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Merenstein DJ, Tancredi DJ, Karl JP, Krist AH, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Reid G, Roos S, Szajewska H, Sanders ME. Is There Evidence to Support Probiotic Use for Healthy People? Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100265. [PMID: 38977065 PMCID: PMC11342770 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are typically marketed as foods and dietary supplements, categories for products intended to maintain health in generally healthy populations and which, unlike drugs, cannot claim to treat or cure disease. This review addresses the existing evidence that probiotics are beneficial to healthy people. Our approach was to perform a descriptive review of efficacy evidence that probiotics can prevent urinary, vaginal, gastrointestinal, and respiratory infections, and improve risk factors associated with cardiovascular health or reduce antibiotic use. Other endpoints such as mental, dental, or immune health were not specifically addressed. We concluded that there is sufficient evidence of efficacy and safety for clinicians and consumers to consider using specific probiotics for some indications - such as the use of probiotics to support gut function during antibiotic use or to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections - for certain people. However, we did not find a sufficiently high level of evidence to support unconditional, population-wide recommendations for other preventive endpoints we reviewed for healthy people. Although evidence for some indications is suggestive of the preventive benefits of probiotics, additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Merenstein
- Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniel J Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alex H Krist
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Gregor Reid
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala, Sweden; Research & Development, BioGaia AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO, United States.
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2
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Merenstein D, Pot B, Leyer G, Ouwehand AC, Preidis GA, Elkins CA, Hill C, Lewis ZT, Shane AL, Zmora N, Petrova MI, Collado MC, Morelli L, Montoya GA, Szajewska H, Tancredi DJ, Sanders ME. Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2185034. [PMID: 36919522 PMCID: PMC10026873 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2185034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are used for both generally healthy consumers and in clinical settings. However, theoretical and proven adverse events from probiotic consumption exist. New probiotic strains and products, as well as expanding use of probiotics into vulnerable populations, warrants concise, and actionable recommendations on how to work toward their safe and effective use. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics convened a meeting to discuss and produce evidence-based recommendations on potential acute and long-term risks, risks to vulnerable populations, the importance for probiotic product quality to match the needs of vulnerable populations, and the need for adverse event reporting related to probiotic use. The importance of whole genome sequencing, which enables determination of virulence, toxin, and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as clear assignment of species and strain identity, is emphasized. We present recommendations to guide the scientific and medical community on judging probiotic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Merenstein
- Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DCUSA
| | - Bruno Pot
- Yakult Europe BV, Almere, Netherlands
| | | | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A. Elkins
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Andi L. Shane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory Children’s Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Niv Zmora
- Scientific consultant, Elinav Lab, Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gina A. Montoya
- Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO, USA
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3
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Peng C, Sun Z, Sun Y, Ma T, Li W, Zhang H. Characterization and association of bacterial communities and nonvolatile components in spontaneously fermented cow milk at different geographical distances. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2594-2605. [PMID: 33455775 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the ecosystem of spontaneously fermented cow milk, the characteristics and relationship of bacterial communities and nonvolatile components at different scales of geographical distances (provincial, county, and village levels) are unclear. Here, 25 sampling sites from Xin Jiang and Tibet, 2 provinces of China, were selected based on the distribution of spontaneously fermented cow milk and used for metagenomic and metabolomic analysis. At the provincial geographical distance, the same predominant species, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, were detected in Xin Jiang and Tibet. Further, the richness of the bacterial composition of samples from Tibet was higher than those from Xin Jiang; specifically, at the species level, 28 species were identified in Tibet samples but only 7 species in Xin Jiang samples. At the provincial geographical level, we detected significant differences in bacterial structure, shown in principal coordinate analysis plots, and significant differences (Simpson index) in bacterial diversity were also detected. However, at the county and village levels, no significant differences were detected in bacterial communities and diversity, but a difference in bacterial compositions was detectable. This indicates that bacterial communities and diversity of spontaneously fermented milk dissimilarity significantly increased with geographic distance. For the nonvolatile component profiles, the partial least squares discriminant analysis plot (R2Y > 0.5 and Q2 > 0.5 for the goodness-of-fit and predictive ability parameter, respectively) showed that samples from different geographical distances (provincial, county, and village) were all separated, which indicated that all the discriminations in nonvolatile components profiles were from different geographical distances. Investigating relationships between lactic acid bacteria and discriminatory nonvolatile components at the county level showed that 9 species were positively correlated with 16 discriminatory nonvolatile components, all species with low abundance rather than the predominant species L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus, which indicates the importance of the selection of autochthonous nonpredominant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
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Yefet E, Colodner R, Strauss M, Gam Ze Letova Y, Nachum Z. A Randomized Controlled Open Label Crossover Trial to Study Vaginal Colonization of Orally Administered Lactobacillus Reuteri RC-14 and Rhamnosus GR-1 in Pregnant Women at High Risk for Preterm Labor. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041141. [PMID: 32325794 PMCID: PMC7230520 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli administration has been suggested for the treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis, which increases the risk for preterm birth. We aimed to evaluate the vaginal colonization of lactobacilli orally administered to pregnant women at risk for preterm birth. We performed a randomized and controlled crossover study between January 2016 and May 2017. Forty pregnant women at high risk for preterm birth with normal vaginal flora (Nugent score ≤ 3) were randomized to either receive two oral capsules/day each containing 5 × 109Lactobacilli (L.) rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 (n = 20) or no treatment (n = 20) for 2 months. Treatments were then crossed over for an additional two months. A vaginal examination and swabbing were performed for assessment of bacterial vaginosis at baseline and every month until study completion. At the same time points, vaginal samples were cultured and subjected to matrix-assisted-laser-desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS) for the detection of the specific bacterial strains contained in the capsules. The primary endpoint was the presence of the administered lactobacilli strains in the vagina during the first two months of follow-up. Thirty-eight women completed the study. During the first two months of treatment, L. rhamnosus GR-1 was detected in one (5%) woman on the probiotic treatment and 2 (11%) women receiving no treatment (p = 0.6). L. rhamnosus GR-1 was detected in vaginal samples of 4 (11%) women during probiotic treatment (of both groups) and L. reuteri RC-14 was not detected in any samples. The rest of the endpoints were not different between the groups. Altogether, vaginal colonization of lactobacilli following oral administration is low during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enav Yefet
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel; (Y.G.Z.L.); (Z.N.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baruch Padeh Medical Center Poriya, Tiberias 1410000, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine in Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1310000, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-649-4516; Fax: +972-649-4-5483
| | - Raul Colodner
- Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel; (R.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Merav Strauss
- Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel; (R.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Yifat Gam Ze Letova
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel; (Y.G.Z.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zohar Nachum
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1834111, Israel; (Y.G.Z.L.); (Z.N.)
