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Park J, Son H. Antioxidant Systems of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Functions in Oxidative Stress Response and Their Regulatory Mechanisms. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:235-250. [PMID: 38835295 PMCID: PMC11162859 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2024.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
During the infection process, plant pathogenic fungi encounter plant-derived oxidative stress, and an appropriate response to this stress is crucial to their survival and establishment of the disease. Plant pathogenic fungi have evolved several mechanisms to eliminate oxidants from the external environment and maintain cellular redox homeostasis. When oxidative stress is perceived, various signaling transduction pathways are triggered and activate the downstream genes responsible for the oxidative stress response. Despite extensive research on antioxidant systems and their regulatory mechanisms in plant pathogenic fungi, the specific functions of individual antioxidants and their impacts on pathogenicity have not recently been systematically summarized. Therefore, our objective is to consolidate previous research on the antioxidant systems of plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we explore the plant immune responses during fungal infection, with a focus on the generation and function of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we delve into the three antioxidant systems, summarizing their functions and regulatory mechanisms involved in oxidative stress response. This comprehensive review provides an integrated overview of the antioxidant mechanisms within plant pathogenic fungi, revealing how the oxidative stress response contributes to their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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2
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Singh R, Caseys C, Kliebenstein DJ. Genetic and molecular landscapes of the generalist phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13404. [PMID: 38037862 PMCID: PMC10788480 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that attacks a wide range of plants. This updated pathogen profile explores the extensive genetic diversity of B. cinerea, highlights the progress in genome sequencing, and provides current knowledge of genetic and molecular mechanisms employed by the fungus to attack its hosts. In addition, we also discuss recent innovative strategies to combat B. cinerea. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Leotiomycetes, order: Helotiales, family: Sclerotiniaceae, genus: Botrytis, species: cinerea. HOST RANGE B. cinerea infects almost all of the plant groups (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and bryophytes). To date, 1606 plant species have been identified as hosts of B. cinerea. GENETIC DIVERSITY This polyphagous necrotroph has extensive genetic diversity at all population levels shaped by climate, geography, and plant host variation. PATHOGENICITY Genetic architecture of virulence and host specificity is polygenic using multiple weapons to target hosts, including secretory proteins, complex signal transduction pathways, metabolites, and mobile small RNA. DISEASE CONTROL STRATEGIES Efforts to control B. cinerea, being a high-diversity generalist pathogen, are complicated. However, integrated disease management strategies that combine cultural practices, chemical and biological controls, and the use of appropriate crop varieties will lessen yield losses. Recently, studies conducted worldwide have explored the potential of small RNA as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for combating grey mould. However, additional research is necessary, especially on risk assessment and regulatory frameworks, to fully harness the potential of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Hegyi ÁI, Otto M, Geml J, Hegyi-Kaló J, Kun J, Gyenesei A, Pierneef R, Váczy KZ. Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Functional Role of Botrytis cinerea in Biochemical and Textural Changes during Noble Rot of Grapevines. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040378. [PMID: 35448609 PMCID: PMC9030449 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, can lead to the formation of noble rot (NR) of grape berries under certain environmental conditions, resulting in favored metabolic and physical changes necessary for producing highly regarded botrytized wines. The functional genes involved in the textural and biochemical processes are still poorly characterized. We generated and analyzed metatranscriptomic data from healthy (H) berries and from berries representing the four stages of NR from the Tokaj wine region in Hungary over three months. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to link B. cinerea functional genes to grape berry physical parameters berry hardness (BH), berry skin break force (F_sk), berry skin elasticity (E_sk), and the skin break energy (W_sk). Clustered modules showed that genes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism were significantly enriched in NR, highlighting their importance in the grape berry structural integrity. Carbohydrate active enzymes were particularly up-regulated at the onset of NR (during the transition from phase I to II) suggesting that the major structural changes occur early in the NR process. In addition, we identified genes expressed throughout the NR process belonging to enriched pathways that allow B. cinerea to dominate and proliferate during this state, including sulphate metabolizing genes and genes involved in the synthesis of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám István Hegyi
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (J.G.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - Margot Otto
- ELKH-EKKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary;
| | - József Geml
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (J.G.); (J.H.-K.)
