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Viadanna PHO, Grace SG, Logan TD, DeRuyter E, Loeb JC, Wilson KN, White ZS, Krauer JMC, Lednicky JA, Waltzek TB, Wisely SM, Subramaniam K. Characterization of two novel reassortant bluetongue virus serotype 1 strains isolated from farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA. Virus Genes 2023; 59:732-740. [PMID: 37439882 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic diseases caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus or by bluetongue virus (BTV) are the most important orbivirus diseases affecting ruminants, including white-tailed deer (WTD). Bluetongue virus is of particular concern for farmed WTD in Florida, given its lethality and its wide distribution throughout the state. This study reports the clinical findings, ancillary diagnostics, and genomic characterization of two BTV serotype 1 strains isolated from two farmed WTD, from two different farms in Florida in 2019 and 2022. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses indicated that these two novel BTV-1 strains were reassortants. In addition, our analyses reveal that most genome segments of these strains were acquired from BTVs previously detected in ruminants in Florida, substantiating their endemism in the Southeastern U.S. Our findings underscore the need for additional research to determine the genetic diversity of BTV strains in Florida, their prevalence, and the potential risk of new BTV strains to WTD and other ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H O Viadanna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Savannah G Grace
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tracey D Logan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily DeRuyter
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristen N Wilson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zoe S White
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juan M C Krauer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 99164, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 99164, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Rodrigues TCS, Viadanna PHO, Subramaniam K, Hawkins IK, Jeon AB, Loeb JC, Krauer JMC, Lednicky JA, Wisely SM, Waltzek TB. Characterization of a Novel Reassortant Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 6 Strain Isolated from Diseased White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) on a Florida Farm. Viruses 2022; 14:1012. [PMID: 35632753 PMCID: PMC9146129 DOI: 10.3390/v14051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an outbreak of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 (EHDV-6) in white-tailed deer (WTD) on a Florida farm in 2019. At necropsy, most animals exhibited hemorrhagic lesions in the lung and heart, and congestion in the lung, liver, and spleen. Histopathology revealed multi-organ hemorrhage and congestion, and renal tubular necrosis. Tissues were screened by RT-qPCR and all animals tested positive for EHDV. Tissues were processed for virus isolation and next-generation sequencing was performed on cDNA libraries generated from the RNA extracts of cultures displaying cytopathic effects. Six isolates yielded nearly identical complete genome sequences of a novel U.S. EHDV-6 strain. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed the novel strain to be most closely related to a reassortant EHDV-6 strain isolated from cattle in Trinidad and both strains received segment 4 from an Australian EHDV-2 strain. The novel U.S. EHDV-6 strain is unique in that it acquired segment 8 from an Australian EHDV-8 strain. An RNAscope® in situ hybridization assay was developed against the novel U.S. EHDV-6 strain and labeling was detected within lesions of the heart, kidney, liver, and lung. These data support the novel U.S. reassortant EHDV-6 strain as the cause of disease in the farmed WTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C. S. Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.C.S.R.); (P.H.O.V.); (K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Pedro H. O. Viadanna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.C.S.R.); (P.H.O.V.); (K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.C.S.R.); (P.H.O.V.); (K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Ian K. Hawkins
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (I.K.H.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Albert B. Jeon
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (I.K.H.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Julia C. Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Juan M. C. Krauer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Samantha M. Wisely
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.C.S.R.); (P.H.O.V.); (K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (J.C.L.); (J.A.L.); (S.M.W.)
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Three New Orbivirus Species Isolated from Farmed White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010013. [PMID: 31861885 PMCID: PMC7019857 DOI: 10.3390/v12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel Orbivirus species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the Guangxi, Mobuck, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. However, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus-2 (EHDV-2), raising questions as to whether the new viruses are primary pathogens or secondary pathogens that exacerbate EHDV-2 infections. Moreover, EHDV-2 is known to be a Culicoides-borne virus, raising additional questions as to whether Culicoides species can also serve as vectors for the novel orbiviruses, if mosquitoes can vector EHDV-2, or whether the deer were infected through separate bites by the insects. Our findings expand knowledge of the possible viral pathogens of deer in the United States. Moreover, due to the close genetic relatedness of the three new orbiviruses to viruses that are primary pathogens of cattle and horses, our findings also underscore a crucial need for additional research on the potential role of the three new orbiviruses as pathogens of other animals.
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Molecular characterization of a novel reassortment Mammalian orthoreovirus type 2 isolated from a Florida white-tailed deer fawn. Virus Res 2019; 270:197642. [PMID: 31228510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is the type species of the genus Orthoreovirus and causes a range of significant respiratory, nervous or enteric diseases in humans and animals. In 2016 a farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn became ill, displaying clinical signs of lethargy, dehydration, and profuse foul-smelling diarrhea. A necropsy was performed after the three-week-old fawn died and various tissue samples were submitted to the University of Florida's Cervidae Health Research Initiative for diagnostic evaluation. Aliquots of homogenized heart, liver, and spleen tissues were inoculated onto Vero E6 cells. After virus-specific cytopathic effects (CPE) were detected in Vero cells inoculated with spleen homogenate, infected cells were fixed in glutaraldehyde and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed icosahedral virus particles approximately 75 nm in diameter with morphologies consistent with those of reoviruses within the cytoplasm of the infected cells. RNA extracted from virions in the spent media of infected cells with advanced CPE was used to prepare a cDNA library, which was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Complete coding sequences for ten separate reovirus segments were attained, and these indicated the isolated agent was a MRV. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on the outer capsid sigma-1 (σ1) protein gene sequences supported the Florida white-tailed fawn isolate as a type 2 MRV that branched as the sister group to a MRV-2 strain previously characterized from the urine of a moribund lion (Panthera leo) in Japan. However, analyses based on 7/10 genes (L1-L2, M2-M3, S2-S4) supported the white-tailed deer MRV as the closest relative to a type 3 MRV strain isolated from a dead mink in China. These data suggest the white-tailed deer MRV may have resulted from the natural reassortment of MRVs originating from multiple wildlife species. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of MRV-2 infection in a white-tailed deer. Continued surveillance efforts are needed to determine whether this MRV-2 strain poses a health threat to farmed white-tailed deer populations.
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Merrill MM, Boughton RK, Lollis LO, Sayler KA, Wisely SM. Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Beef Cattle on a Ranch in South-Central Florida. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:752-757. [PMID: 31135300 PMCID: PMC6765206 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) infect a variety of wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the United States, with outcomes ranging from subclinical infection to clinical disease resulting in mortality. Because cattle have been suggested as a temporary reservoir for both BTV and EHDV, ongoing national surveillance for these viruses may benefit from inclusion of domestic cattle as a supplement to current programs, such as surveillance of wild white-tailed deer. To better understand the prevalence of BTV and EHDV in cattle, we surveyed for viral RNA (vRNA) in the blood of 1,604 beef cattle on a south-central Florida cattle ranch over 3 years. While overall prevalence of vRNA in blood was low (<2% for either virus), the occurrence of vRNA was much higher in young animals: in 2016, 24% of animals 2 years old were positive by PCR for either BTV or EHDV. Our results suggest that cattle are a likely temporary reservoir for these viruses in Florida, and could provide additional information on the spatial distribution, viral diversity, and timing of emergence of these viruses, particularly if surveillance was restricted to cattle ≤2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Merrill
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, Florida
| | - Laurent O Lollis
- Buck Island Ranch, MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida
| | - Katherine A Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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