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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5
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Yang S, Reid G, Challis JR, Gloor GB, Asztalos E, Money D, Seney S, Bocking AD. Effect of Oral Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the Vaginal Microbiota, Cytokines and Chemokines in Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020368. [PMID: 32019222 PMCID: PMC7071157 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm birth is associated with vaginal microbial dysbiosis. As certain strains of lactobacilli help restore homeostasis in non-pregnant women, the goal was to determine the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 administered orally, twice daily for 12 weeks on the vaginal microbiota, cytokines and chemokines of low-risk pregnant women. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial comparing probiotic lactobacilli to placebo daily was performed in 86 asymptomatic pregnant women who had an Intermediate or Bacterial Vaginosis Nugent score at 13 weeks. After drop outs, 32 women receiving probiotics and 34 receiving placebo completed the study. The Nugent score returned to normal in 30% of the women in both groups at 28 weeks and was maintained until 35 weeks. The majority of subjects had normal pregnancy outcomes. Ninety-three bacterial species were detected at 13 weeks, with Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus crispatus, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae being the most abundant across pregnancy. There was no difference in the Shannon diversity index between the probiotic and placebo groups at 13, 28 or 35 weeks. Almost all subjects consumed fermented foods and many of the organisms in the vagina are also known to be present in fermented foods. Interleukin-4 in the placebo group and Interleukin-10 in both probiotic and placebo groups increased slightly at 28 weeks but were not different at 35 weeks when compared to 13 weeks. In conclusion, this study showed no adverse issues resulting from 12 week use of probiotic Lactobacillus strains GR-1 and RC-14 during pregnancy in women at low risk for premature birth. The vaginal microbiota demonstrated flux irrespective of this oral probiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Yang
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada; (S.Y.); (J.R.G.C.); (A.D.B.)
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada; (G.B.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-854-3022
| | - John R.G. Challis
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada; (S.Y.); (J.R.G.C.); (A.D.B.)
- Western Australian Health Translation Network, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada; (G.B.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Asztalos
- Department of Newborn & Developmental Paediatrics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5A 1B2, Canada;
| | - Deborah Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Shannon Seney
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada; (G.B.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Alan D. Bocking
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada; (S.Y.); (J.R.G.C.); (A.D.B.)
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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6
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Naghmouchi K, Belguesmia Y, Bendali F, Spano G, Seal BS, Drider D. Lactobacillus fermentum: a bacterial species with potential for food preservation and biomedical applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3387-3399. [PMID: 31729242 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1688250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid-producing bacteria are the most commonly used probiotics that play an important role in protecting the host against harmful microorganisms, strengthening the host immune system, improving feed digestibility, and reducing metabolic disorders. Lactobacillus fermentum (Lb. fermentum) is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to Lactobacillus genus, and many reportedly to enhance the immunologic response as well as prevent community-acquired gastrointestinal and upper respiratory infections. Additionally, Lb. fermentum strains produce diverse and potent antimicrobial peptides, which can be applied as food preservative agents or as alternatives to antibiotics. Further functions attributed to probiotic Lb. fermentum strains are their abilities to decrease the level of blood stream cholesterol (as cholesterol-lowering agents) and to potentially help prevent alcoholic liver disease and colorectal cancer among humans. Finally, Lb. fermentum is a key microorganism in sourdough technology, contributing to flavor, texture, or health-promoting dough ingredients, and has recently been used to develop new foods stuffs such as fortified and functional foods with beneficial attributes for human health. Development of such new foodstuffs are currently taking important proportions of the food industry market. Furthermore, an increasing awareness of the consumers prompts the food-makers to implement alternative environmental friendly solutions in the production processes and/or suitable biological alternative to limit the use of antibiotics in feed and food. Here, we give an account on the application of Lb. fermentum strains in the biomedical and food preservation fields, with a focus on probiotic features such as bacteriocin production. We also summarize the use of Lb. fermentum as cell factories with the aim to improve the efficacy and health value of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Naghmouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia.,Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, LR01ES05 Biochimie et Biotechnologie, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Yanath Belguesmia
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université d'Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Farida Bendali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Bruce S Seal
- Biology Program, Oregon State University Cascades, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université d'Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
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7
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Reid G. Fourteen steps to relevance: taking probiotics from the bench to the consumer. Can J Microbiol 2019; 66:1-10. [PMID: 31526326 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much is made of the need to translate scientific research into improved care of people or other life forms. Grant applications invariably start with the extent of a problem and end by claiming that their work will or could result in making an impact. In truth, very few projects ever lead to translation at the level of the host, nor was that really their intent. For those who are focused on applied science, there are many ways to reach the desired goal, sometimes through serendipity or by logical stepwise progress. The following paper will provide personal insight into the stages, pitfalls, and ultimate assessment of relevance in the context of using probiotic lactobacilli for human health and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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8
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Wijgert JHHM, Verwijs MC. Lactobacilli‐containing vaginal probiotics to cure or prevent bacterial or fungal vaginal dysbiosis: a systematic review and recommendations for future trial designs. BJOG 2019; 127:287-299. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JHHM Wijgert
- Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - MC Verwijs
- Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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9
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Leboš-Pavunc A, Penava L, Ranilović J, Novak J, Banić M, Butorac K, Petrović E, Mihaljević-Herman V, Bendelja K, Savić-Mlakar A, Durgo K, Kos B, Šušković J. Influence of Dehydrated Wheat/Rice Cereal Matrices on Probiotic Activity of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® §. Food Technol Biotechnol 2019; 57:147-158. [PMID: 31537964 PMCID: PMC6718970 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.57.02.19.6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel dehydrated wheat/rice cereal functional products with an addition of well documented probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® (BB-12®) were developed in Podravka factory for the infants older than 4 months: instant rice cereal, instant rice cereal with fruits and instant wheat cereal with vanilla. Notably, the number of viable BB-12® cells in each of the novel products was higher than the required minimal number of probiotic cells per gram of product (106 CFU/g) during the storage period of 106 weeks. Therefore, BB-12® strain recovery and genome stability were evaluated by strain-specific polimerase chain reaction and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting analysis. Further aim was to evaluate the influence of these three different cereal food matrices on specific probiotic properties of BB-12® strain in vitro. Applied food matrices positively influenced the survival in the simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and antagonistic activity against undesirable microorganisms, while no influence on auto- and coaggregation ability of B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® was observed. Adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells together with antibacterial activity emphasized competitive pathogen exclusion from Caco-2 cells by probiotic strain BB-12®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Leboš-Pavunc
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lenkica Penava
- Belupo, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Inc., Nutraceuticals, Business Development and Registration, I. Savica 36, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Ranilović
