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Datta A, Hernandez-Franco JF, Park S, Olson MR, HogenEsch H, Thangamani S. Bile Acid Regulates Mononuclear Phagocytes and T Helper 17 Cells to Control Candida albicans in the Intestine. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060610. [PMID: 35736093 PMCID: PMC9224641 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive Candida albicans (CA) infections often arise from the intestine and cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. The role of gut commensal microbiota, metabolites, and host factors in the regulation of CA colonization in the intestine is poorly understood. Previous findings from our lab indicate that taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid present in the intestine, promotes CA colonization and dissemination. Here, we report that oral administration of TCA to CA-infected mice significantly decreased the number of mononuclear phagocytes and CD4+ IL17A+ T helper 17 cells that play a critical role in controlling CA in the intestine. Collectively, our results indicate that TCA modulates mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses to promote CA colonization in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Datta
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (A.D.); (J.F.H.-F.); (H.H.)
| | - Juan F. Hernandez-Franco
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (A.D.); (J.F.H.-F.); (H.H.)
| | - Sungtae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (S.P.); (M.R.O.)
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (S.P.); (M.R.O.)
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (A.D.); (J.F.H.-F.); (H.H.)
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (A.D.); (J.F.H.-F.); (H.H.)
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-0763
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Thangamani S, Monasky R, Lee JK, Antharam V, HogenEsch H, Hazbun TR, Jin Y, Gu H, Guo GL. Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121030. [PMID: 34947012 PMCID: PMC8708873 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (CA), a commensal and opportunistic eukaryotic organism, frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis is a major risk factor for increased CA colonization and dissemination from the GI tract. We identified a significant increase of taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid in antibiotic-treated mice susceptible to CA infection. In vivo findings indicate that administration of TCA through drinking water is sufficient to induce colonization and dissemination of CA in wild-type and immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with TCA significantly reduced mRNA expression of immune genes ang4 and Cxcr3 in the colon. In addition, TCA significantly decreased the relative abundance of three culturable species of commensal bacteria, Turicibacter sanguinis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Clostridium celatum, in both cecal contents and mucosal scrapings from the colon. Taken together, our results indicate that TCA promotes fungal colonization and dissemination of CA from the GI tract by controlling the host defense system and intestinal microbiota that play a critical role in regulating CA in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-0763
| | - Ross Monasky
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jung Keun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Vijay Antharam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC 28311, USA;
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tony R. Hazbun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Yan Jin
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.)
- Center for Translational Science, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 33199, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Earnest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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Gutierrez D, Weinstock A, Antharam VC, Gu H, Jasbi P, Shi X, Dirks B, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Maldonado J, Guinan J, Thangamani S. Antibiotic-induced gut metabolome and microbiome alterations increase the susceptibility to Candida albicans colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5643884. [PMID: 31769789 PMCID: PMC6934136 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced alterations in the gut ecosystem increases the susceptibility to Candida albicans, yet the mechanisms involved remains poorly understood. Here we show that mice treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic cefoperazone promoted the growth, morphogenesis and gastrointestinal (GI) colonization of C. albicans. Using metabolomics, we revealed that the cecal metabolic environment of the mice treated with cefoperazone showed a significant alteration in intestinal metabolites. Levels of carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and primary bile acids increased, whereas carboxylic acids and secondary bile acids decreased in antibiotic treated mice susceptible to C. albicans. Furthermore, using in-vitro assays, we confirmed that carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and primary bile acids promote, whereas carboxylic acids and secondary bile acids inhibit the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans. In addition, in this study we report changes in the levels of gut metabolites correlated with shifts in the gut microbiota. Taken together, our in-vivo and in-vitro results indicate that cefoperazone-induced metabolome and microbiome alterations favor the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans, and potentially play an important role in the GI colonization of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gutierrez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Anthony Weinstock
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Vijay C Antharam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Human Development, Methodist University, 5400 Ramsey St, Fayetteville, NC 28311, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Blake Dirks
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85280, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85280, USA.,School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Juan Maldonado
