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Dual Regulatory Role Exerted by Cyclic Dimeric GMP To Control FsnR-Mediated Bacterial Swimming. mBio 2022; 13:e0141422. [PMID: 36069448 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01414-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial motility has great medical and ecological significance because of its essential role in bacterial survival and pathogenesis. Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), a second messenger in bacteria, is the predominant regulator of flagellar synthesis and motility and possesses turnover mechanisms that have been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, much attention has been focused on identifying the upstream stimulatory signals and downstream modules that respond to altered c-di-GMP levels. Here, we systematically analyzed c-di-GMP cyclases and phosphodiesterases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to screen for motility regulators. Of these enzymes, we identified and characterized a new phosphodiesterase named SisP, which was found to facilitate bacterial swimming upon stimulation with ferrous iron. SisP-mediated degradation of c-di-GMP leads to FsnR-dependent transcription of flagellar genes. Remarkably, c-di-GMP controls FsnR via two independent mechanisms: by direct binding and indirectly by modulating its phosphorylation state. In this study, we deciphered a novel "one stone, two birds" regulatory strategy of c-di-GMP and uncovered the signal that stimulates c-di-GMP hydrolysis. Facilitation of bacterial swimming motility by ferrous iron might contribute to the higher risk of bacterial infection in acutely ill patients. IMPORTANCE Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has become a great threat to human health because of the high mortality of infected patients. Swimming motility plays a crucial role in regulating bacterial virulence and adaptation. However, limited progress has been made in cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) controlling swimming motility of S. maltophilia. Here, we characterized c-di-GMP turnover enzymes encoded by S. maltophilia and dissected the regulatory details of a phosphodiesterase named SisP. We demonstrated that SisP degrades c-di-GMP to fully activate FsnR through directly releasing FsnR from the FsnR-c-di-GMP complex and indirectly increasing its phosphorylation level. This finding uncovered a quantitative, rather than an on-off, regulatory manner employed by c-di-GMP to regulate activities of its effectors. Identification of the specific activation of SisP by ferrous iron proposes SisP as a putative drug-target for controlling bacterial infection and ferrous iron at the wounds or cuts as a putative factor contributing to the higher risk of bacterial infection.
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Mahdavi SZB, Oroojalian F, Eyvazi S, Hejazi M, Baradaran B, Pouladi N, Tohidkia MR, Mokhtarzadeh A, Muyldermans S. An overview on display systems (phage, bacterial, and yeast display) for production of anticancer antibodies; advantages and disadvantages. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:421-442. [PMID: 35339499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies as ideal therapeutic and diagnostic molecules are among the top-selling drugs providing considerable efficacy in disease treatment, especially in cancer therapy. Limitations of the hybridoma technology as routine antibody generation method in conjunction with numerous developments in molecular biology led to the development of alternative approaches for the streamlined identification of most effective antibodies. In this regard, display selection technologies such as phage display, bacterial display, and yeast display have been widely promoted over the past three decades as ideal alternatives to traditional methods. The display of antibodies on phages is probably the most widespread of these methods, although surface display on bacteria or yeast have been employed successfully, as well. These methods using various sizes of combinatorial antibody libraries and different selection strategies possessing benefits in screening potency, generating, and isolation of high affinity antibodies with low risk of immunogenicity. Knowing the basics of each method assists in the design and retrieval process of antibodies suitable for different diseases, including cancer. In this review, we aim to outline the basics of each library construction and its display method, screening and selection steps. The advantages and disadvantages in comparison to alternative methods, and their applications in antibody engineering will be explained. Finally, we will review approved or non-approved therapeutic antibodies developed by employing these methods, which may serve as therapeutic antibodies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Pouladi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China..
