, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Cueto-Rojas HF, van Maris A, Wahl SA, Heijnen J. Thermodynamics-based design of microbial cell factories for anaerobic product formation. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:534-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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CRISPR-Cas system enables fast and simple genome editing of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:13-22. [PMID: 34150504 PMCID: PMC8193243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a demand to develop 3rd generation biorefineries that integrate energy production with the production of higher value chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Here, robust and stress-tolerant industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be suitable production organisms. However, their genetic manipulation is challenging, as they are usually diploid or polyploid. Therefore, there is a need to develop more efficient genetic engineering tools. We applied a CRISPR–Cas9 system for genome editing of different industrial strains, and show simultaneous disruption of two alleles of a gene in several unrelated strains with the efficiency ranging between 65% and 78%. We also achieved simultaneous disruption and knock-in of a reporter gene, and demonstrate the applicability of the method by designing lactic acid-producing strains in a single transformation event, where insertion of a heterologous gene and disruption of two endogenous genes occurred simultaneously. Our study provides a foundation for efficient engineering of industrial yeast cell factories. We developed CRISPR–Cas9-based system for gene disruptions in industrial yeast. We showed high rate of disruption efficiency in unrelated industrial strains. Gene knock-in may be performed simultaneously with gene disruption. Use of the described Cas9-based system results in marker-free stable genetic modifications. The method was applied for single-step construction of lactic acid-producing strains.
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Key Words
- Biorefineries
- CRISPR–Cas9
- CRISPR–Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9
- Chemical production
- DSB, double strand break
- GOI, gene of interest
- Genome editing
- HDR, homology-directed repair
- HR, homologous recombination
- Industrial yeast
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PI, propidium iodide
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- TALENs, transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- USER, uracil-specific excision reaction
- ZFNs, zinc finger nucleases
- crRNA, CRISPR RNA
- gRNA, guide RNA
- tracrRNA, trans-activating RNA
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Lee JY, Kang CD, Lee SH, Park YK, Cho KM. Engineering cellular redox balance inSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor improved production of L-lactic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:751-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Chang Duk Kang
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Park
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Kwang Myung Cho
- Biomaterials Laboratory; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology; Gyeonggi-do Korea
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Dato L, Berterame NM, Ricci MA, Paganoni P, Palmieri L, Porro D, Branduardi P. Changes in SAM2 expression affect lactic acid tolerance and lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:147. [PMID: 25359316 PMCID: PMC4230512 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The great interest in the production of highly pure lactic acid enantiomers comes from the application of polylactic acid (PLA) for the production of biodegradable plastics. Yeasts can be considered as alternative cell factories to lactic acid bacteria for lactic acid production, despite not being natural producers, since they can better tolerate acidic environments. We have previously described metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing high amounts of L-lactic acid (>60 g/L) at low pH. The high product concentration represents the major limiting step of the process, mainly because of its toxic effects. Therefore, our goal was the identification of novel targets for strain improvement possibly involved in the yeast response to lactic acid stress. Results The enzyme S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase catalyses the only known reaction leading to the biosynthesis of SAM, an important cellular cofactor. SAM is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis and hence in membrane remodelling during acid stress. Since only the enzyme isoform 2 seems to be responsive to membrane related signals (e.g. myo-inositol), Sam2p was tagged with GFP to analyse its abundance and cellular localization under different stress conditions. Western blot analyses showed that lactic acid exposure correlates with an increase in protein levels. The SAM2 gene was then overexpressed and deleted in laboratory strains. Remarkably, in the BY4741 strain its deletion conferred higher resistance to lactic acid, while its overexpression was detrimental. Therefore, SAM2 was deleted in a strain previously engineered and evolved for industrial lactic acid production and tolerance, resulting in higher production. Conclusions Here we demonstrated that the modulation of SAM2 can have different outcomes, from clear effects to no significant phenotypic responses, upon lactic acid stress in different genetic backgrounds, and that at least in one genetic background SAM2 deletion led to an industrially relevant increase in lactic acid production. Further work is needed to elucidate the molecular basis of these observations, which underline once more that strain robustness relies on complex cellular mechanisms, involving regulatory genes and proteins. Our data confirm cofactor engineering as an important tool for cell factory improvement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0147-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dato
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nadia Maria Berterame
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Ricci
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Paganoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Danilo Porro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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Production of D-lactic acid in a continuous membrane integrated fermentation reactor by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enhancement in D-lactic acid carbon yield. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:65-71. [PMID: 25132509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly d-lactic acid is an important polymer because it improves the thermostability of poly l-lactic acid by stereo complex formation. To demonstrate potency of continuous fermentation using a membrane-integrated fermentation reactor (MFR) system, continuous fermentation using genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae which produces d-lactic acid was performed at the low pH and microaerobic conditions. d-Lactic acid continuous fermentation using the MFR system by genetically modified yeast increased production rate by 11-fold compared with batch fermentation. In addition, the carbon yield of d-lactic acid in continuous fermentation was improved to 74.6 ± 2.3% compared to 39.0 ± 1.7% with batch fermentation. This dramatic improvement in carbon yield could not be explained by a reduction in carbon consumption to form cells compared to batch fermentation. Further detailed analysis at batch fermentation revealed that the carbon yield increased to 76.8% at late stationary phase. S. cerevisiae, which exhibits the Crabtree-positive effect, demonstrated significant changes in metabolic activities at low sugar concentrations (Rossignol et al., Yeast, 20, 1369-1385, 2003). Moreover, lactate-producing S. cerevisiae requires ATP supplied not only from the glycolytic pathway but also from the TCA cycle (van Maris et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 2898-2905, 2004). Our finding was revealed that continuous fermentation, which can maintain the conditions of both a low sugar concentration and air supply, results in Crabtree-positive and lactate-producing S. cerevisiae for suitable conditions of d-lactic acid production with respect to redox balance and ATP generation because of releasing the yeast from the Crabtree effect.
