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Nualnoi T, Lomlim L, Naorungroj S. Accuracy of rapid lateral flow immunoassays for human leptospirosis diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012174. [PMID: 38748731 PMCID: PMC11132494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, several rapid lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis were developed and commercialized. However, the accuracy and reliability of these LFIs are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of leptospirosis LFIs as well as the factors affecting the test efficiency using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Original articles reporting the accuracy of human leptospirosis LFIs against microagglutination tests (MAT) or immunofluorescent assays (IFA) were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, and selected as per pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 49 data entries extracted from 24 eligible records published between 2003 and 2023 were included for meta-analysis. A meta-analysis was performed using STATA. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the revised QUADAS-2. Only nine studies (32.1%) were considered to have a low risk of bias and no concern for applicability. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 68% (95% confidence interval, CI: 57-78) and 93% (95% CI: 90-95), respectively. However, the ranges of sensitivity (3.6 - 100%) and specificity (53.5 - 100%) of individual entries are dramatically broad, possibly due to the heterogeneity found in both study designs and LFIs themselves. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that IgM detection has better sensitivity than detection of IgG alone. Moreover, the test performance seems to be unaffected by samples from different phases of infection. CONCLUSIONS The pooled specificity of LFIs observed is somewhat acceptable, but the pooled sensitivity is low. These results, however, must be interpreted with caution because of substantial heterogeneity. Further evaluations of the LFIs with well-standardized design and reference test will be needed for a greater understanding of the test performance. Additionally, IgM detection type should be employed when leptospirosis LFIs are developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center (DDSEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Luelak Lomlim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Naorungroj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Campos HDS, Silva EDD, Lima GSD, Resende RDO, Burth P. Leptospira interrogans insoluble fraction as a potential antigen source for lateral flow immunochromatography. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220265. [PMID: 37194802 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis that affects humans and animals. Immunochromatography rapid test is widely used for early diagnosis of leptospirosis, but with low sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate Leptospira interrogans insoluble fraction as a potential antigen source for lateral flow immunochromatography. METHODS Insoluble fraction derived from the crude bacterial extract was obtained by serial centrifugation. The polypeptide profile was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Immune reactivity of this fraction was assessed by Western Blotting and lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI). It was tested 160 microagglutination test (MAT)-positive sera from patients in the acute phase, 100 MAT-negative sera from patients with acute febrile illness, and 45 patients with other infectious diseases. FINDINGS There was a predominance of low molecular mass-polypeptide bands, ranging from 2 to 37 kDa. The antibody reactivity of theses polypeptides was found to range from 13-50%, especially between 10 and 38 kDa. Among MAT-positive sera of patients with leptospirosis in the acute phase, 97% were also positive in LFI, indicating high sensitivity. Among MAT-negative sera, all were negative in LFI, indicating high specificity. Only 2% of cross-reactivity was detected. CONCLUSION The insoluble fraction can be a valuable antigen source for development of point-of-care diagnosis test for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevandro de Souza Campos
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rafael de Oliveira Resende
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação, Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Patricia Burth
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Clemente BM, Pineda-Cortel MR, Villaflores O. Evaluating immunochromatographic test kits for diagnosis of acute human leptospirosis: A systematic review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yalley AK, Ahiatrogah S, Kafintu-Kwashie AA, Amegatcher G, Prah D, Botwe AK, Adusei-Poku MA, Obodai E, Nii-Trebi NI. A Systematic Review on Suitability of Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis and Research into Infectious Diseases of Concern in Resource-Limited Settings. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4367-4385. [PMID: 36286015 PMCID: PMC9601131 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases significantly impact the health status of developing countries. Historically, infectious diseases of the tropics especially have received insufficient attention in worldwide public health initiatives, resulting in poor preventive and treatment options. Many molecular tests for human infections have been established since the 1980s, when polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was introduced. In spite of the substantial innovative advancements in PCR technology, which currently has found wide application in most viral pathogens of global concern, the development and application of molecular diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings, poses potential constraints. This review accessed data from sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, the Web of Knowledge, as well as reports from the World Health Organization’s Annual Meeting on infectious diseases and examined these for current molecular approaches used to identify, monitor, or investigate some neglected tropical infectious diseases. This review noted some growth efforts in the development of molecular techniques for diagnosis of pathogens that appear to be common in resource limited settings and identified gaps in the availability and applicability of most of these molecular diagnostics, which need to be addressed if the One Health goal is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua K. Yalley
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box KB 143, Ghana
| | - Selasie Ahiatrogah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.O. Box 22133, Nigeria
| | - Anna A. Kafintu-Kwashie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra GA-221-1570, Ghana
| | - Gloria Amegatcher
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box KB 143, Ghana
| | - Diana Prah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Akua K. Botwe
- Molecular Biology Unit, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo P.O. Box 200, Ghana
| | - Mildred A. Adusei-Poku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra GA-221-1570, Ghana
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana
| | - Nicholas I. Nii-Trebi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box KB 143, Ghana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-54-827-6424
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Pinto GV, Kuppusamy S, Rai P, Kabekkodu SP, Karunasagar I, Kumar BK. Current methods for the diagnosis of leptospirosis: Issues and challenges. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 195:106438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fortes-Gabriel E, Guedes MS, Shetty A, Gomes CK, Carreira T, Vieira ML, Esteves L, Mota-Vieira L, Gomes-Solecki M. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis: specific IgG3/IgG1 isotyping may further inform diagnosis of acute disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010241. [PMID: 35196321 PMCID: PMC8901056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The laborious microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the gold standard serologic test for laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. We developed EIA based serologic assays using recombinant proteins (rLigA, rLigB, rLipL32) and whole-cell extracts from eight Leptospira serovars as antigen and assessed the diagnostic performance of the new assay within each class, against MAT positive (MAT+) human sera panels from Portugal/PT (n = 143) and Angola/AO (n = 100). We found that a combination of recombinant proteins rLigA, rLigB and rLipL32 correctly identified antigen-specific IgG from patients with clinical and laboratory confirmed leptospirosis (MAT+) with 92% sensitivity and ~ 97% specificity (AUC 0.974) in serum from the provinces of Luanda (LDA) and Huambo (HBO) in Angola. A combination of whole cell extracts of L. interrogans sv Copenhageni (LiC), L. kirschneri Mozdok (LkM), L. borgpetersenii Arborea (LbA) and L. biflexa Patoc (LbP) accurately identified patients with clinical and laboratory confirmed leptospirosis (MAT+) with 100% sensitivity and ~ 98% specificity for all provinces of Angola and Portugal (AUC: 0.997 for AO/LDA/HBO, 1.000 for AO/HLA, 0.999 for PT/AZ and 1.000 for PT/LIS). Interestingly, we found that MAT+ IgG+ serum from Angola had a significantly higher presence of IgD and that IgG3/IgG1 isotypes were significantly increased in the MAT+ IgG+ serum from Portugal. Given that IgM/IgD class and IgG3/IgG1 specific isotypes are produced in the earliest course of infection, immunoglobulin G isotyping may be used to inform diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. The speed, ease of use and accuracy of EIA tests make them excellent alternatives to the laborious and expensive MAT for screening acute infection in areas where circulating serovars of pathogenic Leptospira are well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Fortes-Gabriel
- Instituto Superior Técnico Militar—Estado Maior General das Forças Armadas Angolanas, Luanda, Angola,Immuno Technologies Inc, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Advait Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences—University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Teresa Carreira
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical—Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Vieira
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical—Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lisa Esteves
- Molecular Genetics and Pathlogy Unit—Hospital do Divino Espírito Santo de Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island—Azores, Portugal
| | - Luísa Mota-Vieira
- Molecular Genetics and Pathlogy Unit—Hospital do Divino Espírito Santo de Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island—Azores, Portugal,Azores Genetics Research Group—Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Immuno Technologies Inc, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences—University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America,* E-mail:
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Spectral image contrast-based flow digital nanoplasmon-metry for ultrasensitive antibody detection. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:6. [PMID: 34983543 PMCID: PMC8724237 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used in local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) immunoassays for biomolecule sensing, which is primarily based on two conventional methods: absorption spectra analysis and colorimetry. The low figure of merit (FoM) of the LSPR and high-concentration AuNP requirement restrict their limit of detection (LOD), which is approximately ng to μg mL−1 in antibody detection if there is no other signal or analyte amplification. Improvements in sensitivity have been slow in recent for a long time, and pushing the boundary of the current LOD is a great challenge of current LSPR immunoassays in biosensing. Results In this work, we developed spectral image contrast-based flow digital nanoplasmon-metry (Flow DiNM) to push the LOD boundary. Comparing the scattering image brightness of AuNPs in two neighboring wavelength bands near the LSPR peak, the peak shift signal is strongly amplified and quickly detected. Introducing digital analysis, the Flow DiNM provides an ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio and has a lower sample volume requirement. Compared to the conventional analog LSPR immunoassay, Flow DiNM for anti-BSA detection in pure samples has an LOD as low as 1 pg mL−1 within only a 15-min detection time and 500 μL sample volume. Antibody assays against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in artificial saliva that contained various proteins were also conducted to validate the detection of Flow DiNM in complicated samples. Flow DiNM shows significant discrimination in detection with an LOD of 10 pg mL−1 and a broad dynamic detection range of five orders of magnitude. Conclusion Together with the quick readout time and simple operation, this work clearly demonstrated the high sensitivity and selectivity of the developed Flow DiNM in rapid antibody detection. Spectral image contrast and digital analysis further provide a new generation of LSPR immunoassay with AuNPs. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01188-6.