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A Novel Transcription Factor VPA0041 Was Identified to Regulate the Swarming Motility in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040453. [PMID: 35456128 PMCID: PMC9029033 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus can change their usual lifestyle of surviving in an aqueous environment attached to a host, wherein both swimming motility and swarming motility play important roles in lifestyle changes, respectively. VPA0041 is a novel transcription factor involved in regulating the swarming ability of V. parahaemolyticus. The deletion of the vpa0041 gene resulted in the loss of swarming motility in the brain heart infusion (BHI) agars, while the swimming motility was unaffected by VPA0041. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) assays showed that no flagellum was found around the bacterial cells. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that VPA0041 regulated 315 genes; 207 genes were up-regulated, and 108 genes were down-regulated. RNA-seq results indicated that the lateral flagellar genes were down-regulated by VPA0041, which was confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that VPA0041 directly bound to the promoters of vpa0264, vpa1548, and vpa1550 to regulate the expression of the lateral flagellar genes. Our results demonstrated that the transcription factor VPA0041 could directly regulate the expression of lateral flagellar genes to mediate the swarming motility in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Song HW, Yoo G, Bong JH, Kang MJ, Lee SS, Pyun JC. Surface display of sialyltransferase on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and ClearColi. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 128:1-8. [PMID: 31186105 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
α2,3-Sialyltransferase from Pasteurella multocida (PmST1) is an enzyme that transfers a sialyl group of donor substrates to an acceptor substrate called N-acetyl-d-lactosamine (LacNAc). In this study PmST1 was expressed on the outer membrane of wildtype Escherichia coli (BL21) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ClearColi with no LPS, and then the enzyme activity and expression level of PmST1 were compared. As the first step, the expression levels of PmST1 on the outer membranes of wildtype E. coli (BL21) and ClearColi were compared according to the IPTG induction time, and the absolute amount of surface-displayed PmST1 was calculated using densitometry of SDS-PAGE. As the next step, the influence of LPS on the PmST1 activity was estimated by analyzing Michaelis-Menten plot. The enzyme activity of PmST1 was analyzed by measuring the concentration of CMP, which was a by-product after the transfer of the sialyl group of donor compounds to the acceptor compounds. From a Michaelis-Menten plot, the enzyme activity of the surface-displayed PmST1 and the maximum rate (Vmax) of ClearColi were higher than those of wildtype E. coli (BL21). However, the KM value, which represented the concentration of substrate to reach half the maximum rate (Vmax), was similar for both enzymes. These results represented such a difference in enzyme activity was occurred from the interference of LPS on the mass transport of the donor and acceptor to PmST1 for the sialyl group transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Yoo
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life Sciences, FNES, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life Sciences, FNES, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Expression of xylanase on Escherichia coli using a truncated ice nucleation protein of Erwinia ananas (InaA). Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Maruthamuthu MK, Selvamani V, Nadarajan SP, Yun H, Oh YK, Eom GT, Hong SH. Manganese and cobalt recovery by surface display of metal binding peptide on various loops of OmpC in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:31-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In a cell-surface display (CSD) system, successful display of a protein or peptide is highly dependent on the anchoring motif and the position of the display in that anchoring motif. In this study, a recombinant bacterial CSD system for manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) recovery was developed by employing OmpC as an anchoring motif on three different external loops. A portion of Cap43 protein (TRSRSHTSEG)3 was employed as a manganese and cobalt binding peptide (MCBP), which was fused with OmpC at three different external loops. The fusions were made at the loop 2 [fusion protein-2 (FP2)], loop 6 (FP6), and loop 8 (FP8) of OmpC, respectively. The efficacy of the three recombinant strains in the recovery of Mn and Co was evaluated by varying the concentration of the respective metal. Molecular modeling studies showed that the short trimeric repeats of peptide probably form a secondary structure with OmpC, thereby giving rise to a difference in metal recovery among the three recombinant strains. Among the three recombinant strains, FP6 showed increased metal recovery with both Mn and Co, at 1235.14 (1 mM) and 379.68 (0.2 mM) µmol/g dry cell weight (DCW), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali kannan Maruthamuthu
- 0000 0004 0533 4667 grid.267370.7 Department of Chemical Engineering University of Ulsan 44610 Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Vidhya Selvamani