- Podravka, Research and Development, Ante Starčevića 32, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Jasna Novak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Banić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Butorac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilija Petrović
- Podravka, Research and Development, Ante Starčevića 32, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | | | - Krešo Bendelja
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Savić-Mlakar
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Podravka, Research and Development, Ante Starčevića 32, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Kos
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jagoda Šušković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technologies, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Petrova MI, Macklaim JM, Wuyts S, Verhoeven T, Vanderleyden J, Gloor GB, Lebeer S, Reid G. Comparative Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of the Vaginal Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1278. [PMID: 29963028 PMCID: PMC6013579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus represents a versatile bacterial genus, which can adapt to a wide variety of ecological niches, including human body sites such as the intestinal and urogenital tract. In this study, the complete genome sequence of the vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 was determined and compared to other L. rhamnosus strains at genomic and phenotypic level. The strain GR-1 was originally isolated from a female urethra, and was assessed with L. rhamnosus GG from a feces sample of a healthy male, and L. rhamnosus LC705 from a dairy product. A key difference is the absence in GR-1 and LC705 of the spaCBA locus required for pili-mediated intestinal epithelial adhesion. In addition, the L. rhamnosus GR-1 genome contains a unique cluster for exopolysaccharide production, which is postulated to synthesize glucose-rich, rhamnose-lacking exopolysaccharide molecules that are different from the galactose-rich extracellular polysaccharide of L. rhamnosus GG. Compared to L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus GR-1 was also genetically predicted and experimentally shown to better metabolize lactose and maltose, and to better withstand oxidative stress, which is of relevance in the vagina. This study could thus provide a molecular framework for the selection of the optimal probiotic strain for each targeted niche and condition, but further substantiation of niche adaptation mechanisms of lactobacilli is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I. Petrova
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean M. Macklaim
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sander Wuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Verhoeven
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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11
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Petrova MI, Lievens E, Verhoeven TLA, Macklaim JM, Gloor G, Schols D, Vanderleyden J, Reid G, Lebeer S. The lectin-like protein 1 in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 mediates tissue-specific adherence to vaginal epithelium and inhibits urogenital pathogens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37437. [PMID: 27869151 PMCID: PMC5116675 DOI: 10.1038/srep37437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 has been documented to survive implantation onto the vaginal epithelium and interfere with urogenital pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we report for the first time the construction of dedicated knock-out mutants in L. rhamnosus GR-1 to enable the study of gene functions. In a search for genes responsible for the adherence capacity of L. rhamnosus GR-1, a genomic region encoding a protein with homology to lectin-like proteins was identified. Phenotypic analyses of the knock-out mutant of L. rhamnosus GR-1 revealed a two-fold decreased adhesion to the vaginal and ectocervical epithelial cell lines compared to wild-type. In contrast, the adhesion to gastro-intestinal epithelial (Caco2) and endocervical cell lines (Hela and End1/E6E7) was not drastically affected by the mutation, suggesting that the LGR-1_Llp1 lectins mediates tissue tropism. The purified LGR-1_Llp1 protein also inhibited biofilm formation and adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. For the first time, an important role for a novel lectin-like protein in the adhesion capacity and host cell-specific interaction of a vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus strain has been discovered, with an additional role in pathogen inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elke Lievens
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jean M Macklaim
- The Lawson Health Research Institute London, Canada Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, London, ON, Canada.,University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- The Lawson Health Research Institute London, Canada Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, London, ON, Canada.,University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Bouridane H, Sifour M, Idoui T, Annick L, Thonard P. Technological and Probiotic Traits of the Lactobacilli Isolated From Vaginal Tract of the Healthy Women for Probiotic Use. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 14:192-201. [PMID: 28959336 PMCID: PMC5492240 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background
For biotechnological application, selected lactic acid bacteria strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus (Lb) are proposed as an alternative to the antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of urogenital tract infections.
Objectives
Isolating and selecting vaginal lactobacilli strains for probiotic use based on their technological and probiotic aptitudes.
Materials and Methods
The vaginal isolates were examined for their essential characteristics as the potential probiotic such as low pH tolerance, bile-salt and simulated human intestinal fluid (SIF) resistance, adhesion to the vaginal epithelial cells (VECs), aggregation and coaggregation, surface hydrophobicity, antimicrobial activity, acid production, antibiotic resistance, and resistance to spermicides. The best strain was identified by PCR.
Results
From 70 lactobacilli isolates and according to the 16 rDNA sequences, isolates B6 and B10 showed the closest homology (99%) to the Lb. gasseri and Lb. plantarum respectively. They produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tolerant to acid, bile, simulated human intestinal fluid, present a strong adhesion, highest percentages of aggregation, and antibacterial activity. These strains are resistant to the spermicide and actively acidify the growth medium.
Conclusions
Strains Lb. plantarum B10 and Lb. gasseri B6 have a strong potential probiotic confirming their value as a tool for prevention against urinary and vaginal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamida Bouridane
- Laboratoryof Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University Mohammed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, Algeria.,Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Sifour
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Tayeb Idoui
- Laboratoryof Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University Mohammed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Lejeune Annick
- Bio-Industries Unit CWBI, Gembloux Agro. Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Passage Deportees, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Philip Thonard
- Bio-Industries Unit CWBI, Gembloux Agro. Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Passage Deportees, Gembloux, Belgium
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13
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Petrova MI, Imholz NCE, Verhoeven TLA, Balzarini J, Van Damme EJM, Schols D, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. Lectin-Like Molecules of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Inhibit Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Biofilm Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161337. [PMID: 27537843 PMCID: PMC4990349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Increased antibiotic resistance has catalyzed the research on new antibacterial molecules and alternative strategies, such as the application of beneficial bacteria. Since lectin molecules have unique sugar-recognizing capacities, and pathogens are often decorated with sugars that affect their survival and infectivity, we explored whether lectins from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG have antipathogenic properties. Methods The genome sequence of L. rhamnosus GG was screened for the presence of lectin-like proteins. Two genes, LGG_RS02780 and LGG_RS02750, encoding for polypeptides with an N-terminal conserved L-type lectin domain were detected and designated Llp1 (lectin-like protein 1) and Llp2. The capacity of Llp1 and Llp2 to inhibit biofilm formation of various pathogens was investigated. Sugar specificity was determined by Sepharose beads assays and glycan array screening. Results The isolated lectin domains of Llp1 and Llp2 possess pronounced inhibitory activity against biofilm formation by various pathogens, including clinical Salmonella species and uropathogenic E. coli, with Llp2 being more active than Llp1. In addition, sugar binding assays with Llp1 and Llp2 indicate specificity for complex glycans. Both proteins are also involved in the adhesion capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusions Lectins isolated from or expressed by beneficial lactobacilli could be considered promising bio-active ingredients for improved prophylaxis of urogenital and gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I. Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SL); (MIP)
| | - Nicole C. E. Imholz
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine L. A. Verhoeven
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SL); (MIP)
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14
