1
|
Liu J, Wang X, Ren T, Qin J, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Identification of B-cell epitope on the N protein of type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) using monoclonal antibody and construction of epitope-mutated virus. Virology 2024; 596:110102. [PMID: 38749084 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The escalating epidemic of PRRSV-1 in China has prompted widespread concern regarding the evolution of strains, disparities in pathogenicity to herds, and immunological detection of emerging strains. The nucleocapsid (N) protein, as a highly conserved protein with immunogenic properties in PRRSV, is a subject of intensive study. In this research, the recombinant His-N protein was expressed based on the N gene of PRRSV-1 using a prokaryotic expression system and then administered to BALB/c mice. A cell fusion protocol was implemented between SP2/0 cells and splenocytes, resulting in the successful screening of a monoclonal antibody against the N protein, designated as mAb 2D7, by indirect ELISA. Western Blot analysis and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) confirmed that mAb 2D7 positively responded to PRRSV-1. By constructing and expressing a series of truncated His-fused N proteins, a B-cell epitope of N protein, 59-AAEDDIR-65, was identified. A sequence alignment of two genotypes of PRRSV revealed that this epitope is relatively conserved in PRRSV, yet more so in genotype 1. Cross-reactivity analysis by Western blot analysis demonstrated that the B-cell epitope containing D62Y mutation could not be recognized by mAb 2D7. The inability of mAb 2D7 to recognize the epitope carrying the D62Y mutation was further determined using an infectious clone of PRRSV. This research may shed light on the biological significance of the N protein of PRRSV, paving the way for the advancement of immunological detection and development of future recombinant marker vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jianguang Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang R, Ru Y, Wang H, Hao R, Li Y, Zhang T, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Quantum dot fluorescent microsphere-based immunochromatographic strip for detecting PRRSV antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:283. [PMID: 38573435 PMCID: PMC10995003 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Current vaccine prevention and treatment approaches for PRRS are not adequate, and commercial vaccines do not provide sufficient cross-immune protection. Therefore, establishing a precise, sensitive, simple, and rapid serological diagnostic approach for detecting PRRSV antibodies is crucial. The present study used quantum dot fluorescent microspheres (QDFM) as tracers, covalently linked to the PRRSV N protein, to develop an immunochromatography strip (ICS) for detecting PRRSV antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies against PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins were both coated on nitrocellulose membranes as control (C) and test (T) lines, respectively. QDFM ICS identified PRRSV antibodies under 10 min with high sensitivity and specificity. The specificity assay revealed no cross-reactivity with the other tested viruses. The sensitivity assay revealed that the minimum detection limit was 1.2 ng/mL when the maximum dilution was 1:2,048, comparable to the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Moreover, compared to PRRSV ELISA antibody detection kits, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of QDFM ICS after analyzing 189 clinical samples were 96.7%, 97.9%, and 97.4%, respectively. Notably, the test strips can be stored for up to 6 months at 4 °C and up to 4 months at room temperature (18-25 °C). In conclusion, QDFM ICS offers the advantages of rapid detection time, high specificity and sensitivity, and affordability, indicating its potential for on-site PRRS screening. KEY POINTS: • QDFM ICS is a novel method for on-site and in-lab detection of PRRSV antibodies • Its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are on par with commercial ELISA kits • QDFM ICS rapidly identifies PRRSV, aiding the swine industry address the evolving virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- China Agricultural Veterinarian Biology Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huibao Wang
- College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Gansu Forestry Technological College, Tianshui, 741020, Gansu, China
| | - Rongzeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Gansu Forestry Technological College, Tianshui, 741020, Gansu, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan J, Zeng M, Zhao M, Huang L. Research Progress on the detection methods of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097905. [PMID: 36970703 PMCID: PMC10033578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes clinical syndromes typified as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory diseases in piglets. PRRSV remains one of the most prevalent pathogens affecting the pig industry, because of its complex infection profile and highly heterogeneous genetic and recombination characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and effective PRRSV detection method is important for the prevention and control of PRRS. With extensive in-depth research on PRRSV detection methods, many detection methods have been improved and promoted. Laboratory methods include techniques based on virus isolation (VI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA), immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and other methods. This study reviews the latest research on improving the main PRRSV detection methods and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Mengmeng Zhao,