- 0000 0004 0533 4667 grid.267370.7 Department of Chemical Engineering University of Ulsan 44610 Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Saravanan Prabhu Nadarajan
- 0000 0004 0532 8339 grid.258676.8 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Konkuk University 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- 0000 0004 0532 8339 grid.258676.8 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Konkuk University 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- 0000 0001 0691 7707 grid.418979.a Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory Korea Institute of Energy Research 34129 Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Tae Eom
- 0000 0001 2296 8192 grid.29869.3c Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 44429 Ulsan Republic of Korea
- 0000 0004 1791 8264 grid.412786.e Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) 34144 Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ho Hong
- 0000 0004 0533 4667 grid.267370.7 Department of Chemical Engineering University of Ulsan 44610 Ulsan Republic of Korea
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Salema V, Fernández LÁ. Escherichia coli surface display for the selection of nanobodies. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1468-1484. [PMID: 28772027 PMCID: PMC5658595 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) are the smallest functional antibody fragments known in nature and have multiple applications in biomedicine or environmental monitoring. Nbs are derived from the variable segment of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, known as VHH. For selection, libraries of VHH gene segments from naïve, immunized animals or of synthetic origin have been traditionally cloned in E. coli phage display or yeast display systems, and clones binding the target antigen recovered, usually from plastic surfaces with the immobilized antigen (phage display) or using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS; yeast display). This review briefly describes these conventional approaches and focuses on the distinct properties of an E. coli display system developed in our laboratory, which combines the benefits of both phage display and yeast display systems. We demonstrate that E. coli display using an N-terminal domain of intimin is an effective platform for the surface display of VHH libraries enabling selection of high-affinity Nbs by magnetic cell sorting and direct selection on live mammalian cells displaying the target antigen on their surface. Flow cytometry analysis of E. coli bacteria displaying the Nbs on their surface allows monitoring of the selection process, facilitates screening, characterization of antigen-binding clones, specificity, ligand competition and estimation of the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencio Salema
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)MadridSpain
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8
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Paradis G, Chevance FFV, Liou W, Renault TT, Hughes KT, Rainville S, Erhardt M. Variability in bacterial flagella re-growth patterns after breakage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1282. [PMID: 28455518 PMCID: PMC5430758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria swim through liquids or crawl on surfaces by rotating long appendages called flagella. Flagellar filaments are assembled from thousands of subunits that are exported through a narrow secretion channel and polymerize beneath a capping scaffold at the tip of the growing filament. The assembly of a flagellum uses a significant proportion of the biosynthetic capacities of the cell with each filament constituting ~1% of the total cell protein. Here, we addressed a significant question whether a flagellar filament can form a new cap and resume growth after breakage. Re-growth of broken filaments was visualized using sequential 3-color fluorescent labeling of filaments after mechanical shearing. Differential electron microscopy revealed the formation of new cap structures on broken filaments that re-grew. Flagellar filaments are therefore able to re-grow if broken by mechanical shearing forces, which are expected to occur frequently in nature. In contrast, no re-growth was observed on filaments that had been broken using ultrashort laser pulses, a technique allowing for very local damage to individual filaments. We thus conclude that assembly of a new cap at the tip of a broken filament depends on how the filament was broken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Paradis
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Optics and Centre of Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Willisa Liou
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Thibaud T Renault
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kelly T Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Simon Rainville
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Optics and Centre of Optics, Photonics and Lasers, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Marc Erhardt