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Senthilkumar K, Ravikumar G. Lateral flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:7-11. [PMID: 35782352 PMCID: PMC9238931 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.41151.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is considered to be an economically important disease in bovine. The disease burden is not appropriately monitored due to cumbersome serological tests that could be performed only in established laboratories. This warrants the development of a field level rapid diagnostic test. Aims The study aimed to develop a lateral flow assay (LFA)-based pen-side diagnostic test to detect antibodies to Leptospira. Methods LFA strip was prepared with the heat extracted antigen from L. interrogans serovar Pomona. To assess the performance of the developed LFA, a total of 300 bovine serum samples with their clinical histories were used and the initial screening for Leptospira antibodies was performed by the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The sensitivity, specificity, and agreement (kappa value) were calculated between developed LFA and MAT. The stability of LFA was evaluated on days 30, 60, 90, and 120. Results Out of 300 samples tested, 225 were positive, and 75 were negative on MAT and 208 were positive, and 92 were negative on LFA. The developed LFA had a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 94.7%. The results of the assay were substantially in agreement with MAT, with a kappa value of 0.79. The LFA strips were stable for 120 days at 4°C. Conclusion A Lateral flow assay-based rapid pen-side test was developed and its utility to diagnose bovine leptospirosis was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Senthilkumar
- Correspondence: K. Senthilkumar, Zoonoses Research Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
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Lira-Amaya JJ, Martínez-García G, Santamaria-Espinosa RM, Castañeda-Arriola RO, Ojeda-Carrasco JJ, Ávila-Ramírez G, Figueroa-Millán JV. Comparative Study of Indirect Fluorescent Antibody, ELISA, and Immunochromatography Tests for Serological Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis Caused by Babesia bovis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123358. [PMID: 34944137 PMCID: PMC8698033 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently serological diagnosis of bovine babesiosis is based on the detection of Babesia-specific antibodies (immunoglobulin-G). Antibody detection is commonly used in seroepidemiological studies or in the assessment of antibabesial antibody titers after cattle vaccination. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most widely used diagnostic tests, although there their implementation has some drawbacks, principally due to the requirements for trained personnel, specific materials, and special laboratory equipment. This study compared a newly designed rapid immunochromatography test (ICT), which has been reported recently and used for Babesia bovis-specific antibody detection with promising results, with an in-house ELISA for the serological diagnosis of cattle exposed to B. bovis (Babesia bovis) in Mexico. Higher sensitivity and specificity values were found by ICT, proving its effectiveness over ELISA. ICT also had better concordance than ELISA when IFAT was used as the “gold standard”. The rapid ICT was shown to have diagnostic utility for the detection of antibodies against B. bovis and could be used as a field test in Mexico due to its practicality, as it does not need laboratory equipment for implementation and interpretation of results. Abstract The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) is the most frequently used test to conduct seroepidemiological studies so far, and it is regarded as the "gold standard" test for the serological diagnosis of bovine babesiosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the rapid immunochromatography test (ICT) for use in the serological diagnosis of cattle exposed to B. bovis in Mexico. The evaluation of test performance was carried out with 30 positive and 30 negative reference sera. A total of 72 bovine sera samples collected from cattle in a region with endemic bovine babesiosis were analyzed by ELISA and ICT, and the results were compared with those of IFAT. Kappa value (k) was also calculated to determine the agreement between tests. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for detecting antibodies against B. bovis were 87% (26/30) and 80% (24/30), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ICT for detecting antibodies against B. bovis were 90% (27/30) and 83.3% (25/30), respectively. The overall concordance determined for ELISA and ICT was 94.4% (68/72) and 98.6% (71/72), respectively, when the results were compared with those of IFAT. ICT was more sensitive and specific in this comparative study, showing good strength of agreement (k = 0.79) with respect to IFAT. ICT combines a strip-based assay system that is fast, practical, and sensitive for detection of antibodies to B. bovis, which suggests that it could be applied in the field without requiring any laboratory equipment for its use and interpretation of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan Lira-Amaya
- Babesia Laboratory Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (J.J.L.-A.); (G.M.-G.); (R.M.S.-E.)
| | - Grecia Martínez-García
- Babesia Laboratory Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (J.J.L.-A.); (G.M.-G.); (R.M.S.-E.)
| | - R. Montserrat Santamaria-Espinosa
- Babesia Laboratory Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (J.J.L.-A.); (G.M.-G.); (R.M.S.-E.)
| | - Roberto O. Castañeda-Arriola
- La Posta Experimental Field, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Veracruz-Cordoba Km. 22.5, Paso del Toro, Medellin 94277, Mexico;
| | - Juan J. Ojeda-Carrasco
- UAEM University Center Amecameca, Autonomous University Mexico State, Carr. Amecameca-Ayapango Km. 2.5, Amecameca 56900, Mexico;
| | - Guillermina Ávila-Ramírez
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar 411A, Copilco Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Julio V. Figueroa-Millán
- Babesia Laboratory Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (J.J.L.-A.); (G.M.-G.); (R.M.S.-E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-777-320-5544
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Regional Prevalence of Intermediate Leptospira spp. in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080943. [PMID: 34451407 PMCID: PMC8398916 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial diseases caused by pathogenic Leptospira. There are broad clinical manifestations due to varied pathogenicity of Leptospira spp., which can be classified into three clusters such as pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic. Intermediate Leptospira spp. can either be pathogenic or non-pathogenic and they have been reported to cause mild to severe forms of leptospirosis in several studies, contributing to the disease burden. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of intermediate Leptospira spp. in humans using meta-analysis with region-wise stratification. The articles were searched from three databases which include PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Seven studies were included consisting of two regions based on United Nations geo-scheme regions, among 469 records identified. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan software. The overall prevalence estimate of intermediate Leptospira spp. in humans was 86% and the pooled prevalences were 96% and 17% for the American and Asia regions, respectively. The data also revealed that Leptospira wolffii was the most predominantly found compared to the other intermediate species identified from the included studies, which were Leptospira inadai and Leptospira broomii. The estimated prevalence data from this study could be used to develop better control and intervention strategies in combating human leptospirosis.