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Liangzong Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The integrity of PRRSV nucleocapsid protein is necessary for up-regulation of optimal interleukin-10 through NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:319-324. [PMID: 28457899 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), a highly contagious disease, has been constantly causing huge economic losses all over the world. PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection results in immunosuppression and IL-10 up-regulation. The relationship between them is still in dispute. Previous studies demonstrated the protein of PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein is able to up-regulate IL-10, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, the expression kinetics of IL-10 up-regulation induced by PRRSV N protein were analyzed in immortalized porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). N protein induced IL-10 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibition experiments of signaling pathways suggested NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways are both involved in N protein-induced IL-10 up-regulation. Besides, the integrity of N protein is essential for significant IL-10 up-regulation. This research is beneficial for further understanding of the interplay between PRRSV and host immune system.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fafetine JM, Domingos A, Antunes S, Esteves A, Paweska JT, Coetzer JAW, Rutten VPMG, Neves L. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:24-30. [PMID: 24589098 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unpredictable and explosive nature of Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks, rapid and accurate diagnostic assays for low-resource settings are urgently needed. To improve existing diagnostic assays, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the nucleocapsid protein of RVF virus (RVFV) were produced and characterized. Four IgG2a MAbs showed specific binding to denatured nucleocapsid protein, both from a recombinant source and from inactivated RVFV, in Western blot analysis and in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cross-reactivity with genetically related and non-related arboviruses including Bunyamwera and Calovo viruses (Bunyaviridae family), West Nile and Dengue-2 viruses (Flaviviridae family), and Sindbis and Chikungunya viruses (Togaviridae family) was not detected. These MAbs represent a useful tool for the development of rapid diagnostic assays for early recognition of RVF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin CN, Lin WH, Hung LN, Wang SY, Chiou MT. Comparison of viremia of type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in naturally infected pigs by zip nucleic acid probe-based real-time PCR. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:181. [PMID: 24028493 PMCID: PMC3847877 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a RNA virus with high genetic variation. This virus causes significant economic losses in most pig-producing countries. The clinical presentation of PRRSV ranges from asymptomatic to devastating. In this study, we developed a sensitive and specific zip nucleic acid probe-based real-time PCR assay to evaluate the viremia of natural PRRSV-infected pigs in Taiwan. Serum samples were collected from 577 pigs aged 5–12 weeks. These include 444 clinically healthy pigs and 133 symptomatic pigs were confirmed to have porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Results Viremia was quantified in 79 of the 444 (17.8%) clinically healthy pigs and in 112 of the 133 (84.2%) PRDC cases. Viremias were significantly more common in pigs with PRDC compared with the clinically healthy pigs (P <0.0001). These results suggest that a high viral load is a major feature of PRRSV-affected pigs. Conclusions ZNA probe-based real-time PCR can be a useful tool to diagnose symptomatic and asymptomatic PRRSV-infected pigs. The presence of this marker in a sample of animals with high PRRSV loads (>104.2 PRRSV genomes/μl of serum) seems to indicate that it correlates with the presence of PRDC in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roques E, Girard A, St-Louis MC, Massie B, Gagnon CA, Lessard M, Archambault D. Immunogenic and protective properties of GP5 and M structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressed from replicating but nondisseminating adenovectors. Vet Res 2013; 44:17. [PMID: 23497101 PMCID: PMC3608016 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is responsible for significant economic losses in the porcine industry. Currently available commercial vaccines do not allow optimal and safe protection. In this study, replicating but nondisseminating adenovectors (rAdV) were used for the first time in pigs for vaccinal purposes. They were expressing the PRRSV matrix M protein in fusion with either the envelope GP5 wild-type protein (M-GP5) which carries the major neutralizing antibody (NAb)-inducing epitope or a mutant form of GP5 (M-GP5m) developed to theoretically increase the NAb immune response. Three groups of fourteen piglets were immunized both intramuscularly and intranasally at 3-week intervals with rAdV expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP, used as a negative control), M-GP5 or M-GP5m. Two additional groups of pigs were primed with M-GP5m-expressing rAdV followed by a boost with bacterially-expressed recombinant wild-type GP5 or were immunized twice with a PRRSV inactivated commercial vaccine. The results show that the rAdV expressing the fusion proteins of interest induced systemic and mucosal PRRSV GP5-specific antibody response as determined in an ELISA. Moreover the prime with M-GP5m-expressing rAdV and boost with recombinant GP5 showed the highest antibody response against GP5. Following PRRSV experimental challenge, pigs immunized twice with rAdV expressing either M-GP5 or M-GP5m developed partial protection as shown by a decrease in viremia overtime. The lowest viremia levels and/or percentages of macroscopic lung lesions were obtained in pigs immunized twice with either the rAdV expressing M-GP5m or the PRRSV inactivated commercial vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Roques
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Québec at Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, P,O, Box 8888, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|