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor® down regulates virulence genes of EHEC in vitro and decrease pathogenicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:203-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Altegoer F, Schuhmacher J, Pausch P, Bange G. From molecular evolution to biobricks and synthetic modules: a lesson by the bacterial flagellum. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2014; 30:49-64. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2014.921500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Liang B, Lang Q, Tang X, Liu A. Simultaneously improving stability and specificity of cell surface displayed glucose dehydrogenase mutants to construct whole-cell biocatalyst for glucose biosensor application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:492-498. [PMID: 24012845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The improved stability and substrate specificity of cell surface displayed glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) mutants by replacing four amino acids from Bacillus subtilis by using site-directed mutagenesis was systematically investigated. A series of mutated GDHs including E170R/Q252L, V149K/E170R/Q252L, E170R/Q252L/G259A and V149K/E170R/Q252L/G259A, were fused to the ice nucleation protein for displaying on cell surface of Eschericia coli. Q252L/E170R/V149K, Q252L/E170R/G259A and Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A variants were found stable at a wide pH range and shown excellent thermostability. Especially, the Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A mutant showed half-life of ~3.8days at 70 °C. Q252L/E170R/V149K/G259A variant exhibited the narrowest substrate specificity for d-glucose. The whole cell displayed GDH mutant could be cultured in a large scale with excellent enzyme activity and productivity. In addition, a sensitive and stable electrochemical glucose biosensor can be prepared using the GDH-mutant bacteria modified electrode. Thus, the whole cell biocatalysts are promising candidates for exploitation in a wide range of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, and Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Qiaolin Lang
- Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, and Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiangjiang Tang
- Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, and Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, and Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Geels M, Ye K. Developments in high-yield system expressed vaccines and immunotherapy. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2011; 4:189-97. [PMID: 21171956 DOI: 10.2174/187220810793611518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conventional vaccine production techniques are outdated, leaving the world defenseless to viruses and pathogens. Successful protection necessitates the innovation of strategies that can generate an induced defensive humoral and cellular response with: ease of mass production, nominal side-effects, and controlled design specificity, all while being cost effective. Fortunately, technology exists to facilitate such advances in this billion dollar industry and this review is focused on recent publications and patents which hold promise to revolutionize the fight against pathogenic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Geels
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, 203 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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13
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Decorating microbes: surface display of proteins on Escherichia coli. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Han MJ, Lee JW, Lee SY. Understanding and engineering of microbial cells based on proteomics and its conjunction with other omics studies. Proteomics 2011; 11:721-43. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Van Gerven N, Waksman G, Remaut H. Pili and flagella biology, structure, and biotechnological applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:21-72. [PMID: 21999994 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and Archaea expose on their outer surfaces a variety of thread-like proteinaceous organelles with which they interact with their environments. These structures are repetitive assemblies of covalently or non-covalently linked protein subunits, organized into filamentous polymers known as pili ("hair"), flagella ("whips") or injectisomes ("needles"). They serve different roles in cell motility, adhesion and host invasion, protein and DNA secretion and uptake, conductance, or cellular encapsulation. Here we describe the functional, morphological and genetic diversity of these bacterial filamentous protein structures. The organized, multi-copy build-up and/or the natural function of pili and flagella have lead to their biotechnological application as display and secretion tools, as therapeutic targets or as molecular motors. We review the documented and potential technological exploitation of bacterial surface filaments in light of their structural and functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nani Van Gerven
