1
|
More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sghaier S, Lorusso A, Portanti O, Marcacci M, Orsini M, Barbria ME, Mahmoud AS, Hammami S, Petrini A, Savini G. A novel Bluetongue virus serotype 3 strain in Tunisia, November 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:709-715. [PMID: 28299883 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 1998, southern Europe has experienced multiple incursions of different serotypes and topotypes of Bluetongue virus, a vector-borne transmitted virus, the causative agent of Bluetongue (BT), a major disease of ruminants. Some of these incursions originated from northern Africa, likely because of wind-blown dissemination of infected midges. In this report, we describe the detection and whole genome characterization of a novel BTV-3 strain identified in a symptomatic sheep in Tunisia. Sequences were immediately deposited with the GenBank Database under Accession Nos KY432369-KY432378. Alert and preparedness are requested to face the next vector seasons in northern Africa and the potential incursion of this novel strain in southern Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Laboratoire de virologie, Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - O Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M Orsini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - M E Barbria
- CRDA-Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole, Menzel Bouzelfa, Tunisia
| | - A S Mahmoud
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.,CRDA-Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole, Menzel Bouzelfa, Tunisia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Hammami
- Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Petrini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - G Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drolet BS, van Rijn P, Howerth EW, Beer M, Mertens PP. A Review of Knowledge Gaps and Tools for Orbivirus Research. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:339-47. [PMID: 26086555 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the United States and Europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. This is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe BT outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) outbreaks in deer and cattle in the United States. Of notable concern is the isolation of as many as 10 new BT virus (BTV) serotypes in the United States since 1999 and their associated unknowns, such as route of introduction, virulence to mammals, and indigenous competent vectors. This review, based on a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on orbiviruses conducted in 2013, gives a global perspective of current basic virological understanding of orbiviruses, with particular attention to BTV and the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and identifies a multitude of basic virology research gaps, critical for predicting and preventing outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Drolet
- 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Piet van Rijn
- 2 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University (CVI), The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University , South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- 3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Martin Beer
- 4 Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Peter P Mertens
- 5 Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nomikou K, Hughes J, Wash R, Kellam P, Breard E, Zientara S, Palmarini M, Biek R, Mertens P. Widespread Reassortment Shapes the Evolution and Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus following European Invasion. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005056. [PMID: 26252219 PMCID: PMC4529188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic exchange by a process of genome-segment ‘reassortment’ represents an important mechanism for evolutionary change in all viruses with segmented genomes, yet in many cases a detailed understanding of its frequency and biological consequences is lacking. We provide a comprehensive assessment of reassortment in bluetongue virus (BTV), a globally important insect-borne pathogen of livestock, during recent outbreaks in Europe. Full-genome sequences were generated and analysed for over 150 isolates belonging to the different BTV serotypes that have emerged in the region over the last 5 decades. Based on this novel dataset we confirm that reassortment is a frequent process that plays an important and on-going role in evolution of the virus. We found evidence for reassortment in all ten segments without a significant bias towards any particular segment. However, we observed biases in the relative frequency at which particular segments were associated with each other during reassortment. This points to selective constraints possibly caused by functional relationships between individual proteins or genome segments and genome-wide epistatic interactions. Sites under positive selection were more likely to undergo amino acid changes in newly reassorted viruses, providing additional evidence for adaptive dynamics as a consequence of reassortment. We show that the live attenuated vaccines recently used in Europe have repeatedly reassorted with field strains, contributing to their genotypic, and potentially phenotypic, variability. The high degree of plasticity seen in the BTV genome in terms of segment origin suggests that current classification schemes that are based primarily on serotype, which is determined by only a single genome segment, are inadequate. Our work highlights the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms and epidemiological consequences of reassortment in BTV, as well as other segmented RNA viruses. Segmented viruses have genomes that are separated into multiple segments, comparable to chromosomes in higher organisms. When two segmented viruses of the same species infect the same cell, their progeny may incorporate segments picked up from the “parental” viruses. This process is called “reassortment” and represents an important way for segmented viruses to evolve. Whereas reassortment has received a lot of attention in certain segmented viruses, especially influenza A, its frequency and biological consequences remain poorly understood for most of the others. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the reassortment patterns in bluetongue virus, an important pathogen of livestock, during its repeated emergence in Europe in recent decades. We confirm earlier reports that reassortment is common and can involve segments derived from live vaccines used to control outbreaks. However, the mixing of viral genomes is not strictly random and reassortment is commonly followed by novel adaptive changes in the progeny virus. This points to important functional links (paired associations) between certain segments. Our findings have important implications for the classification and control of segmented viruses and generate new insights and hypotheses about the biological interactions among different parts of the bluetongue virus genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RB); (PM)
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RB); (PM)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Ancora M, Marcacci M, Di Gennaro A, Portanti O, Mangone I, Teodori L, Leone A, Camma' C, Petrini A, Hammami S, Savini G. Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotype 1 circulating in Italy and its connection with northern Africa. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:144-9. [PMID: 25239524 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Western BTV-1 emerged in the Mediterranean basin in 2006 and it has since been isolated in southern and northern European countries. Six BTV-1 strains isolated from infected sheep in Italy between 2006 and 2013 and a BTV-1 strain isolated from an infected sheep in Tunisia in 2011 were fully sequenced. The seven strains were shown to be nearly identical in each gene segment. The Seg-2 sequences of the BTV-1 strains group according to the year of isolation reflecting the time of BTV incursions in Italy. Combined results suggest that BTV-1 strains isolated in Sardinia, Sicily and mainland Italy in 2012 and 2013 have a direct northern African origin. The Italian strains originated from a strain closely related to a BTV-1 strain isolated in Tunisia in 2011. Better surveillance programs with northern and sub-Saharan African countries should be implemented making the control of spread of BTV easier and effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - Soufien Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Tunisi, Tunisia
| | - Massimo Ancora
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Camma'
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Salah Hammami
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Tunisi, Tunisia
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Complete Genome Sequence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 Circulating in Italy, Obtained through a Fast Next-Generation Sequencing Protocol. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e00093-14. [PMID: 24526649 PMCID: PMC3924381 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00093-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A field strain of the bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) was isolated from infected sheep in Sardinia, Italy, in October 2013. The genome was sequenced using Ion Torrent technology. BTV-1 strain SAD2013 belongs to the Western topotype of BTV-1, clustering with BTV-1 strains isolated in Europe and northern Africa since 2006.
Collapse
|