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Zhang Y, Xu J, Miranda-Katz M, Sojati J, Tollefson SJ, Manni ML, Alcorn JF, Sarkar SN, Williams JV. Distinct roles for type I and type III interferons in virulent human metapneumovirus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011840. [PMID: 38315735 PMCID: PMC10868789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children and adults worldwide. There are four genetic subgroups of HMPV and both neutralizing antibodies and T cells contribute to protection. However, little is known about mechanisms of pathogenesis and most published work is based on a few extensively passaged, laboratory-adapted strains of HMPV. In this study, we isolated and characterized a panel of low passage HMPV clinical isolates representing all four genetic subgroups. The clinical isolates exhibited lower levels of in vitro replication compared to a lab-adapted strain. We compared disease phenotypes using a well-established mouse model. Several virulent isolates caused severe weight loss, lung pathology, airway dysfunction, and fatal disease in mice, which was confirmed in three inbred mouse strains. Disease severity did not correlate with lung viral titer, as virulent strains exhibited restricted replication in the lower airway. Virulent HMPV isolates were associated with markedly increased proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil influx; however, depletion of neutrophils or genetic ablation of inflammasome components did not reverse disease. Virulent clinical isolates induced markedly increased type I and type III interferon (IFN) secretion in vitro and in vivo. STAT1/2-deficient mice lacking both type I and type III IFN signaling showed reduced disease severity and increased lung viral replication. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling using a blocking antibody or genetic ablation of the type I IFN receptor reduced pathology with minimal effect on viral replication. Conversely, blockade of type III IFN signaling with a neutralizing antibody or genetic ablation of the IFN-lambda receptor had no effect on pathogenesis but restored viral replication. Collectively, these results demonstrate distinct roles for type I and type III IFN in HMPV pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jorna Sojati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Tollefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Saumendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Hong SM, Ha EJ, Kim HW, Kim SJ, Ahn SM, An SH, Kim G, Kim S, Kwon HJ, Choi KS. Effects of G and SH Truncation on the Replication, Virulence, and Immunogenicity of Avian Metapneumovirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38276678 PMCID: PMC10818707 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Four mutants varying the length of the G and SH genes, including a G-truncated mutant (ΔG) and three G/SH-truncated mutants (ΔSH/G-1, ΔSH/G-2, and ΔSH/G-3), were generated via serially passaging the avian metapneumovirus strain SNU21004 into the cell lines Vero E6 and DF-1 and into embryonated chicken eggs. The mutant ΔG particles resembled parental virus particles except for the variance in the density of their surface projections. G and G/SH truncation significantly affected the viral replication in chickens' tracheal ring culture and in infected chickens but not in the Vero E6 cells. In experimentally infected chickens, mutant ΔG resulted in the restriction of viral replication and the attenuation of the virulence. The mutants ΔG and ΔSH/G-1 upregulated three interleukins (IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18) and three interferons (IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ) in infected chickens. In addition, the expression levels of innate immunity-related genes such as Mda5, Rig-I, and Lgp2, in BALB/c mice were also upregulated when compared to the parental virus. Immunologically, the mutant ΔG induced a strong, delayed humoral immune response, while the mutant ΔSH/G-1 induced no humoral immune response. Our findings indicate the potential of the mutant ΔG but not the mutant ΔSH/G-1 as a live attenuated vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jin Ha
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sun-Min Ahn