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A Study of Leptospirosis Epidemiology in Iran and Diagnostic Techniques for Human, Livestock and Environment Samples. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.14.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Alamuri A, Kumar KV, SowjanyaKumari S, Linshamol L, Sridevi R, Nagalingam M, Roy P, Balamurugan V. Expression of Recombinant Leptospiral Surface Lipoprotein-Lsa27 in E. coli and Its Evaluation for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Leptospirosis by Latex Agglutination Test. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:598-610. [PMID: 33006126 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The expressed recombinant leptospiral surface adhesion lipoprotein (Lsa27) of pathogenic Leptospira in E. coli was evaluated for the detection of Leptospira antibodies in cattle sera by latex agglutination test (LAT). The Lsa27 lacking signal peptide coding gene sequences from L. interrogans serovar Pomona was amplified (~ 660 bp) by PCR and the amplicon was cloned into pETiteN-HisKan vector. The expressed recombinant Lsa27 histidine-tagged fusion protein (rLsa27) was Ni-NTA affinity purified under denaturation followed by renaturation methods. The purified rLsa27 was characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot, which confirmed the leptospiral protein with a MW of ~ 25 kDa. Further, the prepared sensitized latex beads coated with rLsa27 were evaluated as a diagnostic antigen for detection of pathogenic Leptospira antibodies by using known microscopic agglutination test (MAT) positive (n = 74) and negative (n = 62) sera for Leptospira antibodies in LAT, which revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 91.89% and specificity of 87.10% against the gold standard serological test, MAT. Furthermore, on evaluation of developed rLsa27 LAT using serum samples from cattle associated with the history of abortions and reproductive disorder (n = 309), the relative sensitivity of 96.15%, and specificity of 89.11% were observed. Therefore, this rapid field test using the rLsa27 is first of its kind and it could be used as a screening test for the detection of Leptospira antibodies or it can be complemented by other diagnostics for the diagnosis /surveillance of bovine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India.,Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - L Linshamol
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - R Sridevi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India.
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13
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Lin JH, Sung WC, Liao JW, Hung DZ. A Rapid and International Applicable Diagnostic Device for Cobra (Genus Naja) Snakebites. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090572. [PMID: 32899472 PMCID: PMC7551368 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobra snakes (genus Naja) are some of the most dangerous snake species in Asia and Africa, as their bites cause severe life-threatening respiratory failure and local tissue destruction, especially in the case of late diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of snakebite envenomation still mainly relies upon symptomatology, the patient’s description, and the experience of physicians. We have designed a rapid test, immunochromatographic test of cobra (ICT-Cobra), which obtained fair results in improving the diagnosis and treatment of Naja (N.) atra snakebites in Taiwan. In this study, we further investigated the feasibility of applying the kit for the detection of other cobra venoms based on the potential interspecies similarity. We firstly demonstrated the cross-reactivity between eight venoms of medically important cobra species and the rabbit anti-N. atra IgG that was used in ICT-Cobra by Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, ICT-Cobra was used to detect various concentrations of the eight venoms to elucidate its performance. Noticeable correlations between the cross-reactivity of venoms from genus Naja snakes and existing geographical characteristics were found. ICT-Cobra could detect venoms from other Asian cobras with variable detection limits comparable to those observed for N. atra, but the kit was less successful in the detection of venom from African cobras. The similar but slightly different venom components and the interaction between venom and rabbit anti-N. atra IgG led to variations in the detection limits. The transcontinental usage of ICT-Cobra might be possible due to the cross-reactivity of antibodies and similarities among the larger-sized proteins. This study showed that the close immunological relationships in the genus Naja could be used to develop a venom detection kit for the diagnosis of cobra envenomation in both Asian and African regions. Additional clinical studies and technical adjustments are still needed to improve the efficacy and broadening the application of ICT-Cobra in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Wang-Chou Sung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (D.-Z.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2284-0894 (J.-W.L.); +886-4-2205-2121 (D.-Z.H.)
| | - Dong-Zong Hung
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (D.-Z.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2284-0894 (J.-W.L.); +886-4-2205-2121 (D.-Z.H.)
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14
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Agrawal A, Varshney R, Gattani A, Kirthika P, Khan MH, Singh R, Kodape S, Patel SK, Singh P. Gold nanoparticle based immunochromatographic biosensor for rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using recombinant protein. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106024. [PMID: 32795639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly infectious and obvious withstand ability of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) to environment as well as lack of on-site field diagnostic methods notably hampers the paratuberculosis (PTB) control. The existing intricacy, time-consuming and complicated diagnostic methods of PTB accentuate the development of novel and easy-to-perform on-site test. A gold nanoparticle (GNP) based lateral-flow assay (LFA) using MAP recombinant protein (44 kDa) has been developed for sensitive and specific detection of PTB in field conditions. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the LFA for MAP specific antibodies was found approximately 84.2% and 83.3% in comparison to indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Consequently, the newly developed GNP based LFA offers on-site and cost-effective method for the prompt diagnosis of PTB and precludes the time-consuming laboratory screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Agrawal
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, FVAS, IAS, RGSC, BHU, Barkachha, Mirzapur UP-231001, India.
| | - Anil Gattani
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India; Department of Veterinary biochemistry, Bihar veterinary college, Patna 800014, India.
| | - P Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | - Mahvash Hira Khan
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | - Shantanu Kodape
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | | | - Praveen Singh
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
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15
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Jiang N, Ahmed R, Damayantharan M, Ünal B, Butt H, Yetisen AK. Lateral and Vertical Flow Assays for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900244. [PMID: 31081270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) have been the pillar of rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics due to their simplicity, rapid process, and low cost. Recent advances in sensitivity, selectivity, and chemical stability enhancement have ensured the foothold of LFAs in commercial POC diagnostics. This paper reviews recent developments in labeling strategies and detection methods of LFAs. Moreover, vertical flow assays (VFAs) have emerged as an alternate paper-based assay due to faster detection time and unique multiplexing capabilities. Smartphones as LFA readers have been transformed into a universal integrated platform for imaging, data processing, and storage, providing quantitative results in low-resource settings. Commercial LFAs and VFAs products are evaluated with regards to their performance, market trends, and regulatory issues. The future outlook of the flow-based assays for POC diagnostics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- School of MedicineStanford University Palo Alto CA 94304 USA
| | - Mylon Damayantharan
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Barış Ünal
- Triton Systems Inc. 200 Turnpike Rd. Chelmsford MA 01824 USA
| | - Haider Butt
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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16
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Joung HA, Ballard ZS, Ma A, Tseng DK, Teshome H, Burakowski S, Garner OB, Di Carlo D, Ozcan A. Paper-based multiplexed vertical flow assay for point-of-care testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1027-1034. [PMID: 30729974 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multiplexed point-of-care immunodiagnostic assay for antibody detection in human sera made through the vertical stacking of functional paper layers. In this multiplexed vertical flow immunodiagnostic assay (xVFA), a colorimetric signal is generated by gold nanoparticles captured on a spatially-multiplexed sensing membrane containing specific antigens. The assay is completed in 20 minutes, following which the sensing membrane is imaged by a cost-effective mobile-phone reader. The images are sent to a server, where the results are rapidly analyzed and relayed back to the user. The performance of the assay was evaluated by measuring Lyme-specific antibodies in human sera as model target antibodies. The presented platform is rapid, simple, inexpensive, and allows for simultaneous and quantitative measurement of multiple antibodies and/or antigens making it a suitable point-of-care platform for disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyou-Arm Joung
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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17
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Maze MJ, Sharples KJ, Allan KJ, Rubach MP, Crump JA. Diagnostic accuracy of leptospirosis whole-cell lateral flow assays: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:437-444. [PMID: 30472422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is under-diagnosed by clinicians in many high-incidence countries, because reference diagnostic tests are largely unavailable. Lateral flow assays (LFA) that use antigen derived from heat-treated whole cell Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc have the potential to improve leptospirosis diagnosis in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVES We sought to summarize estimates of sensitivity and specificity of LFA by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of evaluations of the accuracy of LFA to diagnose human leptospirosis. DATA SOURCES On 4 July 2017 we searched three medical databases. Study eligibility criteriaArticles were included if they were a study of LFA sensitivity and specificity. PARTICIPANTS Patients with suspected leptospirosis. INTERVENTIONS Nil. METHODS For included articles, we assessed study quality, characteristics of participants and diagnostic testing methods. We estimated sensitivity and specificity for each study against the study-defined case definition as the reference standard, and performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects bivariate model. RESULTS Our search identified 225 unique reports, of which we included nine (4%) published reports containing 11 studies. We classified one (9%) study as high quality. Nine (82%) studies used reference tests with considerable risk of misclassification. Our pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity were 79% (95% CI 70%-86%) and 92% (95% CI 85%-96%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS As the evidence base for determining the accuracy of LFA is small and at risk of bias, pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity should be interpreted with caution. Further studies should use either reference tests with high sensitivity and specificity or statistical techniques that account for an imperfect reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - K J Sharples