- Structural & Molecular Microbiology, VIB/Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Anton L, Majander K, Savilahti H, Laakkonen L, Westerlund-Wikström B. Two distinct regions in the model protein Peb1 are critical for its heterologous transport out of Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:97. [PMID: 21122159 PMCID: PMC3016274 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is frequently the first-choice host organism in expression of heterologous recombinant proteins in basic research as well as in production of commercial, therapeutic polypeptides. Especially the secretion of proteins into the culture medium of E. coli is advantageous compared to intracellular production due to the ease in recovery of the recombinant protein. Since E. coli naturally is a poor secretor of proteins, a few strategies for optimization of extracellular secretion have been described. We have previously reported efficient secretion of the diagnostically interesting model protein Peb1 of Campylobacter jejuni into the growth medium of Escherichia coli strain MKS12 (ΔfliCfliD). To generate a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind this interesting heterologous secretion system with biotechnological implications, we here analyzed further the transport of Peb1 in the E. coli host. Results When mature Peb1 was expressed without its SecA-YEG -dependent signal sequence and without the putative signal peptidase II recognition sequence in E. coli MKS111ΔHBB lacking the flagellar secretion complex, the protein was found in the periplasm and growth medium which indicated a flagellum-independent translocation. We assessed the Peb1 secretion proficiency by an exhaustive search for transport-affecting regions using a transposition-based scanning mutagenesis strategy. Strikingly, insertion mutagenesis of only two segments, called TAR1 (residues 42 and 43) and TAR2 (residues 173 to 180), prevented Peb1 secretion individually. We confirmed the importance of TAR regions by subsequent site-specific mutagenesis and verified that the secretion deficiency of Peb1 mutants was not due to insolubility or aggregation of the proteins in the cytoplasm. We found by cell fractionation that the mutant proteins were present in the periplasm as well as in the cytoplasm of MKS12. Hence, mutagenesis of TAR regions did not affect export of Peb1 across the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas its export over the outer membrane was markedly impaired. Conclusions We propose that the localization of the model protein Peb1 in the growth medium of E. coli is due to active secretion by a still unknown pathway of E. coli. The secretion apparently is a two-step process involving a periplasmic step and the TAR regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Anton
- Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Han MJ, Lee SY, Koh ST, Noh SG, Han WH. Biotechnological applications of microbial proteomes. J Biotechnol 2010; 145:341-9. [PMID: 20045032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in proteomic technologies have led to the creation of large-scale proteome databases that can be used to elucidate invaluable information on the dynamics of the metabolic, signaling and regulatory networks and to aid understanding of physiological changes. In particular, proteomics can have practical applications, for example, through the identification of proteins that may be potential targets for the biotechnology industry, and through the extension of our understanding of the physiological action of these proteins. In this review, we describe proteomic approaches for the discovery of targets that have potential biotechnological applications. These targets include promoters, chaperones, soluble fusion partners, anchoring motifs, and excretion fusion partners. In addition, we discuss the potential applications of proteomic techniques for the design of future bioprocesses and the optimization of existing ones. Successful applications of proteomic information have proven to have enormous value for both scientific and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Jung Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Dongyang University, # 1 Gyochon-dong, Punggi-eup, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 750-711, Republic of Korea.
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The flagella of an atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain are required for efficient interaction with and stimulation of interleukin-8 production by enterocytes in vitro. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4406-13. [PMID: 19620340 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of some typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains to adhere to, invade, and increase interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro has been demonstrated. However, few studies regarding these aspects have been performed with atypical EPEC (aEPEC) strains, which are emerging enteropathogens in Brazil. In this study, we evaluated a selected aEPEC strain (1711-4) of serotype O51:H40, the most prevalent aEPEC serotype in Brazil, in regard to its ability to adhere to and invade Caco-2 and T84 cells and to elicit IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells. The role of flagella in aEPEC 1711-4 adhesion, invasion, and IL-8 production was investigated by performing the same experiments with an isogenic aEPEC mutant unable to produce flagellin (FliC), the flagellum protein subunit. We demonstrated that this mutant (fliC mutant) had a marked decrease in the ability to adhere to T84 cells and invade both T84 and Caco-2 cells in gentamicin protection assays and by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the aEPEC 1711-4 fliC mutant had a reduced ability to stimulate IL-8 production by Caco-2 cells in early (3-h) but not in late (24-h) infections. Our findings demonstrate that flagella of aEPEC 1711-4 are required for efficient adhesion, invasion, and early but not late IL-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.