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Hee An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science Technology (GBST), Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Chongyu T, Guanglin L, Fang S, Zhuoya D, Hao Y, Cong L, Xinyu L, Wei H, Lingyun T, Yan N, Penghui Y. A chimeric influenza virus vaccine expressing fusion protein epitopes induces protection from human metapneumovirus challenge in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1012873. [PMID: 38155756 PMCID: PMC10753001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common virus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric patients. There are no HMPV vaccines or therapeutics that have been approved for prevention or treatment. In this study, we constructed a novel recombinant influenza virus carrying partial HMPV fusion protein (HMPV-F), termed rFLU-HMPV/F-NS, utilizing reverse genetics, which contained (HMPV-F) in the background of NS segments of influenza virus A/PuertoRico/8/34(PR8). The morphological characteristics of rFLU-HMPV/F-NS were consistent with the wild-type flu virus. Additionally, immunofluorescence results showed that fusion proteins in the chimeric rFLU-HMPV/F-NS could work well, and the virus could be stably passaged in SPF chicken embryos. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with rFLU-HMPV/F-NS in BALB/c mice induced robust humoral, mucosal and Th1-type dominant cellular immune responses in vivo. More importantly, we discovered that rFLU-HMPV/F-NS afforded significant protective efficacy against the wild-type HMPV and influenza virus challenge, with significantly attenuated pathological changes and reduced viral titers in the lung tissues of immunized mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that chimeric recombinant rFLU-HMPV/F-NS as a promising HMPV candidate vaccine has potentials for the development of HMPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chongyu
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lei Guanglin
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Fang
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Zhuoya
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cong
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xinyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tan Lingyun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Niu Yan
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yang Penghui
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Li J, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Zhao J. Identification of γ-Fagarine as a novel antiviral agent against respiratory virus (hMPV) infection. Virus Res 2023; 336:199223. [PMID: 37734492 PMCID: PMC10522984 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes significant upper and lower respiratory disease in all age groups worldwide. However, there is no licensed drugs or vaccine available against hMPV. γ-Fagarine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of zanthoxylum, has been reported to be effective in the treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases and antivirals. However, little is known about the inhibitory effect of γ-Fagarine against respiratory virus infection and the mechanism. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of γ-Fagarine on hMPV infection and explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. Vero-E6 and 16HBE cells were used as cell models. Virus replication and microcosm character were explored in Vero-E6 cells. Then, the antiviral activities were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), western blotting (WB), and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) in Vero-E6 and 16HBE. Potential mechanisms of γ-Fagarine related to HSPG and lysosome pH were assessed in 16HBE cells. Lastly, a virus-infected mouse model was established and antiviral assay in vivo was conducted. γ-Fagarine showed no toxicity toward Vero-E6 cells and 16HBE cells but demonstrated anti-hMPV activity. Virus titers of γ-Fagarine group were reduced to 33% and 45% of the hMPV groups, respectively. Besides, mechanistic studies revealed that γ-Fagarine could inhibit hMPV by dual mechanisms of direct restraining virus binding with HSPG and influencing lysosome pH. Furthermore, oral delivery of γ-Fagarine to hMPV-infected mice at a dosage of 25 mg/kg reduced the hMPV load in lung tissues. After γ-Fagarine treatment, pathological damage caused by viral infection was also ameliorated. These findings suggest that γ-Fagarine has antiviral effects in vitro and in vivo, which are associated with its ability to restrain virus binding with HSPG and influence lysosome pH, thus indicating that γ-Fagarine has the potential to serve as a candidate to fight against hMPV infection and other respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Translational Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Sichuan Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Junning Zhao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Beijing 100038, China.
