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Bonilla WV, Kirchhammer N, Marx AF, Kallert SM, Krzyzaniak MA, Lu M, Darbre S, Schmidt S, Raguz J, Berka U, Vincenti I, Pauzuolis M, Kerber R, Hoepner S, Günther S, Magnus C, Merkler D, Orlinger KK, Zippelius A, Pinschewer DD. Heterologous arenavirus vector prime-boost overrules self-tolerance for efficient tumor-specific CD8 T cell attack. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100209. [PMID: 33763654 PMCID: PMC7974551 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination regimens inducing clinically effective tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are an unmet medical need. We engineer two distantly related arenaviruses, Pichinde virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, for therapeutic cancer vaccination. In mice, life-replicating vector formats of these two viruses delivering a self-antigen in a heterologous prime-boost regimen induce tumor-specific CTL responses up to 50% of the circulating CD8 T cell pool. This CTL attack eliminates established solid tumors in a significant proportion of animals, accompanied by protection against tumor rechallenge. The magnitude of CTL responses is alarmin driven and requires combining two genealogically distantly related arenaviruses. Vector-neutralizing antibodies do not inhibit booster immunizations by the same vector or by closely related vectors. Rather, CTL immunodominance hierarchies favor vector backbone-targeted responses at the expense of self-reactive CTLs. These findings establish an arenavirus-based immunotherapy regimen that allows reshuffling of immunodominance hierarchies and breaking self-directed tolerance for efficient tumor control. Engineered arenaviruses induce potent tumor self-specific CD8 T cell (CTL) response Combinations of distantly but not closely related arenavirus vectors eliminate tumors Vector backbone-targeted CTL responses compete against tumor self-reactive CTLs Optimized vector combinations reshuffle immunodominance to break self-tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldy V Bonilla
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sandra M Kallert
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Min Lu
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Darbre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mindaugas Pauzuolis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romy Kerber
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoepner
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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[Arenavirus research and antiviral candidate]. Uirusu 2019; 68:51-62. [PMID: 31105135 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arenavirus is a genetic term for viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae and is presented from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which shows almost no pathogenicity to humans, to Lassa virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Lujo virus, Sabia virus, and Guanarito virus, which shows high pathogenicity to humans. These viruses except for LCMV are risk group 4 pathogens specified by World Health Organization. Based on this designation, it is designated as Class I pathogens in Japan. Although there have been no reports excluding one imported case of the Lassa fever patient, it is not surprising whenever imported cases occur in our country. Considering the disease severity and mortality rate, it is an urgent matter to develop vaccines and therapeutic drugs in endemic areas, and maintenances of these are also important in countries other than endemic areas. However, basic research on highly pathogenic arenavirus infections and development of therapeutic drugs are not easily progressed, because handling in highly safe research facilities is indispensable. In this article, we will outline the current knowledge from the recent basic research on arenavirus to the development situation of antivirals against arenaviruses.
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Yoo JR, Heo ST, Park D, Kim H, Fukuma A, Fukushi S, Shimojima M, Lee KH. Family Cluster Analysis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1351-1357. [PMID: 27928083 PMCID: PMC5154449 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is tick-borne viral disease that was first suspected in China in 2009. The causative virus (SFTSV) was isolated in 2009 and reported in 2011, and SFTSV expanded its geographic distribution in 2012–2013, from China to South Korea and Japan. Most SFTSV infections occur through Haemaphysalis longicornis. However, SFTSV infection can also occur between family members, and nosocomial transmission of SFTSV is also possible through close contact with a patient. In this study, we first analyzed clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data for SFTS patients and family members of an index patient in Korea. The S segment of SFTSV was amplified from the sera of three patients, and the S segment of SFTSV and IgG specific to SFTSV were detected in the serum from one family member; although this individual had no history of exposure to H. longicornis, she frequently had close contact with the index patient. In Korea, SFTSV infection among family members does not have to be reported, and we suggest that person-to-person transmission of SFTSV among family members is possible in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Rae Yoo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sang Taek Heo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Dahee Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Keun Hwa Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
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Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antigen Detection Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Nucleocapsid Protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004595. [PMID: 27045364 PMCID: PMC4821557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne infectious disease with a high case fatality rate, and is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS is endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. The viral RNA level in sera of patients with SFTS is known to be strongly associated with outcomes. Virological SFTS diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity are required in disease endemic areas. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated novel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SFTSV nucleocapsid (N) protein and developed a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of N protein of SFTSV using MAb and polyclonal antibody as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The Ag-capture system was capable of detecting at least 350–1220 TCID50/100 μl/well from the culture supernatants of various SFTSV strains. The efficacy of the Ag-capture ELISA in SFTS diagnosis was evaluated using serum samples collected from patients suspected of having SFTS in Japan. All 24 serum samples (100%) containing high copy numbers of viral RNA (>105 copies/ml) showed a positive reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA, whereas 12 out of 15 serum samples (80%) containing low copy numbers of viral RNA (<105 copies/ml) showed a negative reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA. Among these Ag-capture ELISA-negative 12 samples, 9 (75%) were positive for IgG antibodies against SFTSV. Conclusions The newly developed Ag-capture ELISA is useful for SFTS diagnosis in acute phase patients with high levels of viremia. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). Since first discovered in China in 2011, SFTSV has been detected from SFTS patients and ticks with expanding geographic ranges from China to Japan and South Korea. The potential for SFTS spread to other warm or sub-tropical regions makes it a serious concern to the public health. It is of great importance to detect SFTSV rapidly and specifically for the effective control of the disease. For the diagnosis of viral infections, a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture ELISA detecting viral nucleoprotein (N) in viremic serum samples has been widely applied to detect the agents, since it is the most abundant viral antigen and has highly conserved amino acid sequence. In this study, using the novel monoclonal antibodies raised against SFSTV-N, an Ag-capture ELISA system was developed, and the validation of this system was performed using sera collected from SFTS-suspected patients. Our data show that the Ag-capture ELISA was useful for the diagnosis of SFTS patients in the acute phase of the disease. This study shows a novel methodology for the diagnosis of SFTS, which may provide helpful information for the effective control of the disease.