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Wu CH, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Versatile microbial surface-display for environmental remediation and biofuels production. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Development of a cell surface display system in a magnetotactic bacterium, "Magnetospirillum magneticum" AMB-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3342-8. [PMID: 18378651 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02276-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface display is a widely used technology for bioadsorption and for the development of a variety of screening systems. Magnetotactic bacteria are unique species of bacteria due to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles within them. These intracellular, nanosized (50 to 100 nm) magnetic nanoparticles enable the cells to migrate and be manipulated by magnetic force. In this work, using this unique characteristic and based on whole-genomic and comprehensive proteomic analyses of these bacteria, a cell surface display system has been developed by expressing hexahistidine residues within the outer coiled loop of the membrane-specific protein (Msp1) of the "Magnetospirillum magneticum" (proposed name) AMB-1 bacterium. The optimal display site of the hexahistidine residues was successfully identified via secondary structure prediction, immunofluorescence microscopy, and heavy metal binding assay. The established AMB-1 transformant showed high immunofluorescence response, high Cd(2+) binding, and high recovery efficiency in comparison to those of the negative control when manipulated by magnetic force.
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Buddenborg C, Daudel D, Liebrecht S, Greune L, Humberg V, Schmidt MA. Development of a tripartite vector system for live oral immunization using a Gram-negative probiotic carrier. Int J Med Microbiol 2008; 298:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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Woods RD, Takahashi N, Aslam A, Pleass RJ, Aizawa SI, Sockett RE. Bifunctional nanotube scaffolds for diverse ligands are purified simply from Escherichia coli strains coexpressing two functionalized flagellar genes. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:1809-16. [PMID: 17489638 DOI: 10.1021/nl0702968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We functionalized Escherichia coli FliC flagellin proteins to form tailored nanotubes binding single types or pairs of ligands, including divalent cations, fluorescent antibodies, or biotin-avidin-linked moieties such as ferritins. The ratio of each tag in bifunctionalized flagella could be toggled extending their sophistication as nanoscaffolds. Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease site-containing FliCs were cleaved by the cognate protease without filament disintegration, potentiating their use as removable nanolithography masks to deposit attached ligands by protease cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Woods
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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23
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Crampton M, Berger E, Reid S, Louw M. The development of a flagellin surface display expression system in a moderate thermophile, Bacillus halodurans Alk36. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:599-607. [PMID: 17318538 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study relates to the development of an alkaliphilic, thermotolerant, Gram-positive isolate, Bacillus halodurans Alk36, for the over-production and surface display of chimeric gene products. This bacterium continuously over-produces flagellin. To harness this ability, key genetic tools, such as gene targeted inactivation, were developed for this strain. The hag gene, which codes for flagellin, was inactivated on the chromosome giving rise to the B. halodurans BhFC01 mutant. Polylinkers were inserted as in-frame, chimeric, flagellin sandwich fusions to identify the permissive insertion sites corresponding to the variable regions of the flagellin protein. Flagellin expression and motility were evaluated for these constructs. Two sites were identified for possible peptide insertion in the flagellin gene, one of which produced functional flagella and was able to restore the motility phenotype to a non-motile mutant. Peptides encoding a poly-histidine peptide and the HIV-1 subtype C gp120 epitope were, respectively, incorporated into this site as in-frame fusions. The peptides were found to be successfully displayed on the cell surface and functional through metal binding and immunological studies, respectively.
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Sharpe PL, Dicosimo D, Bosak MD, Knoke K, Tao L, Cheng Q, Ye RW. Use of transposon promoter-probe vectors in the metabolic engineering of the obligate methanotroph Methylomonas sp. strain 16a for enhanced C40 carotenoid synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1721-8. [PMID: 17261513 PMCID: PMC1828837 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01332-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent expansion of genetic and genomic tools for metabolic engineering has accelerated the development of microorganisms for the industrial production of desired compounds. We have used transposable elements to identify chromosomal locations in the obligate methanotroph Methylomonas sp. strain 16a that support high-level expression of genes involved in the synthesis of the C(40) carotenoids canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. with three promoterless carotenoid transposons, five chromosomal locations-the fliCS, hsdM, ccp-3, cysH, and nirS regions-were identified. Total carotenoid synthesis increased 10- to 20-fold when the carotenoid gene clusters were inserted at these chromosomal locations compared to when the same carotenoid gene clusters were integrated at neutral locations under the control of the promoter for the gene conferring resistance to chloramphenicol. A chromosomal integration system based on sucrose lethality was used to make targeted gene deletions or site-specific integration of the carotenoid gene cluster into the Methylomonas genome without leaving genetic scars in the chromosome from the antibiotic resistance genes that are present on the integration vector. The genetic approaches described in this work demonstrate how metabolic engineering of microorganisms, including the less-studied environmental isolates, can be greatly enhanced by identifying integration sites within the chromosome of the host that permit optimal expression of the target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Sharpe
- E. I. DuPont de Nemours Inc. Experimental Station, E328/B49, Wilmington, DE 19880-0328, USA.