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5
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Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. LAG-3 Contribution to T Cell Downmodulation during Acute Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 36680187 PMCID: PMC9865459 DOI: 10.3390/v15010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on immune cells, such as activated T cells, and binds to MHC class II with high affinity. LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor, and its multiple biological activities on T cell activation and effector functions play a regulatory role in the immune response. Immunotherapies directed at immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, have become a promising strategy for controlling malignant tumors and chronic viral diseases. Several studies have suggested an association between the expression of LAG-3 with an inadequate immune response during respiratory viral infections and the susceptibility to reinfections, which might be a consequence of the inhibition of T cell effector functions. However, important information relative to therapeutic potential during acute viral lower respiratory tract infections and the mechanism of action of the LAG-3 checkpoint remains to be characterized. In this article, we discuss the contribution of LAG-3 to the impairment of T cells during viral respiratory infections. Understanding the host immune response to respiratory infections is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mario A. Ramírez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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Loevenich S, Spahn AS, Rian K, Boyartchuk V, Anthonsen MW. Human Metapneumovirus Induces IRF1 via TANK-Binding Kinase 1 and Type I IFN. Front Immunol 2021; 12:563336. [PMID: 34248923 PMCID: PMC8264192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.563336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune and host-protective responses to viruses, such as the airway pathogen human metapneumovirus (HMPV), depend on interferons (IFNs) that is induced through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). The transcription factor IRF1 is important for host resistance against several viruses and has a key role in induction of IFN-λ at mucosal surfaces. In most cell types IRF1 is expressed at very low levels, but its mRNA is rapidly induced when the demand for IRF1 activity arises. Despite general recognition of the importance of IRF1 to antiviral responses, the molecular mechanisms by which IRF1 is regulated during viral infections are not well understood. Here we identify the serine/threonine kinase TBK1 and IFN-β as critical regulators of IRF1 mRNA and protein levels in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We find that inhibition of TBK1 activity either by the semi-selective TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795 or by siRNA-mediated knockdown abrogates HMPV-induced expression of IRF1. Moreover, we show that canonical NF-κB signaling is involved in IRF1 induction and that the TBK1/IKKε inhibitor BX795, but not siTBK1 treatment, impairs HMPV-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65. At later time-points of the infection, IRF1 expression depended heavily on IFN-β-mediated signaling via the IFNAR-STAT1 pathway. Hence, our results suggest that TBK1 activation and TBK1/IKKε-mediated phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 control transcription of IRF1. Our study identifies a novel mechanism for IRF1 induction in response to viral infection of human macrophages that could be relevant not only to defense against HMPV, but also to other viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Loevenich
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alix S Spahn
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Rian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Victor Boyartchuk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St Olav Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Walbye Anthonsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Perchetti GA, Wilcox N, Chu HY, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Tielsch JM, Jerome KR, Englund JA, Kuypers J. Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:408-416. [PMID: 33137178 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections are a serious clinical burden in infants; human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important etiological agent. We investigated genotypic variation and molecular epidemiological patterns among infants infected with HMPV in Sarlahi, Nepal, to better characterize infection in a rural, low-resource setting. METHODS Between May 2011 and April 2014, mid-nasal swabs were collected from 3528 infants who developed respiratory symptoms during a longitudinal maternal influenza vaccine study. Sequencing glycoprotein genes permitted genotyping and analyses among subtypes. RESULTS HMPV was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 187 (5%) infants, with seasonality observed during fall and winter months. Phylogenetic investigation of complete and partial coding sequences for the F and G genes, respectively, revealed that 3 genotypes were circulating: A2, B1, and B2. HMPV-B was most frequently detected with a single type predominating each season. Both HMPV genotypes exhibited comparable median viral loads. Clinically significant differences between genotypes were limited to increased cough duration and general respiratory symptoms for type B. CONCLUSIONS In rural Nepal, multiple HMPV genotypes circulate simultaneously with an alternating predominance of a single genotype and definitive seasonality. No difference in viral load was detected by genotype and symptom severity was not correlated with RT-PCR cycle threshold or genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Naomi Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Subarna K Khatry
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030519. [PMID: 33809875 PMCID: PMC8004172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.