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Stefanis C, Mantzourani I, Plessas S, Alexopoulos A, Galanis A, Bezirtzoglou E, Kandylis P, Varzakas T. Reviewing Classical and Molecular Techniques Regarding Profiling of Probiotic Character of Microorganisms. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.4.1.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the roles of probiotics as functional ingredients in food has been highly adopted by the consumers and are under constant investigation by the scientific community. As a result, several probiotic-containing foods have been introduced in the market with an annual share of several billion dollars. Of particular interest in the probiotics research is the profiling of probiotic character of the microbes involving both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Initially traditional microbiological techniques were used; however they suffer by many limitations and therefore the development of new techniques, which are primarily based on the analysis of nucleic acids have been introduced. The scope of this review is to present current knowledge about the methodological approaches that are used to quantify and characterize the potential probiotic character of microorganisms. Moreover, it will focus on molecular and non-molecular tools and finally will report some new perspectives in the study of probiotics using omics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Stefanis
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Pandazidou 193, GR68200, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Ioanna Mantzourani
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Pandazidou 193, GR68200, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Stavros Plessas
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Pandazidou 193, GR68200, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Athanasios Alexopoulos
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Pandazidou 193, GR68200, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Alexis Galanis
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Dragana University Campus, GR68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Pandazidou 193, GR68200, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kandylis
- Department of Food Technology, Technological and Educational Institution of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Technology, Technological and Educational Institution of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
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15
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Meshkibaf S, Fritz J, Gottschalk M, Kim SO. Preferential production of G-CSF by a protein-like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 secretory factor through activating TLR2-dependent signaling events without activation of JNKs. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:238. [PMID: 26502905 PMCID: PMC4623291 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different species and strains of probiotic bacteria confer distinct immunological responses on immune cells. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (GR-1) is a probiotic bacterial strain found in both the intestinal and urogenital tracts, and has immunomodulatory effects on several cell types including macrophages. However, detailed immunological responses and the signaling mechanism involved in the response are largely unknown. Results We examined the production of GR-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and signaling events in macrophages. Among 84 cytokines and chemokines examined, GR-1 discretely induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA at highest levels (>60-fold) without inducing other cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (<5-fold). The toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6-agonist PAM2CSK4, TLR2/1-agonist PAM3CSK4 and TLR4-agonist lipopolysaccharide induced all of these inflammatory cytokines at high levels (>50-fold). The TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid activated all mitogen-activated kinases, Akt and NF-κB; whereas, GR-1 selectively activated extracellular regulated kinases and p38, NF-κB and Akt, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in a TLR2-dependent manner. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that lack of JNKs activation by GR-1 caused inefficient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but not G-CSF production. A secreted heat-labile protein-like molecule, 30–100 kDa in size, induced the preferential production of G-CSF. Conclusion This study elucidated unique signaling events triggered by GR-1, resulting in selective production of the immunomodulatory cytokine G-CSF in macrophages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Meshkibaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
| | - Jӧrg Fritz
- Department of Microbiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2 M2, Canada.
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
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16
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Pendharkar S, Brandsborg E, Hammarström L, Marcotte H, Larsson PG. Vaginal colonisation by probiotic lactobacilli and clinical outcome in women conventionally treated for bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:255. [PMID: 26137971 PMCID: PMC4489123 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the colonisation by lactobacilli and clinical outcome in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (R-VVC) receiving antibiotic or anti-fungal treatment in combination with the probiotic EcoVag® capsules. METHODS A total of 40 Scandinavian women diagnosed with BV or VVC on the basis of Amsel's criteria or clinical symptoms were consecutively recruited in two pilot open label clinical trials. In trial I, women with BV were treated with clindamycin and metronidazole followed by vaginal EcoVag® capsules, containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM 14870 and Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 14869, for 5 consecutive days after each antibiotic treatment. In trial II, women were recruited in three groups as follows: women with BV receiving clindamycin and metronidazole treatment together with a prolonged administration of EcoVag® (10 consecutive days after each antibiotic treatment followed by weekly administration of capsules for next four months), women with R-VVC receiving extended fluconazole and EcoVag® treatment, and women receiving extended fluconazole treatments only. The difference in frequency of isolation of EcoVag® strains or other lactobacilli between groups was compared by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The 6-month cure rate for BV was 50 % in trial I while both the 6- and 12-month cure rates were 67 % in trial II. The 6- and 12-month cure rates for VVC were 100 % and 89 % in women receiving fluconazole and EcoVag®, and 100 % and 70 % in women receiving fluconazole only. The frequency of isolation of any Lactobacillus species during the course of the study was associated with cure of BV in trial I and II, whereas the frequency of isolation of EcoVag® strains was significantly associated with the cure of BV in trial II only. As previously observed, a change in sexual partner was associated with relapse of BV with an Odds ratio of 77 (95 % CI: 2.665 to 2225). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the treatment with antibiotics or anti-fungal medication in combination with EcoVag® capsules provide long-term cure against BV and R-VVC as compared to previous reports. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02295579 . Registered November 20, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Pendharkar
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per-Göran Larsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Kärnsjukhuset, Skaraborg hospital and University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
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17
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Maghsoudi R, Danesh A, Kabiri N, Setorki M, Doudi M. Prevalence of the genital tract bacterial infections after vaginal reconstructive surgery. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:1058-63. [PMID: 26031026 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.1058.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to frequent childbirth, heavy lifting and the structure of the lives of rural women in Shahrekord region, Iran, cystocele and rectocele are of the main medical problems of the women in this area and for its correction, vaginal reconstructive surgery is needed which causes infection. The purpose of this study was to identify the bacteria causing infection after vaginal reconstructive surgery and performing antibiogram to help these patients for faster recovery. Patients enrolled this study were 92 who had undergone previous vaginal reconstructive surgery and now had infection. After examination, the group of patients taking antibiotics (n = 26) were excluded and the remaining 66 completed the study questionnaire. A gynecologist performed sampling; related tests (aerobic and anaerobic culture using an anaerobic culture gas pack jar and type A which provides absolute anaerobic conditions) were performed; antimicrobial susceptibility testing using Disk Diffusion Method was carried out; and the results were recorded. All the positive samples were polymicrobial. Gardnerella vaginalis in 20 cases (31%), peptostreptococci and anaerobic cocci in 9 cases (13.6%), staphylococcus aureus in 8 cases (9.1%), bacteroides and fusobacterium in 7 cases (10.6%), streptococcus group B in 4 cases (6%), yeast cells in 11 cases (16.6%) and Trichomonas vaginalis in wet mount of 4 (6%) existed. Anaerobic bacteria showed 85% sensitivity to clindamycin, 82% to chloramphenicol, 85% sensitivity to ceftizoxime and 45% to penicillin. Facultative anaerobic bacteria showed a sensitivity rate of 90% to ceftizoxime, chloramphenicol and cephalothin. According to our findings, the rate of vaginal bacterial infection in women with vaginal reconstructive surgery has increased; from which, infections with anaerobic bacteria origins have increased dramatically. We recommend antibiotic prophylaxis prior to genital reconstructive surgeries.
