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Monica P, Ranjan R, Kapoor M. Family 3 CBM improves the biochemical properties, substrate hydrolysis and coconut oil extraction by hemicellulolytic and holocellulolytic chimeras. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 174:110375. [PMID: 38157781 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
To understand the influence of family 3 Carbohydrate Binding Module (hereafter CBM3), single (GH5 cellulase; CelB, CelBΔCBM), bi-chimeric [GH26 endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) and GH11 endo-xylanase (XynB); ManB-XynB [1], ManB-XynB-CBM] and tri-chimeric [ManB-XynB-CelB [1], ManB-XynB-CelBΔCBM] enzyme variants (fused or deleted of CBM) were produced and purified to homogeneity. CBM3 did not alter the pH and temperature optima of bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes but improved the pH and temperature stability of ManB in CBM variants of bi-/tri-chimeric enzymes. Truncation of CBM in CelB shifted the pH optimum and increased the melting temperature (Tm 65 ℃). CBM3 improved both substrate affinity (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of fused enzymes in tri-chimera and CelB but only Km for bi-chimera. Far-UV CD of CelB and bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes suggested that CBM3 improved the α-helical content and compactness in the native state but did not prevent disintegration of secondary structural contents at acidic pH. Steady-state fluorescence studies suggested that under acidic conditions CBM3 prevented the exposure of hydrophobic patches in bi-chimeric protein but could not avert the opening up of chimeric enzyme structure. Aqueous enzyme assisted treatment of mature coconut kernel using single, bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes led to cracks, peeling and fracturing of the matrix and improved the oil yield by up to 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monica
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Ritesh Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - Mukesh Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India.
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2
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Zhang R, Lin D, Zhang L, Zhan R, Wang S, Wang K. Molecular and Biochemical Analyses of a Novel Trifunctional Endoxylanase/Endoglucanase/Feruloyl Esterase from the Human Colonic Bacterium Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4044-4056. [PMID: 35316064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel enzyme Bi76 comprising GH10, E_set_Esterase_N, and CE1 modules was identified, with the highest homology (62.9%) with a bifunctional endoxylanase/feruloyl esterase among characterized enzymes. Interestingly, Bi76 hydrolyzed glucan substrates besides xylans and feruloylated substrates, suggesting that it is the first characterized trifunctional endoxylanase/endoglucanase/feruloyl esterase. Analyses of truncation variants revealed that GH10 and E_set_Esterase_N + CE1 modules encoded endoxylanase/endoglucanase and feruloyl esterase activities, respectively. Synergism analyses indicated that endoxylanase, α-l-arabinofuranosidase, and feruloyl esterase acted cooperatively in releasing ferulic acid (FA) and xylooligosaccharides from feruloylated arabinoxylan. The interdomain synergism of Bi76 overmatched the intermolecular synergism of TM1 and TM2. Importantly, Bi76 exhibited good capacity in producing FA, releasing 5.20, 4.38, 2.12, 1.35, 0.46, and 0.19 mg/g from corn bran, corn cob, wheat bran, corn stover, rice husk, and rice bran, respectively. This study expands the trifunctional endoxylanase/endoglucanase/feruloyl esterase repertoire and demonstrates the great potential of Bi76 in agricultural residue utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxia Lin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidi Wang
- College of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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3
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Purohit A, Singh G, Yadav SK. Chimeric bi-functional enzyme possessing xylanase and deacetylase activity for hydrolysis of agro-biomass rich in acetylated xylan. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111832. [PMID: 33984614 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, a chimeric bifunctional enzyme was developed for two activities xylanase and deacetylase. Chimeric enzyme was designed by combining the relevant amino acid stretches from two different parent sequences, such as polysaccharide/xylan deacetylase (ref id: MT682066) and xylanase (ref id WP_110897546.1). Five different hypothetical chimeras were developed and one of the best predicted chimeric protein GA_2(syn_SKYAP01) was synthesized. The GA_2(syn_SKYAP01) possessed the specific activity of 14.905 ± 0.8 U/mg for deacetylase and 100.87 ± 14.2 U/mg for xylanase. Optimum level of both the activities together was achieved at pH 5 and 60 °C. The chimeric protein was also found to be stable at higher temperature of 71°C. Functionality of the developed chimeric protein for both the activities was confirmed by the hydrolysis of commercial xylan into xylooligosaccharides and the release of acetic acid from glucose pentacetate and 7-amino cephalosporin. The designed bifunctional enzyme was found to be highly efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Purohit
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140306, PB, India
| | - Gurjant Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140306, PB, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140306, PB, India.