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9
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Than NN, Chin S, Kench JG, McCaughan G, Majumdar A. Steroid-refractory T-cell mediated rejection after human metapneumovirus infection in a liver transplant recipient. Pathology 2021; 53:793-794. [PMID: 33685722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nwe Ni Than
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Simone Chin
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff McCaughan
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Liver Injury and Cancer Program, The Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Avik Majumdar
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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The Pivotal Role of Viruses in the Pathogeny of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Monoclonal (Type 1) IgG K Cryoglobulinemia and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Diagnosis in the Course of a Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010115. [PMID: 33466993 PMCID: PMC7830454 DOI: 10.3390/v13010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type-1 cryoglobulinemia (CG) is a rare disease associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Some viral infections, such as Epstein–Barr Virus infections, are known to cause malignant lymphoproliferation, like certain B-cell lymphomas. However, their role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still debatable. Here, we report a unique case of Type-1 CG associated to a CLL transformation diagnosed in the course of a human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection. Case presentation: A 91-year-old man was initially hospitalized for delirium. In a context of febrile rhinorrhea, the diagnosis of hMPV infection was made by molecular assay (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swab. Owing to hyperlymphocytosis that developed during the course of the infection and unexplained peripheral neuropathy, a type-1 IgG Kappa CG secondary to a CLL was diagnosed. The patient was not treated for the CLL because of Binet A stage classification and his poor physical condition. Conclusions: We report the unique observation in the literature of CLL transformation and hMPV infection. We provide a mini review on the pivotal role of viruses in CLL pathophysiology.
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11
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Choe YJ, Park S, Michelow IC. Co-seasonality and co-detection of respiratory viruses and bacteraemia in children: a retrospective analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1690.e5-1690.e8. [PMID: 32919073 PMCID: PMC7481115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the co-seasonality and co-detection of respiratory viral infections and bacteraemia in children since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Methods Children <18 years old were eligible for inclusion if they had a respiratory infection and a positive PCR-based assay for respiratory viruses as well as a positive blood culture between 2010 and 2018 at a single referral centre in the United States, regardless of their underlying medical condition or antibiotic treatment history. Monthly incidence rates of respiratory viruses and bacteraemia were analysed with a seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on loess (STL) and cross-correlation functions using time series regression modelling. Results We identified 7415 unique positive respiratory virus tests, including 2278 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (31%), 1825 influenza viruses (24%), 1036 parainfluenza viruses (14%), 1017 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (14%), 677 seasonal coronaviruses (9%), and 582 adenoviruses (8%), together with a total of 11 827 episodes of bacteraemia. Significant co-seasonality was found between all-cause bacteraemia and RSV (OR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.50–2.06, p < 0.001), influenza viruses (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.13–1.68, p 0.002), and seasonal coronaviruses (OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.09–1.28, p < 0.001), respectively. Analysis of linked viral–bacterial infections in individual children indicated that the rate ratio (RR) of bacteraemia associated with hMPV (RR = 2.73, 95%CI 1.12–6.85, p 0.019) and influenza (RR = 2.61, 95%CI 1.21–6.11, p 0.013) were more than double that of RSV. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most commonly identified pathogens causing bacteraemia. Conclusions There is a significant association between hMPV and influenza viruses and bacteraemia of all causes in hospitalized children at a single paediatric centre in the United States. Large multicentre studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the mechanisms by which hMPV potentiates the virulence and invasive capacity of diverse bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangshin Park
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
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12
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Hashemi SA, Safamanesh S, Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Ghafouri M, Mohajerzadeh-Heydari MS, Namdar-Ahmadabad H, Azimian A. Report of death in children with SARS-CoV-2 and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) coinfection: Is hMPV the trigger? J Med Virol 2020; 93:579-581. [PMID: 32767680 PMCID: PMC7436913 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saghar Safamanesh
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Majid Ghafouri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Namdar-Ahmadabad
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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13
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Piñana M, Vila J, Maldonado C, Galano-Frutos JJ, Valls M, Sancho J, Nuvials FX, Andrés C, Martín-Gómez MT, Esperalba J, Codina MG, Pumarola T, Antón A. Insights into immune evasion of human metapneumovirus: novel 180- and 111-nucleotide duplications within viral G gene throughout 2014-2017 seasons in Barcelona, Spain. J Clin Virol 2020; 132:104590. [PMID: 32957052 PMCID: PMC7418790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HMPV has a prevalence of 3%, affecting equally children and adults. 180- and 111-nucleotide duplications emerged, increasing in prevalence over seasons. G proteins w/ duplications protruded more from the membrane than w/o duplication. Viruses w/ duplications were more associated to LRTI in adults than w/o duplication. These facts suggest these duplications might enhance an immune evasion mechanism