- ELKH-EKKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary;
| | - Júlia Hegyi-Kaló
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (J.G.); (J.H.-K.)
| | - József Kun
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Parmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Rian Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Kálmán Zoltán Váczy
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary; (Á.I.H.); (J.G.); (J.H.-K.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Song M, Fang S, Li Z, Wang N, Li X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Lin C, Miao W. CsAtf1, a bZIP transcription factor, is involved in fludioxonil sensitivity and virulence in the rubber tree anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum siamense. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 158:103649. [PMID: 34921997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In phytopathogenic fungi, the HOG MAPK pathway has roles in osmoregulation, fungicide sensitivity, and other processes. The ATF1/CREB-activating transcription factor Atf1 is a regulator that functions downstream of the HOG MAPK pathway. Here, we identified a gene, designated CsAtf1, that encodes a bZIP transcription factor in Colletotrichum siamense, which is the main pathogen that causes Colletotrichum leaf fall disease in rubber trees in China. CsAtf1 localizes to the nucleus. Its mRNA expression correlates positively with that of CsPbs2 and CsHog1 in the HOG MAPK pathway in response to activator (anisomycin), inhibitor (SB203580) and fludioxonil treatments. The CsAtf1 deletion mutant showed slightly retarded mycelial growth, small conidia, slow spore germination, and abnormal appressorium formation. This mutant showed the increased spore germination rate after fludioxonil treatment and more resistance to the fungicide fludioxonil than did the wild-type fungus. However, unlike deletion of Pbs2 or Hog1, which resulted in greater sensitivity to osmotic stress, the CsAtf1 deletion induced slightly increased resistance to osmotic stress and the cell wall stress response. The ΔCsAtf1 strain also exhibited significantly reduced virulence on rubber tree leaves. These data revealed that CsAtf1 plays a key role in the regulation of fludioxonil sensitivity and in pathogenicity regulation in C. siamense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Song
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Siqi Fang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Jiang C, Xu JR. Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37676417 PMCID: PMC10429497 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Like other eukaryotes, fungi use MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways to mediate cellular changes responding to external stimuli. In the past two decades, three well-conserved MAP kinase pathways have been characterized in various plant pathogenic fungi for regulating responses and adaptations to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses encountered during plant infection or survival in nature. The invasive growth (IG) pathway is homologous to the yeast pheromone response and filamentation pathways. In plant pathogens, the IG pathway often is essential for pathogenesis by regulating infection-related morphogenesis, such as appressorium formation, penetration, and invasive growth. The cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway also is important for plant infection although the infection processes it regulates vary among fungal pathogens. Besides its universal function in cell wall integrity, it often plays a minor role in responses to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Both the IG and CWI pathways are involved in regulating known virulence factors as well as effector genes during plant infection and mediating defenses against mycoviruses, bacteria, and other fungi. In contrast, the high osmolarity growth (HOG) pathway is dispensable for virulence in some fungi although it is essential for plant infection in others. It regulates osmoregulation in hyphae and is dispensable for appressorium turgor generation. The HOG pathway also plays a major role for responding to oxidative, heat, and other environmental stresses and is overstimulated by phenylpyrrole fungicides. Moreover, these three MAPK pathways crosstalk and coordinately regulate responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The IG and CWI pathways, particularly the latter, also are involved in responding to abiotic stresses to various degrees in different fungal pathogens, and the HOG pathway also plays a role in interactions with other microbes or fungi. Furthermore, some infection processes or stress responses are co-regulated by MAPK pathways with cAMP or Ca2+/CaM signaling. Overall, functions