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18
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Dan T, Liu W, Song Y, Xu H, Menghe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. The evolution and population structure of Lactobacillus fermentum from different naturally fermented products as determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:107. [PMID: 25990318 PMCID: PMC4437502 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus fermentum is economically important in the production and preservation of fermented foods. A repeatable and discriminative typing method was devised to characterize L. fermentum at the molecular level. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme developed was based on analysis of the internal sequence of 11 housekeeping gene fragments (clpX, dnaA, dnaK, groEL, murC, murE, pepX, pyrG, recA, rpoB, and uvrC). Results MLST analysis of 203 isolates of L. fermentum from Mongolia and seven provinces/ autonomous regions in China identified 57 sequence types (ST), 27 of which were represented by only a single isolate, indicating high genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequence of the 11 housekeeping gene fragments indicated that the L. fermentum isolates analyzed belonged to two major groups. A standardized index of association (IAS) indicated a weak clonal population structure in L. fermentum. Split decomposition analysis indicated that recombination played an important role in generating the genetic diversity observed in L. fermentum. The results from the minimum spanning tree strongly suggested that evolution of L. fermentum STs was not correlated with geography or food-type. Conclusions The MLST scheme developed will be valuable for further studies on the evolution and population structure of L. fermentum isolates used in food products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
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19
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Deng Q, Odhiambo JF, Farooq U, Lam T, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Intravaginal lactic Acid bacteria modulated local and systemic immune responses and lowered the incidence of uterine infections in periparturient dairy cows. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124167. [PMID: 25919010 PMCID: PMC4412408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether intravaginal infusion of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cocktail around parturition could influence the immune response, incidence rate of uterine infections, and the overall health status of periparturient dairy cows. One hundred pregnant Holstein dairy cows were assigned to 1 of the 3 experimental groups as follows: 1) one dose of LAB on wk -2 and -1, and one dose of carrier (sterile skim milk) on wk +1 relative to the expected day of parturition (TRT1); 2) one dose of LAB on wk -2, -1, and +1 (TRT2), and 3) one dose of carrier on wk -2, -1, and +1 (CTR). The LAB were a lyophilized culture mixture composed of Lactobacillus sakei FUA3089, Pediococcus acidilactici FUA3138, and Pediococcus acidilactici FUA3140 with a cell count of 108-109 cfu/dose. Blood samples and vaginal mucus were collected once a week from wk -2 to +3 and analyzed for content of serum total immunoglobulin G (IgG), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and vaginal mucus secretory IgA (sIgA). Clinical observations including rectal temperature, vaginal discharges, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, and laminitis were monitored from wk -2 to +8 relative to calving. Results showed that intravaginal LAB lowered the incidence of metritis and total uterine infections. Intravaginal LAB also were associated with lower concentrations of systemic LBP, an overall tendency for lower SAA, and greater vaginal mucus sIgA. No differences were observed for serum concentrations of Hp, TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and total IgG among the treatment groups. Administration with LAB had no effect on the incidence rates of other transition cow diseases. Overall intravaginal LAB lowered uterine infections and improved local and systemic immune responses in the treated transition dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilan Deng
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - John F Odhiambo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Tran Lam
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Suzanna M Dunn
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Burim N Ametaj
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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20
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Petrova MI, Lievens E, Malik S, Imholz N, Lebeer S. Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health. Front Physiol 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25859220 PMCID: PMC4373506 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by a vast number of microorganisms collectively referred to as the human microbiota. One of the main microbiota body sites is the female genital tract, commonly dominated by Lactobacillus spp., in approximately 70% of women. Each individual species can constitute approximately 99% of the ribotypes observed in any individual woman. The most frequently isolated species are Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus iners. Residing at the port of entry of bacterial and viral pathogens, the vaginal Lactobacillus species can create a barrier against pathogen invasion since mainly products of their metabolism secreted in the cervicovaginal fluid can play an important role in the inhibition of bacterial and viral infections. Therefore, a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota appears to be a good biomarker for a healthy vaginal ecosystem. This balance can be rapidly altered during processes such as menstruation, sexual activity, pregnancy and various infections. An abnormal vaginal microbiota is characterized by an increased diversity of microbial species, leading to a condition known as bacterial vaginosis. Information on the vaginal microbiota can be gathered from the analysis of cervicovaginal fluid, by using the Nugent scoring or the Amsel's criteria, or at the molecular level by investigating the number and type of Lactobacillus species. However, when translating this to the clinical setting, it should be noted that the absence of a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota does not appear to directly imply a diseased condition or dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the widely documented beneficial role of vaginal Lactobacillus species demonstrates the potential of data on the composition and activity of lactobacilli as biomarkers for vaginal health. The substantiation and further validation of such biomarkers will allow the design of better targeted probiotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Lievens
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shweta Malik
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Imholz
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium ; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Yang S, Reid G, Challis JRG, Kim SO, Gloor GB, Bocking AD. Is there a role for probiotics in the prevention of preterm birth? Front Immunol 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 25741339 PMCID: PMC4330906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) continues to be a global health challenge. An over-production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as an altered maternal vaginal microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation/infection-associated PTB. Lactobacillus represents the dominant species in the vagina of most healthy pregnant women. The depletion of Lactobacillus in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been associated with an increased risk of PTB. It remains unknown at what point an aberrant vaginal microbiome composition specifically induces the cascade leading to PTB. The ability of oral or vaginal lactobacilli probiotics to reduce BV occurrence and/or dampen inflammation is being considered as a means to prevent PTB. Certain anti-inflammatory properties of lactobacilli suggest potential mechanisms. To date, clinical studies have not been powered with sufficiently high rates of PTB, but overall, there is merit in examining this promising area of clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Yang
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - John R G Challis
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Sung O Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Alan D Bocking
- Department of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Frece J, Cvrtila J, Topić I, Delaš F, Markov K. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis as Potential Functional