Background Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important aetiologic agent of respiratory tract infection (RTI). This study aimed to describe its genetic diversity and clinical impact in patients attended at a tertiary university hospital in Barcelona from the 2014-2015 to the 2016-2017 seasons, focusing on the emerging duplications in G gene and their structural properties. Methods Laboratory-confirmed HMPV were characterised based on partial-coding F and G gene sequences with MEGA.v6.0. Computational analysis of disorder propensity, aggregation propensity and glycosylation sites in viral G predicted protein sequence were carried out. Clinical data was retrospectively reviewed and further associated to virological features. Results HMPV prevalence was 3%. The 180- and 111-nucleotide duplications occurred in A2c lineage G protein increased in prevalence throughout the study, in addition to short genetic changes observed in other HMPV lineages. The A2c G protein without duplications was calculated to protrude over F protein in 23% of cases and increased to a 39% and a 46% with the 111- and 180-nucleotide duplications, respectively. Children did not seem to be more affected by these mutant viruses, but there was a strong association of these variants to LRTI in adults. Discussion HMPV presents a high genetic diversity in all lineages. Novel variants carrying duplications might present an evolutionary advantage due to an improved steric shielding, which would have been responsible for the reported increasing prevalence and the association to LRTI in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Piñana
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorgina Vila
- Paediatric Hospitalization Unit, Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari Maternoinfantil Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Maldonado
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Galano-Frutos
- Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI). Joint Units BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBs-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Valls
- Paediatric Hospitalization Unit, Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari Maternoinfantil Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sancho
- Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology Department, Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI). Joint Units BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) and GBs-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Nuvials
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Martín-Gómez
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gema Codina
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Antón
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Prospects of and Barriers to the Development of Epitope-Based Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060481. [PMID: 32570728 PMCID: PMC7350342 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory illnesses in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Although this pathogen was only discovered in 2001, an enormous amount of research has been conducted in order to develop safe and effective vaccines to prevent people from contracting the disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the most promising experimental B- and T-cell epitopes of human metapneumovirus for the rational design of HMPV vaccines using vector delivery systems, paying special attention to the conservation of these epitopes among different lineages/genotypes of HMPV. The prospects of the successful development of an epitope-based HMPV vaccine are discussed in the context of recent findings regarding HMPV’s ability to modulate host immunity. In particular, we discuss the lack of data on experimental human CD4 T-cell epitopes for HMPV despite the role of CD4 lymphocytes in both the induction of higher neutralizing antibody titers and the establishment of CD8 memory T-cell responses. We conclude that current research should be focused on searching for human CD4 T-cell epitopes of HMPV that can help us to design a safe and cross-protective epitope-based HMPV vaccine.
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15
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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16
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Solís-Rodríguez M, Alpuche-Solís ÁG, Tirado-Mendoza RG. Metapneumovirus humano: epidemiología y posibles tratamientos profilácticos. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/fm.24484865e.2020.63.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2001 in the Netherlands, Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was identified as a “new” etiologic agent causing acute respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years old;
however, it has also been isolated in the elderly and immunocompromised people. This virus is considered the second etiological agent in acute diseases of the respiratory tract. Currently, the estimated cost of IRAs in our country is of 9,000USD per inpatient.
hMPV is a member of the genus Metapneumovirus, family Pneumoviridae, and it belongs to the order Mononegavirales that is part of the negative single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, consisting of eight genes ordered: 3’-N-P-M-FM2-SH-G-L-5 ‘, and which encodes for 9 proteins. Of these proteins, the F fusion glycoprotein is highly conserved in the genus Metapneumovirus, and is the major antigenic determinant, and because an approved vaccine doesn’t exist, it has been used as a candidate epitope for the design of a vaccine that confers host immunity or as a therapeutic target in the creation of antiviral peptides that inhibit the fusion of the virus to its target cell and to avoid infection in subjects at high risk of contagion since there is currently none accepted by COFEPRIS as a prophylactic treatment against hMPV.