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Evaluating Feruloyl Esterase—Xylanase Synergism for Hydroxycinnamic Acid and Xylo-Oligosaccharide Production from Untreated, Hydrothermally Pre-Treated and Dilute-Acid Pre-Treated Corn Cobs. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural residues are considered the most promising option as a renewable feedstock for biofuel and high valued-added chemical production due to their availability and low cost. The efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural residues into value-added products such as sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids is a challenge because of the recalcitrant properties of the native biomass. Development of synergistic enzyme cocktails is required to overcome biomass residue recalcitrance, and achieve high yields of potential value-added products. In this study, the synergistic action of two termite metagenome-derived feruloyl esterases (FAE5 and FAE6), and an endo-xylanase (Xyn11) from Thermomyces lanuginosus, was optimized using 0.5% (w/v) insoluble wheat arabinoxylan (a model substrate) and then applied to 1% (w/v) corn cobs for the efficient production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and hydroxycinnamic acids. The enzyme combination of 66% Xyn11 and 33% FAE5 or FAE6 (protein loading) produced the highest amounts of XOS, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid from untreated, hydrothermal, and acid pre-treated corn cobs. The combination of 66% Xyn11 and 33% FAE6 displayed an improvement in reducing sugars of approximately 1.9-fold and 3.4-fold for hydrothermal and acid pre-treated corn cobs (compared to Xyn11 alone), respectively. The hydrolysis product profiles revealed that xylobiose was the dominant XOS produced from untreated and pre-treated corn cobs. These results demonstrated that the efficient production of hydroxycinnamic acids and XOS from agricultural residues for industrial applications can be achieved through the synergistic action of FAE5 or FAE6 and Xyn11.
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Wang R, Yang J, Jang JM, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H. Efficient ferulic acid and xylo-oligosaccharides production by a novel multi-modular bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase using agricultural residues as substrates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122487. [PMID: 31812598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liberating high value-added compounds ferulic acid (FA) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) from agricultural residues is a promising strategy for the utilization of lignocellulose. In this study, a bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase from bacterial consortium EMSD5 was heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli. Depending on the inter-domain synergism of the recombinant enzyme rXyn10A/Fae1A, high yields of FA (2.78, 1.82, 1.15 and 7.31 mg/g substrate, respectively) were obtained from 20 mg in-soluble wheat arabinoxylan, de-starched wheat bran, ultrafine-grinding corn stover and steam-exploded corncob. Meanwhile, 3.210, 1.235, 1.215 and 0.823 mg xylose/XOSs were also released. For cost-saving enzyme production, we firstly constructed a recombinant E. coli, which could secrete the bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase out of cells. When the recombinant E. coli was cultured in medium containing 200 mg de-starched wheat bran, 474 μg FA and 18.2 mg xylose/XOSs were also detected. Hence, rXyn10A/Fae1A and the recombinant strain showed great applied potential for FA and XOSs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Myong Jang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; School of Lifesciences, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Jiawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Highly Efficient Extraction of Ferulic Acid from Cereal Brans by a New Type A Feruloyl Esterase from Eupenicillium parvum in Combination with Dilute Phosphoric Acid Pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1561-1578. [PMID: 31792788 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (FAE) is a critical enzyme in bio-extraction of ferulic acid (FA) from plant cell wall. A new FAE (EpFAE1) encoding gene was isolated from Eupenicillium parvum and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris cells. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, the protein EpFAE1 belongs to type A of the seventh FAE subfamily. Using methyl ferulate as substrate, the optimum temperature and pH for the catalytic activity of EpFAE1 were 50 °C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme exhibited high stability at 50 °C, in a wide pH range (3.0-11.0), or in the presence of 2 M of NaCl. Together with the endo-xylanase EpXYN1, EpFAE1 released 72.32% and 4.00% of the alkali-extractable FA from de-starched wheat bran (DSWB) or de-starched corn bran (DSCB), respectively. Meanwhile, the substrates were pretreated with 1.75% (for DSWB) or 1.0% (for DSCB) of phosphoric acid (PA) at 90 °C for 12 h, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the soluble and insoluble fractions. The release efficiencies of FA were up to 84.64% for DSWB and 66.73% for DSCB. Combined dilute PA pretreatment with enzymatic hydrolysis is a low-cost and highly efficient method for the extraction of FA from cereal brans.