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Wang Y, Tashiro Y, Sonomoto K. Fermentative production of lactic acid from renewable materials: recent achievements, prospects, and limits. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:10-8. [PMID: 25077706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development and implementation of renewable materials for the production of versatile chemical resources have gained considerable attention recently, as this offers an alternative to the environmental problems caused by the petroleum industry and the limited supply of fossil resources. Therefore, the concept of utilizing biomass or wastes from agricultural and industrial residues to produce useful chemical products has been widely accepted. Lactic acid plays an important role due to its versatile application in the food, medical, and cosmetics industries and as a potential raw material for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. Currently, the fermentative production of optically pure lactic acid has increased because of the prospects of environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. In order to produce lactic acid with high yield and optical purity, many studies focus on wild microorganisms and metabolically engineered strains. This article reviews the most recent advances in the biotechnological production of lactic acid mainly by lactic acid bacteria, and discusses the feasibility and potential of various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tashiro
- Institute of Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Food Design, Department of Functional Metabolic Design, Bio-Architecture Centre, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Sandström AG, Almqvist H, Portugal-Nunes D, Neves D, Lidén G, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential host for carboxylic acid production from lignocellulosic feedstock? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7299-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ito Y, Hirasawa T, Shimizu H. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve succinic acid production based on metabolic profiling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:151-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We performed metabolic engineering on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced production of succinic acid. Aerobic succinic acid production in S. cerevisiae was achieved by disrupting the SDH1 and SDH2 genes, which encode the catalytic subunits of succinic acid dehydrogenase. Increased succinic acid production was achieved by eliminating the ethanol biosynthesis pathways. Metabolic profiling analysis revealed that succinic acid accumulated intracellularly following disruption of the SDH1 and SDH2 genes, which suggests that enhancing the export of intracellular succinic acid outside of cells increases succinic acid production in S. cerevisiae. The mae1 gene encoding the Schizosaccharomyces pombe malic acid transporter was introduced into S. cerevisiae, and as a result, succinic acid production was successfully improved. Metabolic profiling analysis is useful in producing chemicals for metabolic engineering of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ito
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirasawa
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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The transport of carboxylic acids and important role of the Jen1p transporter during the development of yeast colonies. Biochem J 2013; 454:551-8. [PMID: 23790185 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On solid substrates, yeast colonies pass through distinct developmental phases characterized by the changes in pH of their surroundings from acidic to nearly alkaline and vice versa. At the beginning of the alkali phase colonies start to produce ammonia, which functions as a quorum-sensing molecule inducing the reprogramming of cell metabolism. Such reprogramming includes, among others, the activation of several plasma membrane transporters and is connected with colony differentiation. In the present study, we show that colony cells can use two transport mechanisms to import lactic acid: a 'saturable' component of the transport, which requires the presence of a functional Jen1p transporter, and a 'non-saturable' component (diffusion) that is independent of Jen1p. During colony development, the efficiency of both transport components changes similarly in central and outer colonial cells. Although the lactate uptake capacity of central cells gradually decreases during colony development, the lactate uptake capacity of outer cells peaks during the alkali phase and is also kept relatively high in the second acidic phase. This lactate uptake profile correlates with the localization of the Jen1p transporter to the plasma membrane of colony cells. Both lactic acid uptake mechanisms are diminished in sok2 colonies where JEN1 expression is decreased. The Sok2p transcription factor may therefore be involved in the regulation of non-saturable lactic acid uptake in yeast colonies.