Key words: hMPV; respiratory infections; epitopes; protein F;vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Solís-Rodríguez
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT). Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Ángel G. Alpuche-Solís
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT). Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Rocío G. Tirado-Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Laboratorio de Biología del Citoesqueleto y Virología. Ciudad de México. México
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Wu W, Choi EJ, Lee I, Lee YS, Bao X. Non-Coding RNAs and Their Role in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030345. [PMID: 32245206 PMCID: PMC7150941 DOI: 10.3390/v12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput sequencing revealed that only 2% of the transcribed human genome codes for proteins, while the majority of transcriptional products are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs, both host- and virus-derived, and their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. RSV is known as the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, while hMPV is also a significant contributor to LRTI in the pediatrics population. Although RSV and hMPV are close members, belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, they induce distinct changes in the ncRNA profile. Several types of host ncRNAs, including long ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), are involved as playing roles in RSV and/or hMPV infection. Given the importance of ncRNAs in regulating the expression and functions of genes and proteins, comprehensively understanding the roles of ncRNAs in RSV/hMPV infection could shed light upon the disease mechanisms of RSV and hMPV, potentially providing insights into the development of prevention strategies and antiviral therapy. The presence of viral-derived RNAs and the potential of using ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | | | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer System Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea;
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute of Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +409-772-1777
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18
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Divarathna MVM, Rafeek RAM, Noordeen F. A review on epidemiology and impact of human metapneumovirus infections in children using TIAB search strategy on PubMed and PubMed Central articles. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2090. [PMID: 31788915 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) contribute to morbidity and mortality in children globally. Viruses including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) account for most ARTIs. The virus causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections mostly in young children and contributes to hospitalization of individuals with asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and cancer. Moreover, hMPV pauses a considerable socio-economic impact creating a substantial disease burden wherever it has been studied, although hMPV testing is relatively new in many countries. We aimed to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological aspects including prevalence, disease burden and seasonality of hMPV infections in children in the world. We acquired published data extracted from PubMed and PubMed Central articles using the title and abstract (TIAB)search strategy for the major key words on hMPV infections from 9/54 African, 11/35 American, 20/50 Asian, 2/14 Australian/Oceanian and 20/51 European countries. According to the findings of this review, the prevalence of hMPV infection ranges from 1.1 to 86% in children of less than 5 years of age globally. Presence of many hMPV genotypes (A1, A2, B1, B2) and sub-genotypes (A2a, A2b, A2c, B2a, B2b) suggests a rapid evolution of the virus with limited influence by time and geography. hMPV infection mostly affects children between 2 to 5 years of age. The virus is active throughout the year in the tropics and epidemics occur during the winter and spring in temperate climates, contributing to a substantial disease burden globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maduja V M Divarathna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rukshan A M Rafeek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Faseeha Noordeen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Cell-Type-Specific Transcription of Innate Immune Regulators in response to HMPV Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4964239. [PMID: 31686982 PMCID: PMC6803734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4964239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) may cause severe respiratory disease. The early innate immune response to viruses like HMPV is characterized by induction of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory immune mediators that are essential in shaping adaptive immune responses. Although innate immune responses to HMPV have been comprehensively studied in mice and murine immune cells, there is less information on these responses in human cells, comparing different cell types infected with the same HMPV strain. The aim of this study was to characterize the HMPV-induced mRNA expression of critical innate immune mediators in human primary cells relevant for airway disease. In particular, we determined type I versus type III IFN expression in human epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs). In epithelial cells, HMPV induced only low levels of IFN-β mRNA, while a robust mRNA expression of IFN-λs was found in epithelial cells, MDMs, and MDDCs. In addition, we determined induction of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7 and critical inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IP-10, and IL-1β). Interestingly, IRF1 mRNA was predominantly induced in MDMs and MDDCs. Overall, our results suggest that for HMPV infection of MDDCs, MDMs, NECs, and A549 cells (the cell types examined), cell type is a strong determinator of the ability of HMPV to induce different innate immune mediators. HMPV induces the transcription of IFN-β and IRF1 to higher extents in MDMs and MDDCs than in A549s and NECs, whereas the induction of type III IFN-λ and IRF7 is considerable in MDMs, MDDCs, and A549 epithelial cells.