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7
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Heterologous expression of two Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterases in Trichoderma reesei for the production of ferulic acid from wheat bran. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:593-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Long L, Ding D, Han Z, Zhao H, Lin Q, Ding S. Thermotolerant hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes from Eupenicillium parvum 4-14 display high efficiency upon release of ferulic acid from wheat bran. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:422-34. [PMID: 27171788 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes from novel fungi, and evaluate the potential of novel enzyme system in releasing ferulic acid (FA) from biomass resource. METHODS AND RESULTS A hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzyme-producing fungus 4-14 was isolated from soil by Congo red staining method, and identified as Eupenicillium parvum based on the morphologic and molecular phylogenetic analysis. The optimum temperature of fungal growth was 37°C. Hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes were produced by this fungus in solid-state fermentation (SSF), and their maximum activities were 554, 385, 218, 2·62 and 5·25 U g(-1) for CMCase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, FPase and FAE respectively. These enzymes displayed the best catalytic ability at low pH values (pH 4·5-5·0). The optimum temperatures were 70°C, 70°C, 75°C and 55°C for CMCase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and FAE respectively. CMCase, xylanase and FAE were stable at different pHs or high temperature (60°C). Enzymatic hydrolysis experiment indicated that the maximum (76·8 ± 4)% of total alkali-extractable FA was released from de-starched wheat bran by the fungal enzyme system. CONCLUSIONS High activities of thermotolerant CMCase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and FAE were produced by the newly isolated fungus E. parvum 4-14 in SSF. The fungal enzyme system displayed high efficiency at releasing FA from wheat bran. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a new fungal strain for researches of novel hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes and will improve the bioconversion and utilization of agricultural by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Long
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - S Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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9
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A review on chimeric xylanases: methods and conditions. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:67. [PMID: 28452014 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-functional enzymes are one of the nature's solutions to facilitate metabolic pathways, thus several reactions are regulated and performed simultaneously on one polypeptide chain. Inspired by nature, artificial chimeric proteins have been designed to reduce the production costs and improve the performance. One of the interesting applications of this method is in the plant-based industries such as feed additive, waste treatment, biofuel production, and pulp and paper bleaching. In fact, the heterogeneous texture of plants needs using a combination of different enzymes to achieve an optimal quality in the manufacturing process. Given that xylans are the most abundant non-cellulosic polysaccharides in nature, xylanases are widely utilized in the mentioned industries. In this regard, several studies have been conducted to develop the relevant chimeric enzymes. Despite the successes that have been attained in this field, misfolding, functional or structural interference, and linker breakage have been reported in some cases. The present paper reviews the research to introduce the prerequisites to design an appropriate chimeric xylanase.