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jack Guinan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave. Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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Does the use of antifungal agents in agriculture and food foster polyene resistance development? A reason for concern. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 13:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Candida glabrata intra-abdominal candidiasis is characterized by persistence within the peritoneal cavity and abscesses. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3015-22. [PMID: 24799629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00062-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Candida glabrata infections is poorly understood. We studied the pathogenesis of intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) in mice that were infected intraperitoneally with C. glabrata and sterile feces. C. glabrata BG2 (5 × 10(8) CFU) caused a 100% mortality rate. Sublethal inocula of BG2 (1 × 10(8) or 1 × 10(7) CFU) caused peritonitis that progressed to abscesses. Three clinical C. glabrata strains (5 × 10(8) CFU) caused 80 to 100% mortality rates, while a fourth (strain 346) caused a 29% mortality rate. Following sublethal inocula (1 × 10(7) CFU), the intra-abscess burdens of virulent strain 356 were ∼1 log greater than those of strain 346. A C. glabrata Δplb1-2 mutant (phospholipase B genes disrupted) killed mice as well as BG2 did. When sublethal inocula were used, however, the Δplb1-2 mutant was associated with more rapid abscess resolution and lower intra-abscess burdens; these findings were reversed by PLB1 and PLB2 reinsertion. The Δplb1-2 mutant was also more susceptible than BG2 to killing by human neutrophils in vitro. BG2 and the Δplb1-2 mutant were indistinguishable during hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. C. albicans SC5314 was more virulent than C. glabrata BG2 during IAC, causing a 100% mortality rate following a challenge with 5 × 10(7) CFU. In contrast, a sublethal inoculum (1 × 10(7) CFU) of BG2 caused less neutrophil infiltration and greater burdens in peritoneal fluid than SC5314 did and abscesses that persisted longer and contained greater burdens. In conclusion, a mouse model of C. glabrata IAC mimics disease in humans and distinguishes the relative virulence of clinical and gene disruption strains. C. glabrata differed from C. albicans during IAC by being less lethal and eliciting dampened neutrophil responses but resulting in more persistent peritonitis and abscesses.
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Study of fungal isolates in patients with chronic diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital in north India. J Mycol Med 2013; 23:21-6. [PMID: 23375861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of isolation and antifungal susceptibility profile of various opportunistic yeasts in faeces of patients with chronic diarrhea. PATIENTS The study included 120 patients who received the consultation and treatment for the complaints of chronic diarrhea for a period of more than 15 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS The microscopy of samples of stool was followed by the culture on Sabourauds-dextrose agar. Isolate were tried for their sensitivity to fluconazole, flucytosine, amphotericin B and voriconazole. RESULTS The significant growth of fungal organism was seen in 32 (26.7%) stool specimen. These fungal isolates include five (15.6%) of C. albicans, 14 (43.8%) of C. tropicalis, five (15.6%) of C. krusei, two (6.3%) of C. famata, two (6.3%) of C. parapsilosis isolates and one isolate each of C. lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii, Stephanoascus ciferri and Trichosporon asahii (3.1% each). Most of the yeast isolates (65.6%) were found to be sensitive to all four antifungal agents i.e., fluconazole, flucytosine, amphotericin B and voriconazole. The highest resistance was seen against fluconazole in 10 (31.3%) isolates followed by flucytosine in eight (25%) isolates. No resistance to voriconazole was observed in any of the isolates. The resistance to the antifungal agents was higher among the other species of Candida compared to C. albicans. CONCLUSION The study could establish the relation between the opportunistic yeasts and chronic diarrhea and gives information on the antifungal sensitivity profile of the isolated yeasts.
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Gorkiewicz G. Nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by organisms other than Clostridium difficile. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33 Suppl 1:S37-41. [PMID: 19303568 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(09)70015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cases of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are caused by alteration of the physiological gut microflora. This alteration leads to reduced microbial metabolism of carbohydrates and primary bile acids, resulting in osmotic or secretory forms of diarrhoea. Moreover, facultative enteropathogens may experience a growth advantage due to the antibiotic-induced microflora alteration that, in turn, can harm the gut mucosa by the toxins they produce. Clostridium difficile is the major infectious agent leading to pseudomembranous colitis. However, there is increasing evidence that certain other pathogens such as enterotoxin-producing Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella oxytoca can induce mucosal deterioration and diarrhoea after antibiotic use. But, as with C. difficile, these facultative enteropathogens can also be found in the healthy population. Their contribution to disease is, therefore, controversial and their presence in the stools of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea patients is often claimed to be mere colonisation. In this respect, the causal relationship of each suspected pathogen with the development of intestinal disease has to be proved clinically and experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
The role of Candida in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) has been controversial for many years. Since Candida exists physiologically in the gastrointestinal tract, the presence of small numbers of Candida organisms in stool has therefore been considered normal, and thus non-pathogenic. Increased Candida counts have been linked to the development of diarrhoea in antibiotic-treated patients. However, recent findings have not confirmed this. To date, there is no convincing evidence that Candida may cause AAD in adults.
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