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K J Allan
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M P Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - J A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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18
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Chen HW, Lukas H, Becker K, Weissenberger G, Halsey ES, Guevara C, Canal E, Hall E, Maves RC, Tilley DH, Kuo L, Kochel TJ, Ching WM. An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for the Detection of Leptospira-Specific Antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:266-274. [PMID: 29943710 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide endemicity and continues to be a significant public health burden on resource-limited populations. Previously, we produced three highly purified recombinant antigens (rLipL32, rLipL41, and rLigA-Rep) and evaluated their performance of detecting Leptospira-specific antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as compared with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The overall sensitivity of this assay approached 90%. Recently, another recombinant antigen (rLigB-Rep) was prepared. We tested each individual antigen and a 1:1:1:1 mixture of these four antigens for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in ELISA. The performance of these recombinant antigens was evaluated with a much larger febrile patient panel (337 MAT-confirmed positive sera and 92 MAT-negative sera from febrile patients). Combining the detection results of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G from these four individual antigens, the overall sensitivity was close to 90% but the specificity was only 66%, based on the MAT reference method. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the four-antigen mixture were 82% and 86%, respectively. The mixture of four antigens also exhibited a broader reactivity with MAT-positive samples of 18 serovars from six major pathogenic Leptospira species. Given the limitations of MAT, the data were further analyzed by Bayesian latent class model, showing that ELISA using a 1:1:1:1 mixture still maintained high sensitivity (79%) and specificity (88%) as compared with the sensitivity (90%) and specificity (83%) of MAT. Therefore, ELISA using a mixture of these four antigens could be a very useful test for seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Chen
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Heather Lukas
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kira Becker
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Hall
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.,Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Lynn Kuo
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Wei-Mei Ching
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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19
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Prospective evaluation of rapid point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs. Vet J 2018; 237:37-42. [PMID: 30089543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of acute leptospirosis is still a major challenge in dogs. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the suitability of two in-clinic tests detecting anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies in diagnosing canine leptospirosis. The performances of the two rapid tests were compared to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) carried out on acute sera and to diagnostic criteria adopted in this study to confirm leptospirosis infection (MAT upon admission, convalescent MAT and quantitative real-time PCR on blood and/or urine). The dogs were enrolled on the basis of reported exposure to known risk factors and clinical presentation (acute kidney injury and/or systemic inflammatory response syndrome with multi-organ damage). Eighty-nine dogs included in the study were sub-grouped on the basis of the results of the diagnostic criteria adopted: (1) confirmed leptospirosis cases (42/89 dogs); (2) negative leptospirosis cases (36/89 dogs); and (3) unconfirmed leptospirosis cases (11/89 dogs). The results supported the usefulness of the two rapid diagnostic tests as a first in-clinic screening tool for suspected leptospirosis; positive results in the in-clinic tests in dogs with suggestive clinical and laboratory signs strongly indicated acute leptospirosis, while negative results required additional diagnostic investigation to exclude the infection. Confirmatory tests recommended for canine leptospirosis are still necessary in addition to the use of rapid in-clinic tests.
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20
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Banerjee R, Jaiswal A. Recent advances in nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for infectious agents and diseases. Analyst 2018; 143:1970-1996. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in lateral flow immunoassay-based devices as a point-of-care analytical tool for the detection of infectious diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruptanu Banerjee
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi-175005
- India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi-175005
- India
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21
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Doungchawee G, Sutdan D, Niwatayakul K, Inwisai T, Sitthipunya A, Boonsathorn N, Sakulterdkiat T, Sirawaraporn W, Thongboonkerd V. Development and evaluation of an immunochromatographic assay to detect serum anti-leptospiral lipopolysaccharide IgM in acute leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2309. [PMID: 28536483 PMCID: PMC5442160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common life-threatening disease worldwide. However, its diagnosis is frequently ineffective because the gold standard bacterial culture and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) are usually positive 1-2 weeks after the disease onset. We thus developed an immunochromatographic assay (LEPkit) to detect serum anti-leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) IgM for rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Using referenced sera of 77 leptospirosis and 91 non-leptospirosis cases, LEPkit yielded 97.4% sensitivity, 94.5% specificity, 93.8 positive predictive value (PPV), 97.7% negative predictive value (NPV), and 95.8% accuracy. The stability of this kit stored for up to 18 months and its reproducibility were confirmed. Testing in 74 new cases using samples at admission-phase and subsequent paired samples (total n = 135), overall sensitivity was 98.5%, whereas that of culture and single MAT (≥1:400) was 15.6% and 35.6%, respectively. When only the samples at admission-phase were used (n = 74), the sensitivity remained at 98.7%, whereas that of culture and single MAT (≥1:400) was 28.4% and 13.5%, respectively. In summary, our LEPkit was far more effective than any conventional methods for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis, especially within the first few days after the disease onset. The ease of use, stability and reproducibility further enhance its feasibility for clinical use on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galayanee Doungchawee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Tasanee Inwisai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Athisri Sitthipunya
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Worachart Sirawaraporn
- Center of Excellence for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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22
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Abstract
Clinical and environmental analyses frequently necessitate rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care or field tests. These semiquantitative tests may be later followed up by confirmatory laboratory-based assays, but provide an initial scenario assessment important for resource mobilization and threat confinement. Lateral-flow assays (LFAs) and dip-stick assays, which are typically antibody-based and yield a visually detectable signal, provide an assay format suiting these applications extremely well. Signal generation is commonly obtained through the use of colloidal gold or latex beads, which yield a colored band either directly proportional or inversely proportional to the concentration of the analyte of interest. Here, dye-encapsulating liposomes as a highly visible alternative are discussed. The semiquantitative LFA biosensor described in this chapter relies on a sandwich immunoassay for the detection of myoglobin in whole blood. After an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) event, several cardiac markers are released into the blood, the most common of which are troponin, creatine kinase MB, C-reactive protein, and myoglobin. Due to its early release, myoglobin has value as an indicator of a recent heart attack amongst conditions which present with similar symptoms and its lack of elevation can effectively rule out a heart attack (Brogan et al., Ann Emerg Med 24:665-671, 1994). The assay described within relies on sandwich complex formation between a membrane immobilized capture monoclonal antibody against myoglobin, a detector biotinylated monoclonal antibody against a different epitope on myoglobin, and streptavidin-conjugated visible dye (sulforhodamine B)-encapsulating liposomes to allow for signal generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Edwards
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ricki Korff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 140 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Urusov AE, Petrakova AV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. "Multistage in one touch" design with a universal labelling conjugate for high-sensitive lateral flow immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:575-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Iwasaki H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Leano PSA, Koizumi N, Nakajima C, Taurustiati D, Hanan F, Lacuesta TL, Ashino Y, Suzuki Y, Gloriani NG, Telan EFO, Hattori T. Combined antibody and DNA detection for early diagnosis of leptospirosis after a disaster. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 84:287-91. [PMID: 26860351 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis based on laboratory confirmation is essential for managing leptospirosis. This study investigated the effectiveness of a novel method of detecting leptospirosis that combines measurement of anti-Leptospira antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunochromatographic test (ICT) and leptospiral DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR in plasma and 2 types of urine pellets. Of 113 suspected cases, 68.1%, 76.1%, and 60.2% were positive by MAT, ELISA, and ICT, respectively. Real-time PCR using DNA purified from urine pellets collected by low-speed centrifugation yielded positive signals for patients in late acute as well as early phase who were positive by LAMP using plasma DNA or urine pellets. Among antibody-negative patients, 9.5% were positive by DNA detection. These findings indicate that the leptospirosis detection rate is increased by combining antibody and DNA detection, providing a new tool for timely diagnosis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Prisca Susan A Leano