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Gudiukaite R, Sadauskas M, Gegeckas A, Malunavicius V, Citavicius D. Construction of a novel lipolytic fusion biocatalyst GDEst-lip for industrial application. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:799-815. [PMID: 28105534 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding esterase (GDEst-95) from Geobacillus sp. 95 was cloned and sequenced. The resulting open reading frame of 1497 nucleotides encoded a protein with calculated molecular weight of 54.7 kDa, which was classified as a carboxylesterase with an identity of 93-97% to carboxylesterases from Geobacillus bacteria. This esterase can be grouped into family VII of bacterial lipolytic enzymes, was active at broad pH (7-12) and temperature (5-85 °C) range and displayed maximum activity toward short acyl chain p-nitrophenyl (p-NP) esters. Together with GD-95 lipase from Geobacillus sp. strain 95, GDEst-95 esterase was used for construction of fused chimeric biocatalyst GDEst-lip. GDEst-lip esterase/lipase possessed high lipolytic activity (600 U/mg), a broad pH range of 6-12, thermoactivity (5-85 °C), thermostability and resistance to various organic solvents or detergents. For these features GDEst-lip biocatalyst has high potential for applications in various industrial areas. In this work the effect of additional homodomains on monomeric GDEst-95 esterase and GD-95 lipase activity, thermostability, substrate specificity and catalytic properties was also investigated. Altogether, this article shows that domain fusing strategies can modulate the activity and physicochemical characteristics of target enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gudiukaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Mikas Sadauskas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Gegeckas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilius Malunavicius
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donaldas Citavicius
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Avenue 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Roberts CC, Chang CEA. Modeling of enhanced catalysis in multienzyme nanostructures: effect of molecular scaffolds, spatial organization, and concentration. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 11:286-92. [PMID: 26574226 DOI: 10.1021/ct5007482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colocalized multistep enzymatic reaction pathways within biological catabolic and metabolic processes occur with high yield and specificity. Spatial organization on membranes or surfaces may be associated with increased efficiency of intermediate substrate transfer. Using a new Brownian dynamics package, GeomBD, we explored the geometric features of a surface-anchored enzyme system by parallel coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations of substrate diffusion over microsecond (μs) to millisecond (ms) time scales. We focused on a recently developed glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and DNA origami-scaffold enzyme system, where the H2O2 substrate of HRP is produced by GOx. The results revealed and explained a significant advantage in catalytic enhancement by optimizing interenzyme distance and orientation in the presence of the scaffold model. The planar scaffold colocalized the enzymes and provided a diffusive barrier that enhanced substrate transfer probability, becoming more relevant with increasing interenzyme distance. The results highlight the importance of protein geometry in the proper assessment of distance and orientation dependence on the probability of substrate transfer. They shed light on strategies for engineering multienzyme complexes and further investigation of enhanced catalytic efficiency for substrate diffusion between membrane-anchoring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chia-en A Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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12
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Roberts CC, Chang CEA. Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Association and Intermediate Transfer Rates in Multienzyme Nanostructures with All-Atom Brownian Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8518-31. [PMID: 27248669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the second-generation GeomBD Brownian dynamics software for determining interenzyme intermediate transfer rates and substrate association rates in biomolecular complexes. Substrate and intermediate association rates for a series of enzymes or biomolecules can be compared between the freely diffusing disorganized configuration and various colocalized or complexed arrangements for kinetic investigation of enhanced intermediate transfer. In addition, enzyme engineering techniques, such as synthetic protein conjugation, can be computationally modeled and analyzed to better understand changes in substrate association relative to native enzymes. Tools are provided to determine nonspecific ligand-receptor association residence times, and to visualize common sites of nonspecific association of substrates on receptor surfaces. To demonstrate features of the software, interenzyme intermediate substrate transfer rate constants are calculated and compared for all-atom models of DNA origami scaffold-bound bienzyme systems of glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Also, a DNA conjugated horseradish peroxidase enzyme was analyzed for its propensity to increase substrate association rates and substrate local residence times relative to the unmodified enzyme. We also demonstrate the rapid determination and visualization of common sites of nonspecific ligand-receptor association by using HIV-1 protease and an inhibitor, XK263. GeomBD2 accelerates simulations by precomputing van der Waals potential energy grids and electrostatic potential grid maps, and has a flexible and extensible support for all-atom and coarse-grained force fields. Simulation software is written in C++ and utilizes modern parallelization