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Kerber R, Reindl S, Romanowski V, Gómez RM, Ogbaini-Emovon E, Günther S, ter Meulen J. Research efforts to control highly pathogenic arenaviruses: a summary of the progress and gaps. J Clin Virol 2014; 64:120-7. [PMID: 25549822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the past 10 years in unraveling the molecular biology of highly pathogenic arenaviruses that are endemic in several West African countries (Lassa fever virus) and in some regions of South America (Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever viruses). While this has resulted in proof-of-concept studies of novel vaccine candidates in non-human primates and in the discovery of several novel antiviral small molecule drug candidates, none of them has been tested in the clinic to date. The recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa has demonstrated very clearly that there is an urgent need to develop the prophylactic and therapeutic armamentarium against viral hemorrhagic fever viruses as part of a global preparedness for future epidemics. As it pertains to this goal, the present article summarizes the current knowledge of highly pathogenic arenaviruses and identifies opportunities for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kerber
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Reindl
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - V Romanowski
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R M Gómez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - S Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J ter Meulen
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany.
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Bukbuk DN, Fukushi S, Tani H, Yoshikawa T, Taniguchi S, Iha K, Fukuma A, Shimojima M, Morikawa S, Saijo M, Kasolo F, Baba SS. Development and validation of serological assays for viral hemorrhagic fevers and determination of the prevalence of Rift Valley fever in Borno State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:768-73. [PMID: 25344695 PMCID: PMC7107251 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic to the tropical regions of eastern and southern Africa. The seroprevalence of RVF was investigated among the human population in Borno State, Nigeria to determine the occurrence of the disease in the study area in comparison with that of Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever. Methods Recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP)-based IgG-ELISAs for the detection of serum antibodies against RVF virus (RVFV), Lassa fever virus (LASV), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) were used to test human sera in Borno State, Nigeria. The presence of neutralizing antibody against the RVFV-glycoprotein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype (RVFVpv) was also determined in the human sera. Results Of the 297 serum samples tested, 42 (14.1%) were positive for the presence of RVFV-IgG and 22 (7.4%) and 7 (2.4%) of the serum samples were positive for antibodies against LASV and CCHFV, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the titers of neutralizing antibodies obtained using RVFVpv and those obtained using the conventional neutralization assay with the attenuated RVFV-MP12 strain. Conclusions The seroprevalence of RVF was significantly higher than that of LASV and CCHF in Borno State, Nigeria. The RVFVpv-based neutralization assay developed in this study has the potential to replace the traditional assays based on live viruses for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nadeba Bukbuk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iha
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis Kasolo
- Disease Prevention and Control Cluster at the WHO Regional Office for Africa, Congo-Brazzaville
| | - Saka Saheed Baba
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Zhu Z, Prabakaran P, Chen W, Broder CC, Gong R, Dimitrov DS. Human monoclonal antibodies as candidate therapeutics against emerging viruses and HIV-1. Virol Sin 2013; 28:71-80. [PMID: 23575729 PMCID: PMC7090799 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for a number of disease indications with only one of these (Synagis) - for a viral disease, and not for therapy but for prevention. However, in the last decade novel potent mAbs have been discovered and characterized with potential as therapeutics against viruses of major importance for public health and biosecurity including Hendra virus (HeV), Nipah virus (NiV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), West Nile virus (WNV), influenza virus (IFV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here, we review such mAbs with an emphasis on antibodies of human origin, and highlight recent results as well as technologies and mechanisms related to their potential as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Bréard E, Lara E, Comtet L, Viarouge C, Doceul V, Desprat A, Vitour D, Pozzi N, Cay AB, De Regge N, Pourquier P, Schirrmeier H, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Validation of a commercially available indirect ELISA using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53446. [PMID: 23335964 PMCID: PMC3546048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly developed Enzym Like Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (N) of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was evaluated and validated for the detection of SBV-specific IgG antibodies in ruminant sera by three European Reference Laboratories. Validation data sets derived from sheep, goat and bovine sera collected in France and Germany (n = 1515) in 2011 and 2012 were categorized according to the results of a virus neutralization test (VNT) or an indirect immuno-flurorescence assay (IFA). The specificity was evaluated with 1364 sera from sheep, goat and bovine collected in France and Belgium before 2009. Overall agreement between VNT and ELISA was 98.9% and 98.3% between VNT and IFA, indicating a very good concordance between the different techniques. Although cross-reactions with other Orthobunyavirus from the Simbu serogroup viruses might occur, it is a highly sensitive, specific and robust ELISA-test validated to detect anti-SBV antibodies. This test can be applied for SBV sero-diagnostics and disease-surveillance studies in ruminant species in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Serological assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202455 PMCID: PMC3497043 DOI: 10.3390/v4102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus, consists of two phylogenetically independent groups: Old World (OW) and New World (NW) complexes. The Lassa and Lujo viruses in the OW complex and the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Chapare viruses in the NW complex cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans, leading to serious public health concerns. These viruses are also considered potential bioterrorism agents. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect these pathogens rapidly and specifically in order to minimize the risk and scale of arenavirus outbreaks. However, these arenaviruses are classified as BSL-4 pathogens, thus making it difficult to develop diagnostic techniques for these virus infections in institutes without BSL-4 facilities. To overcome these difficulties, antibody detection systems in the form of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed using recombinant nucleoproteins (rNPs) derived from these viruses. Furthermore, several antigen-detection assays were developed. For example, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the rNPs of Lassa and Junin viruses were generated. Sandwich antigen-capture (Ag-capture) ELISAs using these mAbs as capture antibodies were developed and confirmed to be sensitive and specific for detecting the respective arenavirus NPs. These rNP-based assays were proposed to be useful not only for an etiological diagnosis of VHFs, but also for seroepidemiological studies on VHFs. We recently developed arenavirus neutralization assays using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotypes bearing arenavirus recombinant glycoproteins. The goal of this article is to review the recent advances in developing laboratory diagnostic assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of VHFs and epidemiological studies on the VHFs caused by arenaviruses.
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Antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein using new monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 2012; 180:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tani H, Morikawa S, Matsuura Y. Development and Applications of VSV Vectors Based on Cell Tropism. Front Microbiol 2012; 2:272. [PMID: 22279443 PMCID: PMC3260743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been available in various fields such as medical and biological research or gene therapy applications. Targeting vectors pseudotyped with distinct viral envelope proteins that influence cell tropism and transfection efficiency are useful tools not only for examining entry mechanisms or cell tropisms but also for vaccine vector development. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an excellent candidate for development as a pseudotype vector. A recombinant VSV lacking its own envelope (G) gene has been used to produce a pseudotype or recombinant VSV possessing the envelope proteins of heterologous viruses. These viruses possess a reporter gene instead of a VSV G gene in their genome, and therefore it is easy to evaluate their infectivity in the study of viral entry, including identification of viral receptors. Furthermore, advantage can be taken of a property of the pseudotype VSV, which is competence for single-round infection, in handling many different viruses that are either difficult to amplify in cultured cells or animals or that require specialized containment facilities. Here we describe procedures for producing pseudotype or recombinant VSVs and a few of the more prominent examples from envelope viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, baculovirus, and hemorrhagic fever viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama Tokyo, Japan
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[Arenavirus infections]. Uirusu 2012; 62:229-38. [PMID: 24153233 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviruses are the collective name for viruses, which belong to the family Arenaviridae. They replicate in the cytoplasm of cells, and were named after the sandy (Latin, arenosus) appearance of the ribosomes often seen in thin sections of virions under electron microscope. Several arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus in West Africa, and Junin, Guanarito, Sabia, Machupo, and Chapare viruses in South America, cause sever viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in humans and represent a serious public health problem. These viruses are categorized as category 1 pathogens thus should be handles in a BSL4 laboratory. Recently, Lujo virus was isolated as a newly discovered novel arenavirus associated with a VHF outbreak in southern Africa in 2008. Although, we have no VHF patients caused by arenaviruses in Japan, except for a single imported Lassa fever case in 1987, it is possible that VHF patients occur as imported cases as for other VHF in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the diagnostics and therapeutics in consideration of patient's severe symptoms and high mortality even in the disease-free countries. In this review, we will broadly discuss the current knowledge from the basic researches to diagnostics and vaccine developments for arenavirus diseases.
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Gómez RM, Jaquenod de Giusti C, Sanchez Vallduvi MM, Frik J, Ferrer MF, Schattner M. Junín virus. A XXI century update. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:303-11. [PMID: 21238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Junín virus of the Arenaviridae family is the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a febrile syndrome causing hematological and neurological symptoms. We review historical perspectives of current knowledge on the disease, and update information related to the virion and its potential pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gómez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute, CONICET-UNLP, calle 49 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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