Starter Culture. Food Technol Biotechnol 2014; 52:489-494. [PMID: 27904322 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.52.04.14.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify and characterise potential autochthonous functional starter cultures in homemade horsemeat sausage. The dominant microflora in the samples of horsemeat sausage were lactic acid bacteria (LAB), followed by micrococci. Among the LAB, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum were the dominant species, and since the first is not common in fermented sausages, we characterised it as a potential functional starter culture. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis produced a significant amount of lactic acid, displayed good growth capability at 12, 18 and 22 °C, growth in the presence of 5% NaCl, good viability after lyophilisation and in simulated gastric and small intestinal juice, antimicrobial activity against test pathogens, and good adhesive properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Frece
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Cvrtila
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Topić
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frane Delaš
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Petrova MI, van den Broek M, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. Vaginal microbiota and its role in HIV transmission and infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 37:762-92. [PMID: 23789590 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The urogenital tract appears to be the only niche of the human body that shows clear differences in microbiota between men and women. The female reproductive tract has special features in terms of immunological organization, an epithelial barrier, microbiota, and influence by sex hormones such as estrogen. While the upper genital tract is regarded as free of microorganisms, the vagina is colonized by bacteria dominated by Lactobacillus species, although their numbers vary considerably during life. Bacterial vaginosis is a common pathology characterized by dysbiosis, which increases the susceptibility for HIV infection and transmission. On the other hand, HIV infections are often characterized by a disturbed vaginal microbiota. The endogenous vaginal microbiota may protect against HIV by direct production of antiviral compounds, through blocking of adhesion and transmission by ligands such as lectins, and/or by stimulation of immune responses. The potential role of probiotics in the prevention of HIV infections and associated symptoms, by introducing them to the vaginal and gastrointestinal tract (GIT), is also discussed. Of note, the GIT is a site of considerable HIV replication and CD4(+) T-cell destruction, resulting in both local and systemic inflammation. Finally, genetically engineered lactobacilli show promise as new microbicidal agents against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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Tajabadi N, Mardan M, Saari N, Mustafa S, Bahreini R, Manap MYA. Identification of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus fermentum from honey stomach of honeybee. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:717-22. [PMID: 24516438 PMCID: PMC3910179 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and identify Lactobacillus in the honey stomach of honeybee Apis dorsata. Samples of honeybee were collected from A. dorsata colonies in different bee trees and Lactobacillus bacteria isolated from honey stomachs. Ninety two isolates were Gram-stained and tested for catalase reaction. By using bacterial universal primers, the 16S rDNA gene from DNA of bacterial colonies amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Forty-nine bacterial 16S rDNA gene were sequenced and entrusted in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed they were different phylotypes of Lactobacillus. Two of them were most closely relevant to the previously described species Lactobacillus plantarum. Other two phylotypes were identified to be closely related to Lactobacillus pentosus. However, only one phylotype was found to be distantly linked to the Lactobacillus fermentum. The outcomes of the present study indicated that L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. fermentum were the dominant lactobacilli in the honey stomach of honeybee A. dorsata collected during the dry season from Malaysia forest area - specifically “Melaleuca in Terengganu”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Tajabadi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. ; Department of honey bee, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Makhdzir Mardan
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rasoul Bahreini
- Department of honey bee, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohd Yazid Abdul Manap
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Antagonistic Action of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in Relation to Staphylococcus aureus and Their Influence on the Immune Response in Cases of Intravaginal Staphylococcosis in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2012; 4:78-89. [PMID: 22611454 PMCID: PMC3338002 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-012-9093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus casei IMV B-7280, Lact. acidophilus IMV B-7279, Bifidobacterium longum VK1, and B. bifidum VK2 strains or their various compositions in relation to Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and on models of experimental intravaginal staphylococcosis of mice was determined. It was found that under the influence of these strains and their various compositions, the in vitro growth of Staph. aureus was inhibited, and the number of colonies of Staph. aureus plated from the vagina of infected mice was significantly reduced. The antibacterial activity of these strains separately and in compositions correlated with their ability to improve the performance of the immune response. These strains were the most effective in the following compositions: Lact. casei IMV B-7280—B. longum VK1—B. bifidum VK2. Strains of Lact. casei IMV B-7280, Lact. acidophilus IMV B-7279, B. bifidum VK2, and B. longum VK1 are prospective components of future probiotic drugs efficient in treating staphylococcosis and for immunity correction.
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Abstract
Urogenital infections are one of the most common causes for a woman to visit a gynecologist or a urologist. The well-known association between abnormal vaginal microbial flora and its formidable risk in the increased incidence of urinary tract infection underscores the importance of understanding the microbial flora and the efforts needed to maintain it, for ensuring urogenital health. Surprisingly in spite of the increased incidence urogenital infections receive very less attention from the medical fraternity. Growing awareness among people and newer advances in the medical field has brought them into the limelight. The importance of replenishing these depleting commensals with ‘probiotics’ has resurfaced in a big way. As the days go by science and medicines will touch new milestones, which will include probiotics. The value of a probiotics cannot be taken at face value. Probiotics must not be considered a panacea for treating urogenital infections. However, the available data promises that it will be a strong option in improving and maintaining urogenital health.
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Larsson PG, Brandsborg E, Forsum U, Pendharkar S, Andersen KK, Nasic S, Hammarström L, Marcotte H. Extended antimicrobial treatment of bacterial vaginosis combined with human lactobacilli to find the best treatment and minimize the risk of relapses. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:223. [PMID: 21854593 PMCID: PMC3176208 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary objective of this study was to investigate if extended antibiotic treatment against bacterial vaginosis (BV) together with adjuvant lactobacilli treatment could cure BV and, furthermore, to investigate factors that could cause relapse. Methods In all, 63 consecutive women with bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by Amsel criteria were offered a much more aggressive treatment of BV than used in normal clinical practice with repeated antibiotic treatment with clindamycin and metronidazole together with vaginal gelatine capsules containing different strains of lactobacilli both newly characterised and a commercial one (109 freeze-dried bacteria per capsule). Oral clindamycin treatment was also given to the patient's sexual partner. Results The cure rate was 74.6% after 6 months. The patients were then followed as long as possible or until a relapse. The cure rate was 65.1% at 12 months and 55.6% after 24 months. There was no significant difference in cure rate depending on which Lactobacillus strains were given to the women or if the women were colonised by lactobacilli. The most striking factor was a new sex partner during the follow up period where the Odds Ratio of having a relapse was 9.3 (2.8-31.2) if the patients had a new sex partner during the observation period. Conclusions The study shows that aggressive treatment of the patient with antibiotics combined with specific Lactobacillus strain administration and partner treatment can provide long lasting cure. A striking result of our study is that change of partner is strongly associated with relapse of BV. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01245322
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Göran Larsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Kärnsjukhuset, Skaraborg hospital and University of Skövde, Sweden.