techniques for potential grid preparation and Brownian dynamics simulation processes. Analysis scripts, written in the Python scripting language, are provided for quantitative simulation analysis. GeomBD2 is applicable to the fields of biophysics, bioengineering, and enzymology in both predictive and explanatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chia-En A Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Dilokpimol A, Mäkelä MR, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Benoit-Gelber I, Hildén KS, de Vries RP. Diversity of fungal feruloyl esterases: updated phylogenetic classification, properties, and industrial applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:231. [PMID: 27795736 PMCID: PMC5084320 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) represent a diverse group of carboxyl esterases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds between ferulic (hydroxycinnamic) acid and plant cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, FAEs act as accessory enzymes to assist xylanolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in gaining access to their site of action during biomass conversion. Their ability to release ferulic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acids from plant biomass makes FAEs potential biocatalysts in a wide variety of applications such as in biofuel, food and feed, pulp and paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This review provides an updated overview of the knowledge on fungal FAEs, in particular describing their role in plant biomass degradation, diversity of their biochemical properties and substrate specificities, their regulation and conditions needed for their induction. Furthermore, the discovery of new FAEs using genome mining and phylogenetic analysis of current publicly accessible fungal genomes will also be presented. This has led to a new subfamily classification of fungal FAEs that takes into account both phylogeny and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit-Gelber
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Multiple nucleophilic elbows leading to multiple active sites in a single module esterase from Sorangium cellulosum. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:314-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Zoglowek M, Lübeck PS, Ahring BK, Lübeck M. Heterologous expression of cellobiohydrolases in filamentous fungi – An update on the current challenges, achievements and perspectives. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Bringing functions together with fusion enzymes—from nature’s inventions to biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1545-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Gruninger RJ, Gong X, Forster RJ, McAllister TA. Biochemical and kinetic characterization of the multifunctional β-glucosidase/β-xylosidase/α-arabinosidase, Bgxa1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3003-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Yin X, Gong YY, Wang JQ, Tang CD, Wu MC. Cloning and expression of a family 10 xylanase gene (Aoxyn10) from Aspergillus oryzae in Pichia pastoris. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:405-15. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Wang P. Nanoscale Engineering for Smart Biocatalysts with Fine-Tuned Properties and Functionalities. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Fusing proteins as an approach to study bioenergetic enzymes and processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1847-51. [PMID: 22484274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusing proteins is an attractive genetic tool used in several biochemical and biophysical investigations. Within a group of redox proteins, certain fusion constructs appear to provide valuable templates for spectroscopy with which specific bioenergetic questions can be addressed. Here we briefly summarize three different cases of fusions reported for bacterial cytochrome bc(1) (prokaryotic equivalent of mitochondrial respiratory complex III), a common component of electron transport chains. These fusions were used to study supramolecular organization of enzymatic complexes in bioenergetic membrane, influence of the accessory subunits on the activity and stability of the complex, and molecular mechanism of operation of the enzyme in the context of its dimeric structure. Besides direct connotation to molecular bioenergetics, these fusions also appeared interesting from the protein design, biogenesis, and assembly points of view. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 17th European Bioenergetics Conference (EBEC 2012).
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22
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Punt PJ, Levasseur A, Visser H, Wery J, Record E. Fungal protein production: design and production of chimeric proteins. Annu Rev Microbiol 2012; 65:57-69. [PMID: 21639784 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, filamentous fungi have been used for the production of a wide variety of endogenous enzymes of industrial interest. More recently, with the use of genetic engineering tools developed for these organisms, this use has expanded for the production of nonnative heterologous proteins. In this review, an overview is given of examples describing the production of a special class of these proteins, namely chimeric proteins. The production of two types of chimeric proteins have been explored: (a) proteins grafted for a specific substrate-binding domain and (b) fusion proteins containing two separate enzymatic activities. Various application areas for the use of these chimeric proteins are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Punt
- TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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23