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Other STDs, STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Delsi Taurustiati
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Firmanto Hanan
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Ashino
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nina G Gloriani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth Freda O Telan
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Other STDs, STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, Manila, Philippines
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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25
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Anuracpreeda P, Chawengkirttikul R, Sobhon P. Immunodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica Infection Using Monoclonal Antibody-Based Sandwich ELISA and Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Circulating Cathepsin L1 Protease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145650. [PMID: 26731402 PMCID: PMC4701485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica infection is one of the major diseases infecting ruminants in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia including Thailand. Parasitological diagnosis of fasciolosis is often unreliable and possesses low sensitivity. Therefore, the detection of circulating parasite antigens is thought to be a better alternative for diagnosis of fasciolosis, as it reflects the real parasite burden. METHODS In this study, we have produced a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against recombinant F. gigantica cathepsin L1 (rFgCatL1), and developed both sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA) and immunochromatographic (IC) test for rapid detection of circulating cathepsin L1 protease (CatL1) in the sera from mice experimentally and cattle naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica. MoAb 4E3 and biotinylated rabbit anti-recombinant CatL1 antibody were selected due to their high reactivities and specificities. RESULTS The lower detection limits of sandwich ELISA and IC test were 3 pg/ml and 0.256 ng/ml, respectively. Sandwich ELISA and IC test could detect F. gigantica infection from day 1 to 35 post infection. In experimental mice, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 95%, 100% and 98.6% (for sandwich ELISA), and 93%, 100% and 98.2% (for IC test), while in natural cattle they were 98.3%, 100% and 99.5% (for sandwich ELISA), and 96.7%, 100% and 99.1% (for IC test). CONCLUSIONS These two assay methods showed high efficiencies and precisions for diagnosis of fasciolosis by F. gigantica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panat Anuracpreeda
- Division of Agricultural Science, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sajid M, Kawde AN, Daud M. Designs, formats and applications of lateral flow assay: A literature review. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Normal free interleukin-18 (IL-18) plasma levels in dengue virus infection and the need to measure both total IL-18 and IL-18 binding protein levels. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:650-5. [PMID: 25878254 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00147-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes that produce a cytokine storm are assumed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of dengue. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is increased during dengue and known to induce gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which is crucial for dengue immune response. No data are available regarding the balance between IL-18 and its natural inhibitor IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and how they interact within the inflammatory reaction of patients with dengue virus infections. Circulating levels of IL-18; IL-18BP; free, biologically active IL-18; the IL-18-dependent proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ; monocyte-derived cytokines; and ferritin were assessed in adult Indonesian dengue patients (n = 95). Healthy individuals (n = 22) and leptospirosis (n = 19) and enteric fever (n = 6) patients served as controls. Total IL-18 levels were increased during dengue, leptospirosis, and enteric fever compared to healthy controls. However, due to a concurrent increase in IL-18BP levels, biologically active IL-18 levels remained similar in the different phases of dengue and in patients with leptospirosis. Biologically active IL-18 levels were also similar in patients with severe and nonsevere dengue. In conclusion, high total IL-18 and IL-18BP levels concur in dengue virus infections, leptospirosis, and enteric fever. This resulted in unchanged levels of free, biologically active IL-18 in dengue and leptospirosis, which underlines the importance of measuring both IL-18 and IL-18BP when studying the role of IL-18 in diseases.
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially fatal zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. Infection results from direct or indirect exposure to infected reservoir host animals that carry the pathogen in their renal tubules and shed pathogenic leptospires in their urine. Although many wild and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the most important source of human infections. Individuals living in urban slum environments characterized by inadequate sanitation and poor housing are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. The global burden of leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts that favor increases in the number of urban poor in tropical regions subject to worsening storms and urban flooding due to climate change. Data emerging from prospective surveillance studies suggest that most human leptospiral infections in endemic areas are mild or asymptomatic. Development of more severe outcomes likely depends on three factors: epidemiological conditions, host susceptibility, and pathogen virulence (Fig. 1). Mortality increases with age, particularly in patients older than 60 years of age. High levels of bacteremia are associated with poor clinical outcomes and, based on animal model and in vitro studies, are related in part to poor recognition of leptospiral LPS by human TLR4. Patients with severe leptospirosis experience a cytokine storm characterized by high levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. Patients with the HLA DQ6 allele are at higher risk of disease, suggesting a role for lymphocyte stimulation by a leptospiral superantigen. Leptospirosis typically presents as a nonspecific, acute febrile illness characterized by fever, myalgia, and headache and may be confused with other entities such as influenza and dengue fever. Newer diagnostic methods facilitate early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Patients progressing to multisystem organ failure have widespread hematogenous dissemination of pathogens. Nonoliguric (high output) renal dysfunction should be supported with fluids and electrolytes. When oliguric renal failure occurs, prompt initiation of dialysis can be life saving. Elevated bilirubin levels are due to hepatocellular damage and disruption of intercellular junctions between hepatocytes, resulting in leaking of bilirubin out of bile caniliculi. Hemorrhagic complications are common and are associated with coagulation abnormalities. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome due to extensive alveolar hemorrhage has a fatality rate of >50 %. Readers are referred to earlier, excellent summaries related to this subject (Adler and de la Peña-Moctezuma 2010; Bharti et al. 2003; Hartskeerl et al. 2011; Ko et al. 2009; Levett 2001; McBride et al. 2005).
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Fang F, Collins-Emerson JM, Cullum A, Heuer C, Wilson PR, Benschop J. Shedding and seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in sheep and cattle at a New Zealand Abattoir. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:258-68. [PMID: 25043226 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out on sheep and cattle slaughtered at a New Zealand abattoir from September to November 2010 to investigate the supplier-specific shedding rate, renal carriage rate and seroprevalence of leptospires. In the 2008/2009 season, this abattoir experienced three human leptospirosis cases from 20 staff, of which two were hospitalized. Urine, kidney and blood samples were collected from carcasses of 399 sheep (six suppliers, 17 slaughter lines) and 146 cattle (three suppliers, 22 slaughter lines). The urine and kidney samples were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), while serum samples (from coagulated blood samples) were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In total, 27% (73/274; 95% CI: 18-37) of urine samples tested positive by qPCR. Species-specific shedding rates (prevalence of positive urine qPCR) were 31% (95% CI: 17-48) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 14-30) for cattle. For 545 kidney samples tested, 145 were qPCR positive (27%; 95% CI: 17-39). The average prevalence of kidney qPCR positivity was 29% (95% CI: 17-45) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 15-28) for cattle. Three hundred and thirty of 542 sampled sheep and cattle had antibodies against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis (Hardjobovis) and/or Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona (Pomona), based on reciprocal MAT titre ≥1 : 48 (overall seroprevalence of 61%; 95% CI: 48-73). Seroprevalence was 57% (95% CI: 40-72) for sheep and 73% (95% CI: 59-83) for cattle. Among the seropositive animals, 41% (70/170; 95% CI: 30-54) were shedding (tested positive by urine qPCR) and 42% (137/330; 95% CI: 30-54) had renal carriage (tested positive by kidney qPCR). Some risk management options for abattoirs or farms to prevent human leptospirosis infections include vaccination of maintenance hosts, the use of personal protective equipment, and the application of urine qPCR to detect shedding status of stock as surveillance and as an alert.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fang