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20
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Human Metapneumovirus Infection: Pneumonia Risk Factors in Patients With Solid Organ Transplantation and Computed Tomography Findings. Transplantation 2018; 102:699-706. [PMID: 28957844 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a newly detected pathogen that can cause lower respiratory tract disease. Clinical characteristics, computed tomography (CT) findings, and outcomes of HMPV pneumonia in patients with solid organ transplantation (SOT) have not been well demonstrated. METHODS Between January 2010 and February 2016, clinical and imaging findings of 59 patients with SOT (types of organ: kidney, 37; liver, 16; heart, 4; and pancreas and kidney, 2) who had HMPV infection detected in nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavage by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS Most (90%) of the patients were detected between March and June. In the 59 patients with SOT with upper respiratory tract infection (URI), 29 (49%) progressed to lower respiratory tract disease after a median of 7 days (range, 2-31 days). Coinfection was noted in 39% of the patients. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, low lymphocyte count (≤0.7 × 10/μL; hazard ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.85; P = 0.04) and high C-reactive protein (>10 mg/dL; hazard ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-7.21; P = 0.02) at URI diagnosis were associated with HMPV pneumonia. On CT, HMPV pneumonia presented as bilateral ill-defined centrilobular nodules, consolidation and ground-glass opacities, whereas lymphadenopathy or effusion is not common. There were no significantly different imaging CT findings between patients with HMPV infection alone and those with coinfection. CONCLUSIONS Human metapneumovirus pneumonias were detected in nearly half of patients with SOT showing URI symptoms with positive HMPV, and low lymphocyte count and high C-reactive protein at URI diagnosis were significant factors associated with HMPV pneumonia.
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Single Passage of Human Metapneumovirus in LLC-MK2 Cells Does Not Affect Viral Protein-Coding Capacity. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/21/e00440-18. [PMID: 29798923 PMCID: PMC5968720 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00440-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) prior to and after passaging in LLC-MK2 cells. Paired comparisons of the 13,335-nucleotide genomes revealed that the virus acquired the T10736C transition in its genome, which did not affect the amino acid sequences of HMPV proteins.
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Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that detect conserved proteins from Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Metapneumovirus and Adenovirus in human samples. J Virol Methods 2018; 254:51-64. [PMID: 29410056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV), human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Adenovirus (ADV), are three of the most prevalent viruses responsible for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children and elderly worldwide, accounting for a high number of hospitalizations annually. Diagnosis of these viruses is required to take clinical actions that allow an appropriate patient management. Thereby, new strategies to design fast diagnostic methods are highly required. In the present work, six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, two for each virus) specific for conserved proteins from hRSV, hMPV and ADV were generated and evaluated through different immunological techniques, based on detection of purified protein, viral particles and human samples. In vitro evaluation of these antibodies showed higher specificity and sensitivity than commercial antibodies tested in this study. These antibodies were used to design a sandwich ELISA tests that allowed the detection of hRSV, hMPV, and ADV in human nasopharyngeal swabs. We observed that hRSV and ADV were detected with sensitivity and specificity equivalent to a current Direct Fluorescence Assay (DFA) methodology. However, hMPV was detected with more sensitivity than DFA. Our data suggest that these new mAbs can efficiently identify infected samples and discriminate from patients infected with other respiratory pathogens.