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Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Akins RA, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Romero R. The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques. BJOG 2011; 118:533-49. [PMID: 21251190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal microbiome studies provide information that may change the way we define vaginal flora. Normal flora appears dominated by one or two species of Lactobacillus. Significant numbers of healthy women lack appreciable numbers of vaginal lactobacilli. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not a single entity, but instead consists of different bacterial communities or profiles of greater microbial diversity than is evident from cultivation-dependent studies. BV should be considered a syndrome of variable composition that results in different symptoms, phenotypical outcomes, and responses to different antibiotic regimens. This information may help to elucidate the link between BV and infection-related adverse outcomes of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Lamont
- Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ruiz FO, Gerbaldo G, Asurmendi P, Pascual LM, Giordano W, Barberis IL. Antimicrobial activity, inhibition of urogenital pathogens, and synergistic interactions between lactobacillus strains. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:497-501. [PMID: 19777307 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus fermentum strain L23 and L. rhamnosus strain L60 were selected as an alternative treatment to prevent or treat urogenital infections based on their probiotic properties and production of bacteriocins. The objectives of the present work were to study the inhibitory activities of these two bacteriocin-producing strains, and to analyze the interactions between pairs of bacteriocins that inhibit urogenital pathogens. Antimicrobial activity tests of L23 and L60 were performed by a diffusion method with 207 bacterial strains, isolated from female patients presenting a urogenital infection. Inhibitory substances interaction tests were carried out by using a streak-diffusion method on agar plates. One hundred percent of the clinical isolates showed sensitivity to the antimicrobial substances produced by L23 and L60. The selected lactobacilli produced larger inhibition halos when compared to several antibiotics commonly used for treating these infections. Synergistic interactions and indifferent interactions were recorded in 68.6% and 31.4% of the cases, respectively. No antagonistic interactions were observed. In conclusion, the bacteriocin-producing strains L23 and L60 are potential candidates for probiotic prophylaxis and treatment of urogenital disorders in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Ruiz
- Departamento Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km.601. CP: X5804BYA, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Sliepen I, Van Damme J, Van Essche M, Loozen G, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Microbial interactions influence inflammatory host cell responses. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1026-30. [PMID: 19828891 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509347296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response plays an important role in the tissue destruction associated with periodontitis. Bacterial species can regulate the inflammatory responses of host cells, triggered by pathogens. It was hypothesized that, in the field of oral microbiology/immunology, such effects of bacterial interactions on inflammatory host cell responses might also be present. In this study, the effects of beneficial, commensal, and pathogenic species on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by human cells were investigated. The beneficial species, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis, were able to lower the IL-8 production triggered by A. actinomycetemcomitans. The inhibitory effect was also achieved by the application of streptococcal supernatants. In contrast, the commensal Streptococcus gordonii caused no reduction, and the pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum increased IL-8 production by the host cells. These results show that bacterial species can influence the inflammatory responses of host cells triggered by infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sliepen
- Catholic University Leuven, Research Group for Microbial Adhesion, Department of Periodontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Lim IS, Lee HS, Kim WY. The effect of lactic acid bacteria isolates on the urinary tract pathogens to infants in vitro. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24 Suppl:S57-62. [PMID: 19194563 PMCID: PMC2633189 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.s1.s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are common clinical problems in children, even though lots of treatment strategies have been tried. Many studies of the application of probiotics for urinary tract infection in female adults exist, but there is a lack of studies in children. The aims of this study were to screen probiotic strains for inhibiting the uropathogens in vitro, to find candidates for in vivo study. Nine strains of E. coli were isolated from children with urinary tract infection and six uropathogens were obtained from Korean Collection for Type Cultures and American Type Culture Collection. Also 135 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from healthy children, and were identified through physiologic, biochemical methods, 16S rDNA PCR, and data analysis. And with agar disk diffusion assay technique the antimicrobial activities of these LAB strains against those uropathogens were examined. Three strains of separated LAB strains demonstrated major antimicrobial activity against all the uropathogens. In the agar disk diffusion assay technique, antimicrobial activities increased most in the 4th day culture broth with separated Lactobacillus. In summary, some LAB can be used as candidates to develop the probiotic microorganisms that inhibit uropathogens in children, and are expected to be applied to treatment and prevention of pediatric urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seok Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Prilassnig M, Wenisch C, Daxboeck F, Feierl G. Are probiotics detectable in human feces after oral uptake by healthy volunteers? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 119:456-62. [PMID: 17721765 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
GOALS Assessment of the presence of probiotic bacteria in feces after oral ingestion. BACKGROUND Probiotic bacteria are said to have beneficial effects on the host. As a precondition for any effect, probiotic strains must survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. STUDY The feces of seven volunteers were analyzed for the presence of probiotic strains after one week's oral ingestion of each of six commercially available products: E. coli Nissle 0.5-5 x 10(9) cells (Mutaflor), Enterococcus faecium SF 68 7.5 x 10(7) cells (Bioflorin), Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis both 1 x 10(9) cells (Infloran), Lactobacillus gasseri and Bifidobacterium longum both 1 x 10(8) cells (Omniflora), Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus 1 x 10(9) cells (Antibiophilus), and yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus casei Immunitas 1 x 10(10) cells (Actimel). Ten colonies were selected from each stool sample, and DNA was extracted and typed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Typing patterns of the ingested probiotics and the fecal isolates were compared. RESULTS Fingerprints identical to the ingested probiotic strains were recovered from fecal samples of 4/7 volunteers after one week of Mutaflor, from 4/6 after taking Bioflorin, and from 1/6 after Infloran. Cultivation of strains of the same species from fecal specimens was negative after consumption of Antibiophilus, Omniflora and Actimel. CONCLUSIONS After oral consumption of probiotics, E. coli and enterococci could be detected in stool samples (57% and 67%, respectively). In contrast, with only one exception, ingested lactobacilli and bifidobacteria could not be detected in human feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Prilassnig
- 4. Medizinische Abteilung mit Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, SMZ-Süd-Kaiser Franz Josef Spital, Vienna, Austria
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Hekmat S, Reid G. Survival of Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 in milk. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim SO, Sheikh HI, Ha SD, Martins A, Reid G. G-CSF-mediated inhibition of JNK is a key mechanism for Lactobacillus rhamnosus-induced suppression of TNF production in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1958-71. [PMID: 16889627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a human commensal with known immunomodulatory properties. To date the mechanism of these immunomodulatory effects is not well understood. To unravel the immunomodulatory signalling mechanism, we investigated the effects of two strains of L. rhamnosus, L. rhamnosus GG and GR-1, in modulating production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in human monocytic cell line THP-1 and mouse macrophages. Live L. rhamnosus GG and GR-1 or their spent culture supernatant induced minuscule amounts of TNF production but large quantities of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in macrophages compared with those induced by pathogenic Escherichia coli GR-12 and Enterococcus faecalis. By using neutralizing antibodies and G-CSF receptor knockout mice, we demonstrated that G-CSF secreted from L. rhamnosus GG- and GR-1-exposed macrophages suppressed TNF production induced by E. coli- or lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages through a paracrine route. The suppression of TNF production by G-CSF was mediated through activation of STAT3 and subsequent inhibition of c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs). The inhibition of JNK activation required STAT3alpha-mediated de novo protein synthesis. This demonstrates a novel role of G-CSF in L. rhamnosus-triggered anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanism in the suppression of TNF production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung O Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada.