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Hirasawa T, Ida Y, Furuasawa C, Shimizu H. Potential of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant strain lacking ethanol and glycerol biosynthesis pathways in efficient anaerobic bioproduction. Bioengineered 2013; 5:123-8. [PMID: 24247205 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.26569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows high growth activity under low pH conditions and can be used for producing acidic chemicals such as organic acids as well as fuel ethanol. However, ethanol can also be a problematic by-product in the production of chemicals except for ethanol. We have reported that a stable low-ethanol production phenotype was achieved by disrupting 6 NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase genes of S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the genes encoding the NADH-dependent glycerol biosynthesis enzymes were further disrupted because the ADH-disrupted recombinant strain showed high glycerol production to maintain intracellular redox balance. The recombinant strain incapable producing ethanol and glycerol could have the potential to be a host for producing metabolite(s) whose biosynthesis is coupled with NADH oxidation. Indeed, we successfully achieved almost 100% yield for L-lactate production using this recombinant strain as a host. In addition, the potential of our constructed recombinant strain for efficient bioproduction, particularly under anaerobic conditions, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirasawa
- Department of Bioengineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ida
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka, Japan
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Liang L, Liu R, Li F, Wu M, Chen K, Ma J, Jiang M, Wei P, Ouyang P. Repetitive succinic acid production from lignocellulose hydrolysates by enhancement of ATP supply in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:405-12. [PMID: 23819977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, repetitive production of succinic acid from lignocellulose hydrolysates by enhancement of ATP supply in metabolically engineered E. coli is reported. Escherichia coli BA305, a pflB, ldhA, ppc, and ptsG deletion strain overexpressing ATP-forming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (PEPCK), produced a final succinic acid concentration of 83 g L(-1) with a high yield of 0.87 g g(-1) total sugar in 36 h of three repetitive fermentations of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Furthermore, simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose was achieved, and the specific productivity and yield of succinic acid were almost maintained constant during the repetitive fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
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Ilmén M, Koivuranta K, Ruohonen L, Rajgarhia V, Suominen P, Penttilä M. Production of L-lactic acid by the yeast Candida sonorensis expressing heterologous bacterial and fungal lactate dehydrogenases. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:53. [PMID: 23706009 PMCID: PMC3680033 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polylactic acid is a renewable raw material that is increasingly used in the manufacture of bioplastics, which offers a more sustainable alternative to materials derived from fossil resources. Both lactic acid bacteria and genetically engineered yeast have been implemented in commercial scale in biotechnological production of lactic acid. In the present work, genes encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of Lactobacillus helveticus, Bacillus megaterium and Rhizopus oryzae were expressed in a new host organism, the non-conventional yeast Candida sonorensis, with or without the competing ethanol fermentation pathway. RESULTS Each LDH strain produced substantial amounts of lactate, but the properties of the heterologous LDH affected the distribution of carbon between lactate and by-products significantly, which was reflected in extra-and intracellular metabolite concentrations. Under neutralizing conditions C. sonorensis expressing L. helveticus LDH accumulated lactate up to 92 g/l at a yield of 0.94 g/g glucose, free of ethanol, in minimal medium containing 5 g/l dry cell weight. In rich medium with a final pH of 3.8, 49 g/l lactate was produced. The fermentation pathway was modified in some of the strains studied by deleting either one or both of the pyruvate decarboxylase encoding genes, PDC1 and PDC2. The deletion of both PDC genes together abolished ethanol production and did not result in significantly reduced growth characteristic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae deleted of PDC1 and PDC5. CONCLUSIONS We developed an organism without previous record of genetic engineering to produce L-lactic acid to a high concentration, introducing a novel host for the production of an industrially important metabolite, and opening the way for exploiting C. sonorensis in additional biotechnological applications. Comparison of metabolite production, growth, and enzyme activities in a representative set of transformed strains expressing different LDH genes in the presence and absence of a functional ethanol pathway, at neutral and low pH, generated a comprehensive picture of lactic acid production in this yeast. The findings are applicable in generation other lactic acid producing yeast, thus providing a significant contribution to the field of biotechnical production of lactic acid.
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Genome-wide identification of the targets for genetic manipulation to improve L-lactate production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using a single-gene deletion strain collection. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:185-93. [PMID: 23665193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify genome-wide targets for gene manipulation for increasing L-lactate production in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, we transformed all available single-gene deletion strains of S. cerevisiae with a plasmid carrying the human L-lactate dehydrogenase gene, and examined L-lactate production in the obtained transformants. The thresholds of increased or decreased L-lactate production were determined based on L-lactate production by the standard strain in repetitive experiments. L-lactate production data for 4802 deletion strains were obtained, and deletion strains with increased or decreased L-lactate production were identified. Functional category analysis of genes whose deletion increased L-lactate production revealed that ribosome biogenesis-related genes were overrepresented. Most deletion strains for genes related to ribosome biogenesis exhibited increased L-lactate production in 200-ml batch cultures. We deleted the genes related to ribosome biogenesis in a recombinant strain of S. cerevisiae with a genetic background different from that of the above deletion strains, and examined the effect of target gene deletion on L-lactate production. We observed that deletion of genes related to ribosome biogenesis leads to increased L-lactate production by recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, and the single-gene deletion strain collection could be utilized in identifying target genes for improving L-lactate production in S. cerevisiae recombinant strains.
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