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab) and Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hung DZ, Lin JH, Mo JF, Huang CF, Liau MY. Rapid diagnosis of Naja atra snakebites. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:187-91. [PMID: 24580058 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.887725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical diagnosis of snakebites is critical and necessary in many parts of the world, especially in Southeastern Asia, where venomous snakebites are a burden on public health. It is difficult to define or recognize the species of venomous snake because of the overlapping clinical manifestations of envenomations. A quick and reliable method for identifying the snake species is necessary. We designed and tested a strip of lateral flow system for the diagnosis of cobra snake bites in Taiwan. METHODS We developed a kit based on an immunochromatographic method for rapid detection of cobra (Naja atra) venom in human serum. The test and control lines composed of 1 mg/ml polyclonal duck antivenom and 0.5 mg/ml goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibody solutions, respectively, were coated on nitrocellulose strips. Colloidal gold was conjugated with rabbit polyclonal anti-cobra venom antibodies. From July 2007 to December 2012, we used the kit to test serum from snakebite patients and to examine the agreement between our rapid test and the currently used sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our kit was able to detect cobra venom in serum samples in 20 minutes with a detection limit of 5 ng/ml. An absence of cross-reactivity with other non-cobra venoms from Taiwan was noted in vitro. A total of 88 snakebite patients (34 cobra and 54 other non-cobra) were tested. The sensitivity of the strips based on the ELISA results was 83.3% and the specificity was 100%. There was a strong agreement between the results of the ELISA and immunochromatographic strips (κ = 0.868). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This data indicates that an immunochromatographic strip might be suitable for cobra venom detection and could be used as a quick diagnostic tool in cases of N. atra snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Hung
- Division of Toxicology, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
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JAHANI Z, MESHGI B, RAJABI-BZL M, JALOUSIAN F, HASHEMINASAB S. Improved serodiagnosis of hydatid cyst disease using gold nanoparticle labeled antigen B in naturally infected sheep. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 9:218-25. [PMID: 25848388 PMCID: PMC4386042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus is a major problem in both humans and domestic animals health. Therefore, a standardized and approachable diagnostic tool (rapid tests) for the serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is still needed. METHODS In the present work, antigen B labeled with gold nanoparticles was used to detect antibodies against hydatid cyst disease. The prepared antigen B was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Tetra chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) was used to produce colloidal gold and antigen B labeled by gold nanoparticles, then it was tested by using rabbits antisera and sera from naturally infected sheep. The labeled antigen B was evaluated using Dot-immunogold staining (Dot-IGS) method. RESULTS Electrophoretic pattern of hydatid cyst fluid showed the quality of bands in the condensed fluid is better than crude fluid. SDS-PAGE analysis cyst fluid and antigen B revealed three specific protein bands that were detected at molecular weights of 24, 30 and 40 kDa that all are the subunits of antigen B. Evaluation of antigen B labeled by gold nanoparticles by using Dot-IGS technique showed 1/1 and 1/50 dilutions in comparison with another has the best immunoreaction. In this method, nanoparticles produced a typical purple color, when they binded to the strip at the site of immunoreaction. CONCLUSION Therefore, using gold nanoparticles is a good candidate for detection of helminthiasis, also as selective tools of early detection, simple and cost-effective, regardless of specific skills and equipment with optimal durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra JAHANI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam MESHGI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masomeh RAJABI-BZL
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh JALOUSIAN
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad HASHEMINASAB
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Antibodies against Mycobacterial proteins as biomarkers for HIV-associated smear-negative tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:791-8. [PMID: 24671553 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00805-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Serology data are limited for patients with sputum smear-negative HIV-associated active tuberculosis (TB). We evaluated the serum antibody responses against the mycobacterial proteins MPT51, MS, and echA1 and the 38-kDa protein via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in South African (S.A.) HIV-positive (HIV(+)) smear-negative TB patients (n = 56), U.S. HIV(+) controls with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST(+); n = 21), and S.A. HIV-negative (HIV(-)) (n = 18) and HIV(+) (n = 24) controls. TB patients had positive antibody reactivity against MPT51 (73%), echA1 (59%), MS (36%), and the 38-kDa protein (11%). Little reactivity against MPT51 and echA1 was observed in control groups at low risk for TB, i.e., S.A. HIV(-) (0% and 6%, respectively), and at moderate risk for TB development, i.e., U.S. HIV(+) TST(+) controls (14% and 10%, respectively). By contrast, more reactivity was detected in the S.A. HIV(+) control group at higher risk for TB (25% and 45%, respectively). Our data hold promise that antibody detection against MPT51 and echA1 might have adjunctive value in the detection of HIV(+) smear-negative TB and might reflect increasing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection activity in asymptomatic HIV(+) individuals.
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Toyokawa T, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N. Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 9:111-21. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen HW, Zhang Z, Halsey ES, Guevara C, Canal E, Hall E, Maves R, Tilley DH, Kochel TJ, Ching WM. Detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:1088-94. [PMID: 24166046 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We produced three highly purified recombinant antigens rLipL32, rLipL41, and rLigA-Rep (leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A repeat region) for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The performance of these recombinant antigens was evaluated using 121 human sera. Among them, 63 sera were microscopic agglutination test (MAT)-confirmed positive sera from febrile patients in Peru, 22 sera were indigenous MAT-negative febrile patient sera, and 36 sera were from patients with other febrile diseases from Southeast Asia, where leptospirosis is also endemic. Combining the results of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG detection from these three antigens, the overall sensitivity is close to 90% based on the MAT. These results suggest that an ELISA using multiple recombinant antigens may be used as an alternative method for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Chen
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 78:1-8. [PMID: 24207075 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution but is more commonly found in impoverished populations in developing countries and tropical regions with frequent flooding. The rapid detection of leptospirosis is a critical step to effectively manage the disease and to control outbreaks in both human and animal populations. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests and appropriate surveillance and alert systems to identify outbreaks. This review describes current in-house methods and commercialized tests for the rapid diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. It focuses on diagnostic tests that can be performed with minimal training and limited equipment in less-developed and newly industrialized countries, particularly in resource-limited settings and with results in minutes to less than 4 hours. We also describe recent technological advances in the field of diagnostic tests that could allow for the development of innovative rapid tests in the near future.
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Schreier S, Doungchawee G, Chadsuthi S, Triampo D, Triampo W. Leptospirosis: current situation and trends of specific laboratory tests. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:263-80. [PMID: 23445200 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is re-emerging as a worldwide zoonosis and is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Human leptospirosis is associated with high temperature and humidity. Laboratory tests are indispensible for the early diagnosis and proper disease management. The demand for suitable leptospirosis point-of-care diagnostic tests grows with the awareness and number of incidences. Confirmation is achieved by the microscopic agglutination test, bacterial cultivation, PCR or histopathologic methods. However, high costs, poor standardization and/or elaborate sample preparation prevent routine use at the point of care. Cost-efficient, but insensitive serological methods dominate the diagnostic landscape and, likewise, urgently need improvement toward greater compliance with some of the point-of-care criteria. Combined application of antigen and antibody detection methods increases accuracy, but also new development or transfer of diagnostic technologies should be considered useful. Nano- and microparticle technology may play a key role in improving future antigen detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schreier
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Wagenaar JFP, Falke THF, Nam NV, Binh TQ, Smits HL, Cobelens FGJ, de Vries PJ. Rapid serological assays for leptospirosis are of limited value in southern Vietnam. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 98:843-50. [PMID: 15667716 DOI: 10.1179/000349804x3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, although ubiquitous and potentially lethal, is often not diagnosed. The seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and the utility of two rapid tests for the serodiagnosis of the disease were studied in Binh Thuan, an area in southern Vietnam with favourable conditions for Leptospira. In an initial survey, blood samples from 44 patients with undifferentiated fever and 83 healthy subjects were each examined for anti- Leptospira antibodies using three tests: an ELISA; a latex card-agglutination test (Dri Dot); and a lateral-flow assay (LeptoTek Lateral Flow). In the ELISA, samples from 35% of the healthy subjects and 40% of the febrile patients were found to have titres of anti- Leptospira IgM of at least 1:80. Only one of the 13 patients checked again, in ELISA, 3 weeks later, showed the marked increase in IgM titre that is indicative of acute leptospirosis. In the initial survey, although the positive results of the lateral-flow assay, applied to whole blood and serum, showed a good agreement with those of the ELISA (kappa = 0.743), the results of the lateral-flow assay were often indeterminate. The card-agglutination test was more specific. The overall agreement between the results of the rapid tests and those of the ELISA was generally poor. When the samples classified as 'indeterminate' in the lateral-flow assay were considered positive, the maximum kappa-value for this assay applied to whole blood was only 0.512. In conclusion, it appears that high seroprevalences of anti- Leptospira IgM and low incidences of acute leptospirosis limit the diagnostic value of the rapid tests that were investigated. The lateral-flow assay is not specific enough. The card-agglutination test is possibly better but, because of the low incidence, its sensitivity could not be evaluated adequately in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F P Wagenaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center F4-217, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tulsiani SM, Lau CL, Graham GC, Van Den Hurk AF, Jansen CC, Smythe LD, McKay DB, Craig SB. Emerging tropical diseases in Australia. Part 1. Leptospirosis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 104:543-56. [DOI: 10.1179/136485910x12851868779867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Prospective evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2290. [PMID: 23875034 PMCID: PMC3708816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of leptospirosis by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) or by culture is confined to specialized laboratories. Although ELISA techniques are more common, they still require laboratory facilities. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) can be used for easy point-of-care diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the RDTs LeptoTek Dri Dot, LeptoTek Lateral Flow, and Leptocheck-WB, prospectively. Methodology During 2001 to 2012, one or two of the RDTs at the same time have been applied prior to routine diagnostics (MAT, ELISA and culture) on serum specimens from participants sent in for leptospirosis diagnosis. The case definition was based on MAT, ELISA and culture results. Participants not fulfilling the case definition were considered not to have leptospirosis. The diagnostic accuracy was determined based on the 1st submitted sample and paired samples, either in an overall analysis or stratified according to days post onset of illness. Results The overall sensitivity and specificity for the LeptoTek Dri Dot was 75% respectively 96%, for the LeptoTek Lateral Flow 78% respectively 95%, and for the Leptocheck-WB 78% respectively 98%. Based on the 1st submitted sample the sensitivity was low (51% for LeptoTek Dri Dot, 69% for LeptoTek Lateral Flow, and 55% for Leptocheck-WB), but substantially increased when the results of paired samples were combined, although accompanied by a lower specificity (82% respectively 91% for LeptoTek Dri Dot, 86% respectively 84% for LeptoTek Lateral Flow, and 80% respectively 93% for Leptocheck-WB). Conclusions All three tests present antibody tests contributing to the diagnosis of leptospirosis, thus supporting clinical suspicion and contributing to awareness. Since the overall sensitivity of the tested RDTs did not exceed 80%, one should be cautious to rely only on an RDT result, and confirmation by reference tests is strongly recommended. Leptospirosis is one of the world's most spread zoonoses causing acute fever. The illness can rapidly develop into a severe, potentially fatal, form with a high mortality rate. Laboratory tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Culturing leptospires from patient material can take months to grow. Therefore, most used laboratory tests are based on detection of antibodies against leptospires. The microscopic agglutination test is considered the reference standard but is only performed at specialized laboratories. In this study, we measured the diagnostic accuracy of three rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) by doing a prospective evaluation during 11 years. These tests produce results within 15 minutes. The overall sensitivities (77%) and specificities (96%) were similar for the RDTs. Evaluating the first submitted specimen resulted in lower sensitivities (51% for LeptoTek Dri Dot, 69% for LeptoTek Lateral Flow, and 55% for Leptocheck-WB). When paired specimens were evaluated, the sensitivity increased although the specificity decreased (82% respectively 91% for LeptoTek Dri Dot, 86% respectively 84% for LeptoTek Lateral Flow, and 80% respectively 93% for Leptocheck-WB). Based on these results confirmation by reference tests is still strongly recommended, although the RDTs contribute to the diagnosis of leptospirosis, thus supporting clinical suspicion and contributing to awareness.
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Goarant C, Bourhy P, D'Ortenzio E, Dartevelle S, Mauron C, Soupé-Gilbert ME, Bruyère-Ostells L, Gourinat AC, Picardeau M, Nato F, Chanteau S. Sensitivity and Specificity of a New Vertical Flow Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Serodiagnosis of Human Leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2289. [PMID: 23826401 PMCID: PMC3694835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leptospirosis is a growing public health concern in many tropical and subtropical countries. However, its diagnosis is difficult because of non-specific symptoms and concurrent other endemic febrile diseases. In many regions, the laboratory diagnosis is not available due to a lack of preparedness and simple diagnostic assay or difficult access to reference laboratories. Yet, an early antibiotic treatment is decisive to the outcome. The need for Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for bedside diagnosis of leptospirosis has been recognized. We developed a vertical flow immunochromatography strip RDT detecting anti-Leptospira human IgM and evaluated it in patients from New Caledonia, France, and French West Indies. Methodology/Principal Findings: Whole killed Leptospira fainei cells were used as antigen for the test line and purified human IgM as the control line. The mobile phase was made of gold particles conjugated with goat anti-human IgM. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy criteria were used to assess the performance of this RDT. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used as the gold standard with a cut-off titer of ≥400. The sensitivity was 89.8% and the specificity 93.7%. Positive and negative Likelihood Ratios of 14.18 and 0.108 respectively, and a Diagnostic Odds Ratio of 130.737 confirmed its usefulness. This RDT had satisfactory reproducibility, repeatability, thermal tolerance and shelf-life. The comparison with MAT evidenced the earliness of the RDT to detect seroconversion. When compared with other RDT, the Vertical Flow RDT developed displayed good diagnostic performances. The major burden of leptospirosis happens in low-income populations from tropical or subtropical regions. Because of nonspecific symptoms in human leptospirosis, the biological confirmation is needed to ascertain the disease. However, this biological diagnosis relies on sophisticated and time-consuming techniques that are most often hardly (if ever) available to clinicians in peripheral health centers. Yet, the outcome of leptospirosis in humans largely depends on an early antibiotic treatment. Taken together, these factors highlight the need of rapid simple diagnostic tests for leptospirosis that could be used directly on the bedside even in remote health centers. In this study, we developed and evaluated a prototype point of care strip test for the serological diagnosis of human leptospirosis in New Caledonia, mainland France, and the French West Indies. The sensitivity was 89.8% [95% CI, 84.7–93.4] and the specificity 93.7% [95% CI, 89.65–96.2]. This easy, early and portable diagnostic test will be evaluated in other epidemiological conditions and under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Eric D'Ortenzio
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Carine Mauron
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Lilian Bruyère-Ostells
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Ann-Claire Gourinat
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | | | - Suzanne Chanteau
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Association Pasteur International Network, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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Chappuis F, Alirol E, d’Acremont V, Bottieau E, Yansouni C. Rapid diagnostic tests for non-malarial febrile illness in the tropics. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:422-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ziegenbalg A, Prados-Rosales R, Jenny-Avital ER, Kim RS, Casadevall A, Achkar JM. Immunogenicity of mycobacterial vesicles in humans: identification of a new tuberculosis antibody biomarker. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:448-55. [PMID: 23562367 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers for active tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed. Mycobacteria produce membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain concentrated immune-modulatory factors that are released into the host. We evaluated the human immune responses to BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MVs to characterize the antibody responses and identify potentially novel TB biomarkers. Serological responses to MVs were evaluated by ELISAs and immunoblots with sera from 16 sputum smear-positive, 12 smear-negative HIV uninfected pulmonary TB patients and 16 BCG vaccinated Tuberculin skin-test positive controls with and without latent tuberculosis infection. MVs from both BCG and M. tuberculosis induced similar responses and were strongly immunogenic in TB patients but not in controls. Several MV-associated antigens appear to induce robust antibody responses, in particular the arabinomanan portion of the cell wall glycolipid lipoarabinomannan. Three proteins at ≈ 36, 25, and 23 kDa were simultaneously recognized by sera from 16/16 smear-positive, 9/12 smear-negative TB patients and 0/16 controls. These results provide promise and encouragement that antibody responses to proteins enriched in MVs of pathogenic mycobacteria may constitute a novel TB biomarker signature that could have diagnostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ziegenbalg
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Development of immunochromatography-based methods for detection of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide antigen in urine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:683-90. [PMID: 23467776 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00756-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira spp. and is commonly found throughout the world. Diagnosis of leptospirosis performed by culture and microscopic agglutination tests is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, we aimed to develop a novel immunochromatography (ICG)-based method for detecting Leptospira antigen in the urine of patients and animals. We used the 1H6 monoclonal antibody (MAb), which is specific to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is common among Leptospira spp. The MAb was coupled to 40-nm-diameter colloidal gold, and the amounts of labeled antibody and immobilized antibody were 23 μg and 2 μg per test, respectively. Several strains of Leptospira and other bacterial species were used to evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of the assays we developed. The detection limit of the assays was 10(6) cells/ml when disrupted whole bacterial cells were used. The assays were Leptospira specific since they did not cross-react with non-Leptospira bacteria used in the study. Application of diagnostic assays was done on the urine samples of 46 Leptospira-infected hamsters, 44 patients with suspected leptospirosis, and 14 healthy individuals. Pretreatment of the urine samples by boiling and centrifugation (for ultrafiltration and concentration) eliminated nonspecific reactions that occurred in the assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICG-based lateral flow assay (LFA) were 89% and 87%, respectively, which were higher than those of the dipstick assay, which were 80% and 74%, respectively. In summary, this ICG-based LFA can be used as an alternative diagnostic assay for leptospirosis. Further development is still necessary to improve the assay.