of individual MAP kinase pathways in pathogenesis and stress responses have been well characterized in a number of fungal pathogens, showing the conserved genetic elements with diverged functions, likely by rewiring transcriptional regulatory networks. In the near future, applications of genomics and proteomics approaches will likely lead to better understanding of crosstalk among the MAPKs and with other signaling pathways as well as roles of MAPKs in defense against other microbes (biotic interactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Choquer M, Rascle C, Gonçalves IR, de Vallée A, Ribot C, Loisel E, Smilevski P, Ferria J, Savadogo M, Souibgui E, Gagey MJ, Dupuy JW, Rollins JA, Marcato R, Noûs C, Bruel C, Poussereau N. The infection cushion of Botrytis cinerea: a fungal 'weapon' of plant-biomass destruction. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2293-2314. [PMID: 33538395 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant-pathogen fungus Botrytis cinerea produces multicellular appressoria dedicated to plant penetration, named infection cushions (IC). A microarray analysis was performed to identify genes upregulated in mature IC. The expression data were validated by RT-qPCR analysis performed in vitro and in planta, proteomic analysis of the IC secretome and biochemical assays. 1231 upregulated genes and 79 up-accumulated proteins were identified. The data support the secretion of effectors by IC: phytotoxins, ROS, proteases, cutinases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and plant cell death-inducing proteins. Parallel upregulation of sugar transport and sugar catabolism-encoding genes would indicate a role of IC in nutrition. The data also reveal a substantial remodelling of the IC cell wall and suggest a role for melanin and chitosan in IC function. Lastly, mutagenesis of two upregulated genes in IC identified secreted fasciclin-like proteins as actors in the pathogenesis of B. cinerea. These results support the role of IC in plant penetration and also introduce other unexpected functions for this fungal organ, in colonization, necrotrophy and nutrition of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Choquer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Cécile Ribot
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Pavlé Smilevski
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Mahamadi Savadogo
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Gagey
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Riccardo Marcato
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France.,Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Camille Noûs
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 MAP, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France.,Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Laboratoire Mixte, 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, Lyon, F-69263, France
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7
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Schumacher J, Gorbushina AA. Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The Subtilisin-Like Protease Bcser2 Affects the Sclerotial Formation, Conidiation and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020603. [PMID: 31963451 PMCID: PMC7013506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a ubiquitous necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungus, is responsible for grey mold and rot disease in a very wide range of plant species. Subtilisin-like proteases (or subtilases) are a very diverse family of serine proteases present in many organisms and are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological functions. Here, we identified two genes encoding subtilisin-like proteases (Bcser1 and Bcser2) in the genome of B. cinerea, both of which contain an inhibitor I9 domain and a peptidase S8 domain. The expression levels of Bcser1 and Bcser2 increased during the sclerotial forming stage, as well as during a later stage of hyphal infection on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, but the up-regulation of Bcser1 was significantly higher than that of Bcser2. Interestingly, deletion of Bcser1 had no effect on the fungal development or virulence of B. cinerea. However, deletion of Bcser2 or double deletion of Bcser1 and Bcser2 severely impaired the hyphal growth, sclerotial formation and conidiation of B. cinerea. We also found that ∆Bcser2 and ∆Bcser1/2 could not form complete infection cushions and then lost the ability to infect intact plant leaves of Arabidopsis and tomato but could infect wounded plant tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that the subtilisin-like protease Bcser2 is crucial for the sclerotial formation, conidiation, and virulence of B. cinerea.