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Diaz-Dinamarca DA, Ibañez FJ, Soto DA, Soto JA, Cespedes PF, Muena NA, Garate DS, Kalergis AM, Vasquez AE. Immunization with a Mixture of Nucleoprotein from Human Metapneumovirus and AbISCO-100 Adjuvant Reduces Viral Infection in Mice Model. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:306-314. [PMID: 29373084 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second leading cause globally of acute infection of the respiratory tract in children, infecting the upper and lower airways. The hMPV may induce an inappropriate Th2-type immune response, which causes severe pulmonary inflammation, leading to the obstruction of airways. Despite its severe epidemiological relevance, no vaccines are currently available for the prevention of hMPV-induced illness. In this investigation, we demonstrated that immunization of mice with the recombinant hMPV nucleoprotein (hMPV-N) mixed with the AbISCO-100 adjuvant reduced viral replication in lungs following challenge with the virus. We found that immunized mice had reduced weight loss, decreased granulocytes in the lung, an increased level of specific nucleoprotein antibodies of IgG1 and IgG2a-isotypes, and a local profile of Th1/Th17-type cytokines. Our results suggest that immunization with the hMPV-N and the AbISCO-100 adjuvant induces a reduction of viral infection and could be considered for the development of an hMPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Diaz-Dinamarca
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Ibañez
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel A Soto
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás A Muena
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego S Garate
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel E Vasquez
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,4 Universidad San Sebastián , Facultad de Ciencia, Escuela de Bioquímica, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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Characterization of signaling pathways regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory long form thymic stromal lymphopoietin upon human metapneumovirus infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:883. [PMID: 29343779 PMCID: PMC5772477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with several allergic diseases including asthma. Two isoforms of TSLP exist in humans, a long form (lfTSLP) and a short form (sfTSLP), displaying distinct immunological functions. Recently, TSLP was found to be upregulated in human airway cells upon human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, yet it remains unclear if the two isoforms are regulated differently during hMPV infection. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying hMPV-mediated TSLP induction remain undescribed. In this study, we characterized the expression and regulation of TSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells. We demonstrated that hMPV strongly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory lfTSLP in human airway epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Further, knockdown of pattern recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as downstream signal transducers, abrogated hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction. Importantly, silencing of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) also impaired hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction, which could be attributed to compromised NF-κB activation. Overall, these results suggest that TBK1 may be instrumental for hMPV-mediated activation of NF-κB downstream RIG-I and TLR3, leading to a specific induction of lfTSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells.
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Cheemarla NR, Baños-Lara MDR, Naidu S, Guerrero-Plata A. Neutrophils regulate the lung inflammatory response via γδ T cell infiltration in an experimental mouse model of human metapneumovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1383-1392. [PMID: 28336678 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1216-519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human circulation. They are the first immune cell population recruited to the sites of infection. However, the role of neutrophils to regulate host immune responses during respiratory viral infections is largely unknown. To elucidate the role of neutrophils in respiratory antiviral defense, we used an experimental mouse model of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection. HMPV, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a leading respiratory pathogen causing severe symptoms, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in young, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. We demonstrate that neutrophils are the predominant population of immune cells recruited into the lungs after HMPV infection. This led us to hypothesize that neutrophils represent a key player of the immune response during HMPV infection, thereby regulating HMPV-induced lung pathogenesis. Specific depletion of neutrophils in vivo using a mAb and simultaneous infection with HMPV exhibited higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, pulmonary inflammation, and severe clinical disease compared with HMPV-infected, competent mice. Interestingly, the lack of neutrophils altered γδ T cell accumulation in the lung. The absence of γδ T cells during HMPV infection led to reduced pulmonary inflammation. These novel findings demonstrate that neutrophils play a critical role in controlling HMPV-induced inflammatory responses by regulating γδ T cell infiltration to the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Ma Del Rocío Baños-Lara
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Shan Naidu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA; and .,Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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