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Picardeau M. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Interlaboratory and interstudy reproducibility of a novel lateral-flow device and influence of antifungal therapy on detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:459-65. [PMID: 23175252 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02142-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in lateral-flow devices (LFDs) as potential point-of-care assays for the diagnosis of infectious diseases has increased. Our objective was to evaluate the interlaboratory and interstudy reproducibility and the effects of antifungal therapy on an LFD developed for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) detection. An established neutropenic guinea pig model of IPA caused by Aspergillus fumigatus was used. At predetermined time points (1 h and 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation), blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected from infected and uninfected animals. In a separate experiment, guinea pigs were treated with posaconazole (10 mg/kg of body weight orally [p.o.] twice a day [BID]), voriconazole (10 mg/kg p.o. BID), liposomal amphotericin B (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] once a day [QD]), or caspofungin (2 mg/kg i.p. QD), and samples were collected on days 7 and 11. Each laboratory independently evaluated the IgG monoclonal antibody-based LFD. Galactomannan and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan were also measured using commercially available kits. Good interlaboratory agreement was observed with the LFD, as the results for 97% (32/33) of the serum and 78.8% (26/33) of the BAL fluid samples from infected animals were in agreement. Good interstudy agreement was also observed. The serum sensitivity of each surrogate-marker assay was reduced in animals treated with antifungals. In contrast, these markers remained elevated within the BAL fluids of treated animals, which was consistent with the fungal burden and histopathology results. These results demonstrate that the LFD assay is reproducible between different laboratories and studies. However, the sensitivity of this assay and other markers of IPA may be reduced with serum in the presence of antifungal therapy.
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Nabity SA, Ribeiro GS, Lessa Aquino C, Takahashi D, Damião AO, Gonçalves AHO, Miranda-Filho DB, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Lyashchenko KP, Reis MG, Medeiros MA, Ko AI. Accuracy of a dual path platform (DPP) assay for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1878. [PMID: 23133686 PMCID: PMC3486890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of leptospirosis by the gold standard serologic assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), requires paired sera and is not widely available. We developed a rapid assay using immunodominant Leptospira immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins in a Dual Path Platform (DPP). This study aimed to evaluate the assay's diagnostic performance in the setting of urban transmission. METHODOLOGY We determined test sensitivity using 446 acute and convalescent sera from MAT-confirmed case-patients with severe or mild leptospirosis in Brazil. We assessed test specificity using 677 sera from the following groups: healthy residents of a Brazilian slum with endemic transmission, febrile outpatients from the same slum, healthy blood donors, and patients with dengue, hepatitis A, and syphilis. Three operators independently interpreted visual results without knowing specimen status. RESULTS The overall sensitivity for paired sera was 100% and 73% for severe and mild disease, respectively. In the acute phase, the assay achieved a sensitivity of 85% and 64% for severe and mild leptospirosis, respectively. Within seven days of illness onset, the assay achieved a sensitivity of 77% for severe disease and 60% for mild leptospirosis. Sensitivity of the DPP assay was similar to that for IgM-ELISA and increased with both duration of symptoms (chi-square regression P = 0.002) and agglutinating titer (Spearman ρ = 0.24, P<0.001). Specificity was ≥93% for dengue, hepatitis A, syphilis, febrile outpatients, and blood donors, while it was 86% for healthy slum residents. Inter-operator agreement ranged from very good to excellent (kappa: 0.82-0.94) and test-to-test reproducibility was also high (kappa: 0.89). CONCLUSIONS The DPP assay performed acceptably well for diagnosis of severe acute clinical leptospirosis and can be easily implemented in hospitals and health posts where leptospirosis is a major public health problem. However, test accuracy may need improvement for mild disease and early stage leptospirosis, particularly in regions with high transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Nabity
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisa de Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa de Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Takahashi
- Centro de Pesquisa de Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rena Greenwald
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Medford, New York, United States of America
| | - Javan Esfandiari
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Medford, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisa de Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Albert I. Ko
- Centro de Pesquisa de Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Yale University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in children with tuberculosis: challenges and potential diagnostic value. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1898-906. [PMID: 23100476 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00501-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of easily detectable biomarkers for active tuberculosis (TB) is a global health priority. Such biomarkers would be of particular value in childhood TB, which poses greater diagnostic challenges than adult TB. Serum antibodies can be detected by simple formats that provide extremely rapid results. However, attempts to develop accurate serodiagnostic tests for TB have been unsuccessful. Whereas antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in adult TB have been studied extensively and reviewed, the same cannot be said for serologic data in pediatric populations. Here we appraise studies on serological responses in childhood TB and discuss findings and limitations in the context of the developing immune system, the age range, and the spectrum of TB manifestations. We found that the antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in childhood TB can vary widely, with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 14% to 85% and from 86% to 100%, respectively. We conclude that the limitations in serodiagnostic studies of childhood TB are manifold, thereby restricting the interpretation of currently available data. Concerns about the methodology used in published studies suggest that conclusions about the eventual value of serodiagnosis cannot be made at this time. However, the available data suggest a potential adjunctive value for serology in the diagnosis of childhood TB. Despite the difficulties noted in this field, there is optimism that the application of novel antigens and the integration of those factors which contribute to the serological responses in childhood TB can lead to useful future diagnostics.
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Hartleben CP, Leal FMA, Monte LG, Hartwig DD, Seixas FK, Vasconcellos SA, Brihuega B, Dellagostin OA. Serological analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant antigen LipL32 for the diagnosis of swine leptospirosis. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:106-9. [PMID: 23064970 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important global zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. species. Swine leptospirosis has a major economic impact because pigs are sources of animal protein and by-products. The signs of swine leptospirosis are abortion, stillbirth, birth of weak or ill piglets, appearing 14-60 days after infection. The reference method for diagnosis of leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), in which serum samples are reacted with live antigen suspensions of leptospiral serovars. However, MAT is laborious and time consuming as a diagnostic procedure when dealing with a large number of samples; therefore, efforts are being made to develop novel, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tests for leptospirosis. In this study, a recombinant LipL32 based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rLipL32/ELISA) was evaluated as a screening test for the detection of pathogenic leptospiral-specific antibodies. A total of 86 swine serum samples tested by MAT were used to develop rLipL32/ELISA. Compared to positive and negative sera tested by MAT, rLipL32/ELISA showed 100 % sensitivity, 85.1 % specificity, and 91.86 % accuracy. No positive reaction for other bacterial diseases (enzootic pneumonia and brucellosis) was observed. The rLipL32/ELISA reported in this study is a specific, sensitive, and convenient test for the detection of antibodies against swine leptospiral infection and can be used as a rapid screening test in epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P Hartleben
- Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose human leptospirosis: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:22-32. [PMID: 22953720 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an evaluation of the accuracy of ELISA for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in humans. Eighty-eight studies published in 35 articles met all inclusion criteria and were submitted to meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0·779 (95% CI 0·770-0·789) and 0·913 (95% CI 0·908-0·917), respectively, and the area under the curve was 0·964. Heterogeneity across studies was statistically significant, but none of the sources of heterogeneity (disease stage, antigen used, antibody detected) could fully explain this finding. Although the convalescent stage of disease was significantly associated with higher diagnostic accuracy, IgM ELISA was the best choice, regardless of the stage of disease. Negative ELISAs (IgG or IgM) applied in the acute phase do not rule out leptospirosis due to the possibility of false-negative results. In this case it is advisable to request a second blood sample or to apply a direct method for leptospiral DNA.
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