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Zheng J, Tang C, Deng C, Wang Y. Involvement of a Response Regulator VdSsk1 in Stress Response, Melanin Biosynthesis and Full Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 30967857 PMCID: PMC6439524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on over 200 plant species worldwide. This fungus forms melanized microsclerotia which help it to survive under adverse conditions and these structures are vital to the disease spread. Here, we identified and characterized a V. dahliae homolog to of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssk1, a response regulator of the two-component system. Herein, we demonstrated that the VdSsk1 deletion strains were more sensitive to various stresses, including oxidative stress conferred by H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, while the mutants confered higher resistance to fungicides such as fludioxonil and iprodione. Furthermore, disruption of VdSsk1 resulted in significant downregulation of melanin biosynthesis-related genes but did not affect microsclerotial development. Phosphorylation of VdHog1 was not detected in the VdSsk1 deletion strains under the treatment of sorbitol, indicating that phosphorylation of VdHog1 is dependent on VdSsk1. Finally, we demonstrated that VdSsk1 is required for full virulence. Taken together, this study suggests that VdSsk1 modulates stress response, melanin biosynthesis and virulence of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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10
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Ren W, Liu N, Yang Y, Yang Q, Chen C, Gao Q. The Sensor Proteins BcSho1 and BcSln1 Are Involved in, Though Not Essential to, Vegetative Differentiation, Pathogenicity and Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 30858841 PMCID: PMC6397835 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway belongs to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades that regulate responses of organism to diverse extracellular stimuli. The membrane spanning proteins Sho1 and Sln1 serve as biosensors of HOG pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of BcSHO1 and BcSLN1 in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. Target gene deletion demonstrated that both BcSHO1 and BcSLN1 are important for mycelial growth, conidiation and sclerotial formation. The BcSHO1 and BcSLN1 double deletion mutant ΔBcSln1-Sho1 produced much more, but smaller sclerotia than ΔBcSho1 and the wild-type (WT) strain, while ΔBcSln1 failed to develop sclerotia on all tested media, instead, formed a large number of conidia. Infection tests revealed that the virulence of ΔBcSln1-Sho1 decreased significantly, however, ΔBcSho1 or ΔBcSln1 showed no difference with the WT strain. In addition, ΔBcSln1-Sho1 exhibited resistance to osmotic stress by negatively regulating the phosphorylation of BcSak1 (yeast Hog1). All the phenotypic defects of mutants were recovered by target gene complementation. These results suggest that BcSHO1 and BcSLN1 share some functional redundancy in the regulation of fungal development, pathogenesis and osmotic stress response in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingli Gao
- Plant Protection Station of Pizhou City, Xuzhou, China
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Zhou G, Ying SH, Hu Y, Fang X, Feng MG, Wang J. Roles of Three HSF Domain-Containing Proteins in Mediating Heat-Shock Protein Genes and Sustaining Asexual Cycle, Stress Tolerance, and Virulence in Beauveria bassiana. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1677. [PMID: 30090094 PMCID: PMC6068467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) with a HSF domain are regulators of fungal heat-shock protein (HSP) genes and many others vectoring heat-shock elements, to which the domain binds in response to heat shock and other stress cues. The fungal insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana harbors three HSF domain-containing orthologous to Hsf1, Sfl1, and Skn7 in many fungi. Here, we show that the three proteins are interrelated at transcription level, play overlapping or opposite roles in activating different families of 28 HSP genes and mediate differential expression of some genes required for asexual developmental and intracellular Na+ homeostasis. Expression levels of skn7 and sfl1 largely increased in Δhsf1, which is evidently lethal in some other fungi. Hsf1 was distinct from Sfl1 and Skn7 in activating most HSP genes under normal and heat-shocked conditions. Sfl1 and Skn7 played overlapping roles in activating more than half of the HSP genes under heat shock. Each protein also activated a few HSP genes not targeted by two others under certain conditions. Deletion of sfl1 resulted in most severe growth defects on rich medium and several minimal media at optimal 25°C while such growth defects were less severe in Δhsf1 and minor in Δskn7. Conidiation level was lowered by 76% in Δskn7, 62% in Δsfl1, and 39% in Δhsf1. These deletion mutants also showed differential changes in cell wall integrity, antioxidant activity, virulence and cellular tolerance to osmotic salt, heat shock, and UV-B irradiation. These results provide a global insight into vital roles of Hsf1, Sfl1, and Skn7 in B. bassiana adaptation to environment and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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13