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35
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Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:405-40. [PMID: 15374659 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that associates a resident microbiota and cells of various phenotypes lining the epithelial wall expressing complex metabolic activities. The resident microbiota in the digestive tract is a heterogeneous microbial ecosystem containing up to 1 x 10(14) colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in normal gut function and maintaining host health. The host is protected from attack by potentially harmful microbial microorganisms by the physical and chemical barriers created by the gastrointestinal epithelium. The cells lining the gastrointestinal epithelium and the resident microbiota are two partners that properly and/or synergistically function to promote an efficient host system of defence. The gastrointestinal cells that make up the epithelium, provide a physical barrier that protects the host against the unwanted intrusion of microorganisms into the gastrointestinal microbiota, and against the penetration of harmful microorganisms which usurp the cellular molecules and signalling pathways of the host to become pathogenic. One of the basic physiological functions of the resident microbiota is that it functions as a microbial barrier against microbial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the species of the microbiota exert this barrier effect remain largely to be determined. There is increasing evidence that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which inhabit the gastrointestinal microbiota, develop antimicrobial activities that participate in the host's gastrointestinal system of defence. The objective of this review is to analyze the in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies in which the antimicrobial activities of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain L Servin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 510, Pathogénes et Fonctions des Cellules Epithéliales Polarisées, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Massi M, Vitali B, Federici F, Matteuzzi D, Brigidi P. Identification method based on PCR combined with automated ribotyping for tracking probiotic Lactobacillus strains colonizing the human gut and vagina. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:777-86. [PMID: 15012816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A molecular methodology based on PCR-associated automated ribotyping was developed to specifically detect the Lactobacillus strains of two probiotic products (an orally administered lyophilized preparation and vaginal tablets) in human faeces and vaginal swabs. METHODS AND RESULTS The 16S-23S rDNA sequences and the ribotype profiles of the probiotic lactobacilli were characterized and new species-specific primer sets were designed. The identification of faecal and vaginal lactobacilli isolated from subjects administered with the probiotic products was performed by using PCR with species-specific primers followed by strain-specific automated ribotyping. CONCLUSIONS The PCR-ribotyping identification allowed to study the colonization patterns of the probiotic lactobacilli in the human gut and vagina evidencing the strains with the best survival capability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The proposed molecular method represents a powerful tool of strain-specific identification, useful for differentiating exogenous from indigenous strains in any microbial ecosystem and for rationally choosing probiotic bacteria with the best chance of survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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37
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Reid G, Burton J, Devillard E. The rationale for probiotics in female urogenital healthcare. MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2004; 6:49. [PMID: 15208560 PMCID: PMC1140735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital infections are a major reason that women visit their family physician and are referred to gastroenterology, gynecology, urology, and infectious disease specialists. The association between abnormal vaginal microbiota and increased risk for sexually transmitted infections, bladder and vaginal infections per se, and a higher rate of preterm labor indicate the need to better understand and manage urogenital health. The concept of probiotics arose from the realization that humans are inhabited with microbes from birth and that these organisms play a role in preventing disease. Defined as "live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host," probiotic strains have already been shown to effectively prevent diarrhea and to hold potential in preventing and treating tonsillitis, caries, renal calculi, and respiratory infections. This review provides a rationale for the use of probiotics in maintaining female vaginal and bladder health and as a treatment option for recurrent bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infection, yeast vaginitis, and sexually transmitted infections. We consider only probiotic strains that fulfill the United Nations/World Health Organization Guidelines for Probiotics in being fully characterized and clinically documented through scientific investigations describing known or presumed mechanisms of action. Although medical practitioners as yet are unable to access these probiotic strains, an awareness of recent and ongoing research for probiotics is important, as results are encouraging. The concept of probiotic therapy is familiar to many consumers and although it has historically lacked credibility in the medical community, perceptions are changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. There is now mounting evidence that selected probiotic strains can provide health benefits to their human hosts. Numerous clinical trials show that certain strains can improve the outcome of intestinal infections by reducing the duration of diarrhea. Further investigations have shown benefits in reducing the recurrence of urogenital infections in women, while promising studies in cancer and allergies require research into the mechanisms of activity for particular strains and better-designed trials. At present, only a small percentage of physicians either know of probiotics or understand their potential applicability to patient care. Thus, probiotics are not yet part of the clinical arsenal for prevention and treatment of disease or maintenance of health. The establishment of accepted standards and guidelines, proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, represents a key step in ensuring that reliable products with suitable, informative health claims become available. Based upon the evidence to date, future advances with single- and multiple-strain therapies are on the horizon for the management of a number of debilitating and even fatal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Antonio MAD, Hillier SL. DNA fingerprinting of Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05 by repetitive element sequence-based PCR analysis in a pilot study of vaginal colonization. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1881-7. [PMID: 12734221 PMCID: PMC154705 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.5.1881-1887.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus crispatus is one of the predominant hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-producing species found in the vagina and is under development as a probiotic for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. In this study, we assessed whether DNA fingerprinting by repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) can be used to distinguish the capsule strain of L. crispatus (CTV-05) from other endogenous strains as well as other species of vaginal lactobacilli. Vaginal and rectal lactobacilli were identified to the species level by using whole-chromosome probe DNA hybridization. The DNAs from L. crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, and an as-yet-unnamed H(2)O(2)-negative Lactobacillus species designated 1086V were subjected to rep-PCR. The results of gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining of the DNA fingerprints obtained were compared. L. crispatus CTV-05 had a unique DNA fingerprint compared to all other lactobacilli. DNA fingerprints for 27 production lots of L. crispatus sampled from 1994 through 2001 were identical to that of the original strain isolated in 1993, suggesting strain stability. In a pilot study of nine women, this DNA fingerprinting method distinguished CTV-05 from other endogenous vaginal lactobacilli prior to and after vaginal capsule use. rep-PCR DNA fingerprinting is useful for strain typing and for evaluating longitudinal loss or acquisition of vaginal lactobacilli used as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A D Antonio
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Reid G. Probiotics for urogenital health. NUTRITION IN CLINICAL CARE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF TUFTS UNIVERSITY 2002; 5:3-8. [PMID: 12134717 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract infection, and yeast vaginitis afflict an estimated 1 billion women each year. Once investigation has ruled out complicated underlying causes, the only therapeutic option is antimicrobial agents. In many cases, this is effective at clearing infection. However, recurrences, side effects, and secondary infections are frequent. Coinciding with infection is a disruption of the normal commensal microflora in the vagina, primarily a loss of lactobacilli. The exogenous application of lactobacilli to the host as probiotic agents appears to offer hope as an alternative management regimen to antimicrobial treatment and prophylaxis. Although commercial probiotics specifically selected and proven to be effective for urogenital infections are not yet available, there is growing in vitro and human data to suggest that certain strains could confer health benefits on a large number of women. Given that depleted vaginal lactobacilli and recurrent infection is associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases and preterm labor, multiple antibiotic resistance, and significant reduction in quality of life, the need for probiotic therapeutics has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Oral administration of the probiotic combination Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 for human intestinal applications. Int Dairy J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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