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Zhou J, Bao L, Chang L, Liu Z, You C, Lu H. Beta-xylosidase activity of a GH3 glucosidase/xylosidase from yak rumen metagenome promotes the enzymatic degradation of hemicellulosic xylans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 54:79-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Lafond M, Tauzin A, Desseaux V, Bonnin E, Ajandouz EH, Giardina T. GH10 xylanase D from Penicillium funiculosum: biochemical studies and xylooligosaccharide production. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:20. [PMID: 21466666 PMCID: PMC3083334 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The filamentous fungus Penicillium funiculosum produces a range of glycoside hydrolases (GH). The XynD gene, encoding the sole P. funiculosum GH10 xylanase described so far, was cloned into the pPICZαA vector and expressed in methylotrophe yeast Pichia pastoris, in order to compare the results obtained with the P. funiculosum GH11 xylanases data. Results High level expression of recombinant XynD was obtained with a secretion of around 60 mg.L-1. The protein was purified to homogeneity using one purification step. The apparent size on SDS-PAGE was around 64 kDa and was 46 kDa by mass spectrometry thus higher than the expected molecular mass of 41 kDa. The recombinant protein was N- and O-glycosylated, as demonstrated using glycoprotein staining and deglycosylation reactions, which explained the discrepancy in molecular mass. Enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of low viscosity arabinoxylan (LVAX) was maximal at pH 5.0 with Km(app) and kcat/Km(app) of 3.7 ± 0.2 (mg.mL-1) and 132 (s-1mg-1.mL), respectively. The activity of XynD was optimal at 80°C and the recombinant enzyme has shown an interesting high thermal stability at 70°C for at least 180 min without loss of activity. The enzyme had an endo-mode of action on xylan forming mainly xylobiose and short-chain xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The initial rate data from the hydrolysis of short XOS indicated that the catalytic efficiency increased slightly with increasing their chain length with a small difference of the XynD catalytic efficiency against the different XOS. Conclusion Because of its attractive properties XynD might be considered for biotechnological applications. Moreover, XOS hydrolysis suggested that XynD possess four catalytic subsites with a high energy of interaction with the substrate and a fifth subsite with a small energy of interaction, according to the GH10 xylanase literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Lafond
- Université Paul Cézanne, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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25
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Jez JM. Toward protein engineering for phytoremediation: possibilities and challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2011; 13 Suppl 1:77-89. [PMID: 22046752 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.568537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of rational protein engineering and directed evolution techniques allow for the redesign of enzymes with tailored properties for use in environmental remediation. This review summarizes current molecular methods for either altering or improving protein function and highlights examples of how these methods can address bioremediation problems. Although much of the protein engineering applied to environmental clean-up employs microbial systems, there is great potential for and significant challenges to translating these approaches to plant systems for phytoremediation purposes. Protein engineering technologies combined with genomic information and metabolic engineering strategies hold promise for the design of plants and microbes to remediate organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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26
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The interplay of descriptor-based computational analysis with pharmacophore modeling builds the basis for a novel classification scheme for feruloyl esterases. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:94-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Wang R, Xue Y, Wu X, Song X, Peng J. Enhancement of engineered trifunctional enzyme by optimizing linker peptides for degradation of agricultural by-products. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Koseki T, Mochizuki K, Kisara H, Miyanaga A, Fushinobu S, Murayama T, Shiono Y. Characterization of a chimeric enzyme comprising feruloyl esterase and family 42 carbohydrate-binding module. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:155-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Occurrence, properties, and applications of feruloyl esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:803-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fusion of a family 1 carbohydrate binding module of Aspergillus niger to the Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase for efficient softwood kraft pulp biobleaching. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Xue Y, Peng J, Wang R, Song X. Construction of the trifunctional enzyme associating the Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus xylosidase-arabinosidase with the Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase for degradation of arabinoxylan. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Conrado RJ, Varner JD, DeLisa MP. Engineering the spatial organization of metabolic enzymes: mimicking nature's synergy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:492-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lu P, Feng MG. Bifunctional enhancement of a β-glucanase-xylanase fusion enzyme by optimization of peptide linkers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:579-87. [PMID: 18415095 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Myung K, Manthey JA, Narciso JA. Binding of furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice to Aspergillus niger hyphae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:401-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bayer EA, Lamed R, Himmel ME. The potential of cellulases and cellulosomes for cellulosic waste management. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:237-45. [PMID: 17462879 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is the most abundant plant cell wall component of the biosphere and the most voluminous waste produced by our society. Fortunately, it is not toxic or directly harmful, but our major waste disposal facilities--the landfills--are rapidly filling up with few realistic alternatives. Because cellulose is pure glucose, its conversion to fine products or fuels has remained a romantic and popular notion; however, the heterogeneous and recalcitrant nature of cellulosic waste presents a major obstacle for conventional conversion processes. One paradigm for the conversion of biomass to products in nature relies on a multienzyme complex, the cellulosome. Microbes that produce cellulosomes convert lignocelluose to microbial cell mass and products (e.g. ethanol) simultaneously. The combination of designer cellulosomes with novel production concepts could in the future provide the breakthroughs necessary for economical conversion of cellulosic biomass to biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Levasseur A, Saloheimo M, Navarro D, Andberg M, Monot F, Nakari-Setälä T, Asther M, Record E. Production of a chimeric enzyme tool associating the Trichoderma reesei swollenin with the Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase A for release of ferulic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:872-80. [PMID: 16957894 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The main goals of this work were to produce the fusion protein of the Trichoderma reesei swollenin I (SWOI) and Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase A (FAEA) and to study the effect of the physical association of the fusion partners on the efficiency of the enzyme. The fusion protein was produced up to 25 mg l(-1) in the T. reesei strains Rut-C30 and CL847. In parallel, FAEA alone was produced for use as a control protein in application tests. Recombinant FAEA and SWOI-FAEA were purified to homogeneity and characterized. The biochemical and kinetic characteristics of the two recombinant proteins were found to be similar to those of native FAEA, except for the temperature stability and specific activity of the SWOI-FAEA. Finally, the SWOI-FAEA protein was tested for release of ferulic acid from wheat bran. A period of 24 h of enzymatic hydrolysis with the SWOI-FAEA improved the efficiency of ferulic acid release by 50% compared with the results obtained using the free FAEA and SWOI. Ferulic acid is used as an antioxidant and flavor precursor in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This is the first report of a potential application of the SWOI protein fused with an enzyme of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Levasseur
- UMR 1163 INRA/Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, IFR-IBAIM, 163 avenue de Luminy, Case Postale 925, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Vafiadi C, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Faulds CB. The feruloyl esterase system of Talaromyces stipitatus: Determining the hydrolytic and synthetic specificity of TsFaeC. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:210-21. [PMID: 16584797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The active site of the recombinant Talaromyces stipitatus type-C feruloyl esterase (TsFaeC) was probed using a series of C1-C4 alkyl ferulates and methyl esters of phenylalkanoic and cinnamic acids. The enzyme was active on 23 of the 34 substrates tested. Lengthening or shortening the aliphatic side chain while maintaining the same aromatic substitutions completely abolished the enzyme activity. Maintaining the phenylpropenoate structure but altering the substitutions of the aromatic ring demonstrated the importance of hydroxyl groups on meta and/or para position of the benzoic ring. The highest catalytic efficiency of TsFaeC for methyl cinnamates was shown on methyl 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamate and on its hydro form (3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-propionate). Maintaining the ferulate structure but altering the esterified alkyl group, the comparison of k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values showed that the enzyme hydrolysed faster and more efficiently than ethyl ferulate. Alkyl ferulates were applied also for substrate selectivity mapping of feruloyl esterase to catalyze feruloyl group transfer to l-arabinose, using as a reaction system a ternary water-organic mixture consisting of n-hexane, t-butanol and water. The reaction parameters affecting the feruloylation rate and the conversion of the enzymatic synthesis, such as the composition of the reaction media, temperature, substrate and enzyme concentration have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vafiadi
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels are being sought in order to reduce the world's dependence on non-renewable resources. The most common renewable fuel today is ethanol derived from corn grain (starch) and sugar cane (sucrose). It is expected that there will be limits to the supply of these raw materials in the near future, therefore lignocellulosic biomass is seen as an attractive feedstock for future supplies of ethanol. However, there are technical and economical impediments to the development of a commercial processes utilizing biomass. Technologies are being developed that will allow cost-effective conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. These technologies include low-cost thermochemical pretreatment, highly effective cellulases and hemicellulases and efficient and robust fermentative microorganisms. Many advances have been made over the past few years that make commercialization more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Gray
- Diversa Corporation, 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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