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Malapaka RRV, Adebayo LO, Tripp BC. A Deletion Variant Study of the Functional Role of the Salmonella Flagellin Hypervariable Domain Region in Motility. J Mol Biol 2007; 365:1102-16. [PMID: 17109884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The eubacterial flagellum is a complex structure with an elongated extracellular filament that is composed primarily of many subunits of a flagellin protein. The highly conserved N and C termini of flagellin are important in its export and self-assembly, whereas the middle sequence region varies greatly in size and composition in different species and is known to be deletion-tolerant. In Salmonella typhimurium phase 1 flagellin, this "hypervariable" region encodes two solvent-exposed domains, D2 and D3, that form a knob-like feature on flagella fibers. The functional role of this structural feature in motility remains unclear. We investigated the structural and physiological role of the hypervariable region in flagella assembly, stability and cellular motility. A library of random internal deletion variants of S. typhimurium flagellin was constructed and screened for functional variants using a swarming agar motility assay. The relative cellular motility and propulsive force of ten representative variants were determined in semi-solid and liquid medium using colony swarming motility assays, video microscopy and optical trapping of single cells. All ten variants exhibited diminished motility, with varying extents of motility observed for internal deletions less than 75 residues and nearly complete loss of motility for deletions greater than 100 residues. The mechanical stability of the variant flagella fibers also decreased with increasing size of deletion. Comparison of the variant sequences with the wild-type sequence and structure indicated that all deletions involved loss of hydrophobic core residues, and removal of both partial and complete segments of secondary structure in the D2 and D3 domains. Homology modeling predicted disruptions of secondary structures in each variant. The hypervariable region D2 and D3 domains appear to stabilize the folded conformation of the flagellin protein and contribute to the mechanical stability and propulsive force of the flagella fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Ram V Malapaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA
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Aldridge P, Gnerer J, Karlinsey JE, Hughes KT. Transcriptional and translational control of the Salmonella fliC gene. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:4487-96. [PMID: 16740955 PMCID: PMC1482933 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00094-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellin gene fliC encodes the major component of the flagellum in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This study reports the identification of a signal within the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the fliC transcript required for the efficient expression and assembly of FliC into the growing flagellar structure. Primer extension mapping determined the transcription start site of the fliC flagellin gene to be 62 bases upstream of the AUG start codon. Using tetA-fliC operon fusions, we show that the entire 62-base 5'UTR region of fliC was required for sufficient fliC mRNA translation to allow normal FliC flagellin assembly, suggesting that translation might be coupled to assembly. To identify sequence that might couple fliC mRNA translation to FliC secretion, the 5' end of the chromosomal fliC gene was mutagenized by PCR-directed mutagenesis. Single base sequences important for fliC-dependent transcription, translation, and motility were identified by using fliC-lacZ transcriptional and translational reporter constructs. Transcription-specific mutants identified the -10 and -35 regions of the consensus flagellar class 3 gene promoter. Single base changes defective in translation were located in three regions: the AUG start codon, the presumed ribosomal binding site region, and a region near the very 5' end of the fliC mRNA that corresponded to a potential stem-loop structure in the 5'UTR. Motility-specific mutants resulted from base substitutions only in the fliC-coding region. The results suggest that fliC mRNA translation is not coupled to FliC secretion by the flagellar type III secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Aldridge
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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