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Free-Living Amoebas in Extreme Environments: The True Survival in our Planet. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2359883. [PMID: 36303587 PMCID: PMC9596261 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2359883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) are microorganisms, unicellular protozoa widely distributed in nature and present in different environments, such as water or soil; they are maintained in ecosystems and play a fundamental role in the biological control of bacteria, other protozoa, and mushrooms. In particular circumstances, some can reach humans or animals, promoting several health complications. Notably, FLAs are characterized by a robust capacity to survive in extreme environments. However, currently, there is no updated information on the existence and distribution of this protozoan in inhospitable places. Undoubtedly, the cellular physiology of these protozoan microorganisms is very particular. They can resist and live in extreme environments due to their encysting capacity and tolerance to different osmolarities, temperatures, and other environmental factors, which give them excellent adaptative resistance. In this review, we summarized the most relevant evidence related to FLAs and the possible mechanism, which could explain their adaptative capacity to several extreme environments.
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Güémez A, García E. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091320. [PMID: 34572533 PMCID: PMC8469197 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba (FLA) that is commonly known as the "brain-eating amoeba." This parasite can invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing an acute and fulminating infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Even though PAM is characterized by low morbidity, it has shown a mortality rate of 98%, usually causing death in less than two weeks after the initial exposure. This review summarizes the most recent information about N. fowleri, its pathogenic molecular mechanisms, and the neuropathological processes implicated. Additionally, this review includes the main therapeutic strategies described in case reports and preclinical studies, including the possible use of immunomodulatory agents to decrease neurological damage.
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Guo JY, Wang YS, Chen T, Jiang XX, Wu P, Geng T, Pan ZH, Shang MK, Hou CX, Gao K, Guo XJ. Functional analysis of a miRNA-like small RNA derived from Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:449-462. [PMID: 30869181 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a major pathogen of the economic insect silkworm, Bombyx mori. Virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this study we identified a BmCPV-derived miRNA-like 21 nt small RNA, BmCPV-miR-1, from the small RNA deep sequencing of BmCPV-infected silkworm larvae by stem-loop quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and investigated its functions with qPCR and lentiviral expression systems. Bombyx mori inhibitor of apoptosis protein (BmIAP) gene was predicted by both target prediction software miRanda and Targetscan to be one of its target genes with a binding site for BmCPV-miR-1 at the 5' untranslated region. It was found that the expression of BmCPV-miR-1 and its target gene BmIAP were both up-regulated in BmCPV-infected larvae. At the same time, it was confirmed that BmCPV-miR-1 could up-regulate the expression of BmIAP gene in HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression systems and in BmN cells by transfecting mimics. Furthermore, BmCPV-miR-1 mimics could up-regulate the expression level of BmIAP gene in midgut and fat body in the silkworm. In the midgut of BmCPV-infected larvae, BmCPV-miR-1 mimics could be further up-regulated and inhibitors could lower the virus-mediated expression of BmIAP gene. With the viral genomic RNA segments S1 and S10 as indicators, BmCPV-miR-1 mimics could up-regulate and inhibitors down-regulate their replication in the infected silkworm. These results implied that BmCPV-miR-1 could inhibit cell apoptosis in the infected silkworm through up-regulating BmIAP expression, providing the virus with a better cell circumstance for its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tao Geng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikoou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ke Shang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xi-Jie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, Carrasco-Yepez MM, Herrera-Díaz J, Rojas-Hernández S. Identification of differential protein recognition pattern between Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12715. [PMID: 32191816 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenicity factors are involved in the development of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by N fowleri. However, most of them are not exclusive for N fowleri and they have not even been described in other nonpathogenic Naegleria species. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify differential proteins and protein pattern recognition between Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis using antibodies anti-N fowleri as strategy to find vaccine candidates against meningoencephalitis. Electrophoresis and Western blots conventional and 2-DE were performed for the identification of antigenic proteins, and these were analysed by the mass spectrometry technique. The results obtained in 2-DE gels and Western blot showed very notable differences in spot intensity between these two species, specifically those with relative molecular weight of 100, 75, 50 and 19 kDa. Some spots corresponding to these molecular weights were identified as actin fragment, myosin II, heat shock protein, membrane protein Mp2CL5 among others, with differences in theoretical post-translational modifications. In this work, we found differences in antigenic proteins between both species, proteins that could be used for a further development of vaccines against N fowleri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Maria Maricela Carrasco-Yepez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Grupo CyMA, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Herrera-Díaz