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van der Does HC, Rep M. Adaptation to the Host Environment by Plant-Pathogenic Fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:427-450. [PMID: 28645233 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi can live both saprophytically and as endophyte or pathogen inside a living plant. In both environments, complex organic polymers are used as sources of nutrients. Propagation inside a living host also requires the ability to respond to immune responses of the host. We review current knowledge of how plant-pathogenic fungi do this. First, we look at how fungi change their global gene expression upon recognition of the host environment, leading to secretion of effectors, enzymes, and secondary metabolites; changes in metabolism; and defense against toxic compounds. Second, we look at what is known about the various cues that enable fungi to sense the presence of living plant cells. Finally, we review literature on transcription factors that participate in gene expression in planta or are suspected to be involved in that process because they are required for the ability to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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14
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Pérez-Hernández A, González M, González C, van Kan JAL, Brito N. BcSUN1, a B. cinerea SUN-Family Protein, Is Involved in Virulence. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:35. [PMID: 28163701 PMCID: PMC5247446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BcSUN1 is a glycoprotein secreted by Botrytis cinerea, an important plant pathogen that causes severe losses in agriculture worldwide. In this work, the role of BcSUN1 in different aspects of the B. cinerea biology was studied by phenotypic analysis of Bcsun1 knockout strains. We identified BcSUN1 as the only member of the Group-I SUN family of proteins encoded in the B. cinerea genome, which is expressed both in axenic culture and during infection. BcSUN1 is also weakly attached to the cellular surface and is involved in maintaining the structure of the cell wall and/or the extracellular matrix. Disruption of the Bcsun1 gene produces different cell surface alterations affecting the production of reproductive structures and adhesion to plant surface, therefore reducing B. cinerea virulence. BcSUN1 is the first member of the SUN family reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of a filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mario González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nélida Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)La Laguna, Spain
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15
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Zhang F, Xu G, Geng L, Lu X, Yang K, Yuan J, Nie X, Zhuang Z, Wang S. The Stress Response Regulator AflSkn7 Influences Morphological Development, Stress Response, and Pathogenicity in the Fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070202. [PMID: 27399770 PMCID: PMC4963835 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on AflSkn7, which is a stress response regulator in the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. The ΔAflSkn7 mutants exhibited partially defective conidial formation and a complete inability to generate sclerotia, indicating AflSkn7 affects A. flavus asexual and sexual development. The mutants tolerated osmotic stress but were partially susceptible to the effects of cell wall stress. Additionally, the ΔAflSkn7 mutants were especially sensitive to oxidative stress. These observations confirmed that AflSkn7 influences oxidative stress responses rather than osmotic stress responses. Additionally, AflSkn7 was observed to increase aflatoxin biosynthesis and seed infection rates. These results indicate AflSkn7 affects A. flavus morphological development, stress response, aflatoxin production, and pathogenicity. The results of this study may facilitate the development of new methods to manage A. flavus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Gaopo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Longpo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Kunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xinyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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16
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Belmondo S, Marschall R, Tudzynski P, López Ráez JA, Artuso E, Prandi C, Lanfranco L. Identification of genes involved in fungal responses to strigolactones using mutants from fungal pathogens. Curr Genet 2016; 63:201-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Liñeiro E, Chiva C, Cantoral JM, Sabido E, Fernández-Acero FJ. Phosphoproteome analysis of B. cinerea in response to different plant-based elicitors. J Proteomics 2016; 139:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Marschall R, Tudzynski P. Reactive oxygen species in development and infection processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:138-146. [PMID: 27039026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules that affect vegetative and pathogenic processes in pathogenic fungi. There is growing evidence that ROS are not only secreted during the interaction of host and pathogen but also involved in tightly controlled intracellular processes. The major ROS producing enzymes are NADPH oxidases (Nox). Recent investigations in fungi revealed that Nox-activity is responsible for the formation of infection structures, cytoskeleton architecture as well as interhyphal communication. However, information about the localization and site of action of the Nox complexes in fungi is limited and signaling pathways and intracellular processes affected by ROS have not been fully elucidated. This review focuses on the role of ROS as signaling molecules in fungal "model" organisms: it examines the role of ROS in vegetative and pathogenic processes and gives special attention to Nox complexes and their function as important signaling hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
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19
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Schumacher J. DHN melanin biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungusBotrytis cinereais based on two developmentally regulated key enzyme (PKS)-encoding genes. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:729-48. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP); Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
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