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación y la Industria, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Saul Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología Molecular y Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
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Ferrara F, Kolnik M, D'Angelo S, Erasmus FM, Vorholt D, Bradbury ARM. Rapid purification of billions of circulating CD19+ B cells directly from leukophoresis samples. N Biotechnol 2018; 46:14-21. [PMID: 29870785 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the biology and function of B cells, or the dissection and in vitro creation of enormous recombinant antibody repertoires, requires the isolation of large numbers of pure CD19+ B cells. The StraightFrom® Leukopak CD19 MicroBead Kit was recently introduced as a fast and robust kit to isolate human CD19+ B cells. This uses paramagnetic microbeads conjugated to high-affinity anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies to bind B cells in leukapheresis (Leukopak) samples. The overall purity of the isolated cells, together with the characterization of the different CD19+ subclasses, was assessed by flow cytometry using a recombinant (REAffinity) antibody panel, revealing that the method allowed the recovery of over 93% of CD19+ B cells without any pre-purification step. This enables the relatively straightforward purification of all the circulating CD19+ B cells in a single donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Ferrara
- Specifica Inc, 1512 Pacheco Street, Suite A203, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA.
| | - Martin Kolnik
- Miltenyi Biotec Inc., 6125 Cornerstone Court East, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sara D'Angelo
- Specifica Inc, 1512 Pacheco Street, Suite A203, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Frank M Erasmus
- Specifica Inc, 1512 Pacheco Street, Suite A203, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Daniela Vorholt
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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Bellini NK, Santos TM, da Silva MTA, Thiemann OH. The therapeutic strategies against Naegleria fowleri. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Martínez-Castillo M, Santos-Argumedo L, Galván-Moroyoqui JM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:75-87. [PMID: 29128927 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a protozoan that invades the central nervous system and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. It has been reported that N. fowleri induces an important inflammatory response during the infection. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of Toll-like receptors in the recognition of N. fowleri trophozoites by human mucoepithelial cells, analyzing the expression and production of innate immune response mediators. After amoebic interactions with NCI-H292 cells, the expression and production levels of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2 were evaluated by RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and dot blot assays, respectively. To determine whether the canonical signaling pathways were engaged, we used different inhibitors, namely, IMG-2005 for MyD88 and BAY 11-7085 for the nuclear factor NFkB. Our results showed that the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and beta defensin-2 were induced by N. fowleri mainly through the canonical TLR4 pathway in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Galván-Moroyoqui
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Boulevard Luis Donaldo Colosio and Francisco Q. Salazar S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Baig AM. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Preventive Nose Plugs: Prophylaxis Against Naegleria fowleri. J Med Device 2016. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba; it is a protist pathogen that is known to cause a fatal encephalitis in humans known as “primary amoebic meningoencephalitis” (PAM). The peak season for the cases admitted to the hospital is in the summers, and all the reported cases have a history of exposure to the warm waters. Mostly, PAM is reported in recent swimmers and people who perform ablution and/or nasal cleansing. Much has been done for vaccination and treatment without any success in past 60 years, but the mortality has remained 99%. Here, we propose a prophylaxis for this disease by introducing a device “Naegleriopel.” This device is noninvasive and requires insertion into the nostrils at times of swimming or water sports related activities. This device, made up of synthetic plastic or silicone, could be adapted to the contours of the interior of the nose. It is expected to reduce the sporadic and seasonal incidences of PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Mannan Baig
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74200, Pakistan e-mail:
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Kang H, Seong GS, Sohn HJ, Kim JH, Lee SE, Park MY, Lee WJ, Shin HJ. Effective PCR-based detection of Naegleria fowleri from cultured sample and PAM-developed mouse. Eur J Protistol 2015; 51:401-8. [PMID: 26322498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) cases due to Naegleria fowleri are becoming a serious issue in subtropical and tropical countries as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). To establish a rapid and effective diagnostic tool, a PCR-based detection technique was developed based on previous PCR methods. Four kinds of primer pairs, Nfa1, Nae3, Nf-ITS, and Naegl, were employed in the cultured amoebic trophozoites and a mouse with PAM experimentally developed by N. fowleri inoculation (PAM-mouse). For the extraction of genomic DNA from N. fowleri trophozoites (1×10(6)), simple boiling with 10μl of PBS (pH 7.4) at 100°C for 30min was found to be the most rapid and efficient procedure, allowing amplification of 2.5×10(2) trophozoites using the Nfa-1 primer. The primers Nfa1 and Nae3 amplified only N. fowleri DNA, whereas the ITS primer detected N. fowleri and N. gruberi DNA. Using the PAM-mouse brain tissue, the Nfa1 primer was able to amplify the N. fowleri DNA 4 days post infection with 1ng/μl of genomic DNA being detectable. Using the PAM-mouse CSF, amplification of the N. fowleri DNA with the Nae3 primer was possible 5 days post infection showing a better performance than the Nfa1 primer at day 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyoung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sang Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeoun Park
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea.
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Zysset-Burri DC, Müller N, Beuret C, Heller M, Schürch N, Gottstein B, Wittwer M. Genome-wide identification of pathogenicity factors of the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:496. [PMID: 24950717 PMCID: PMC4082629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of the rapidly progressing and typically fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Despite the devastating nature of this disease, which results in > 97% mortality, knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of the amoeba is incomplete. This work presents a comparative proteomic approach based on an experimental model in which the pathogenic potential of N. fowleri trophozoites is influenced by the compositions of different media. RESULTS As a scaffold for proteomic analysis, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of N. fowleri. Since the sequence similarity of the recently published genome of Naegleria gruberi was far lower than the close taxonomic relationship of these species would suggest, a de novo sequencing approach was chosen. After excluding cell regulatory mechanisms originating from different media compositions, we identified 22 proteins with a potential role in the pathogenesis of PAM. Functional annotation of these proteins revealed, that the membrane is the major location where the amoeba exerts its pathogenic potential, possibly involving actin-dependent processes such as intracellular trafficking via vesicles. CONCLUSION This study describes for the first time the 30 Mb-genome and the transcriptome sequence of N. fowleri and provides the basis for the further definition of effective intervention strategies against the rare but highly fatal form of amoebic meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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Steil BP, Jorquera P, Westdijk J, Bakker WAM, Johnston RE, Barro M. A mucosal adjuvant for the inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 32:558-63. [PMID: 24333345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The eradication of poliovirus from the majority of the world has been achieved through the use of two vaccines: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Both vaccines are effective at preventing paralytic poliomyelitis, however, they also have significant differences. Most importantly for this work is the risk of revertant virus from OPV, the greater cost of IPV, and the low mucosal immunity induced by IPV. We and others have previously described the use of an alphavirus-based adjuvant that can induce a mucosal immune response to a co-administered antigen even when delivered at a non-mucosal site. In this report, we describe the use of an alphavirus-based adjuvant (GVI3000) with IPV. The IPV-GVI3000 vaccine significantly increased systemic IgG, mucosal IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses to all three poliovirus serotypes in mice even when administered intramuscularly. Furthermore, GVI3000 significantly increased the potency of IPV in rat potency tests as measured by poliovirus neutralizing antibodies in serum. Thus, an IPV-GVI3000 vaccine would reduce the dose of IPV needed and provide significantly improved mucosal immunity. This vaccine could be an effective tool to use in the poliovirus eradication campaign without risking the re-introduction of revertant poliovirus derived from OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Steil
- Global Vaccines, Inc., P.O. Box 14827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Patricia Jorquera
- Global Vaccines, Inc., P.O. Box 14827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Janny Westdijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried A M Bakker
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Johnston
- Global Vaccines, Inc., P.O. Box 14827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mario Barro
- Global Vaccines, Inc., P.O. Box 14827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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