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Su GM, Chu LW, Chien CC, Liao PS, Chiu YC, Chang CH, Chu TH, Li CH, Wu CS, Wang JF, Cheng YS, Chang CH, Cheng CP. Tomato NADPH oxidase SlWfi1 interacts with the effector protein RipBJ of Ralstonia solanacearum to mediate host defence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39132878 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in regulating numerous functions in organisms. Among the key regulators of ROS production are NADPH oxidases, primarily referred to as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs). However, our understanding of whether and how pathogens directly target RBOHs has been limited. In this study, we revealed that the effector protein RipBJ, originating from the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, was present in low- to medium-virulence strains but absent in high-virulence strains. Functional genetic assays demonstrated that the expression of ripBJ led to a reduction in bacterial infection. In the plant, RipBJ expression triggered plant cell death and the accumulation of H2O2, while also enhancing host defence against R. solanacearum by modulating multiple defence signalling pathways. Through protein interaction and functional studies, we demonstrated that RipBJ was associated with the plant's plasma membrane and interacted with the tomato RBOH known as SlWfi1, which contributed positively to RipBJ's effects on plants. Importantly, SlWfi1 expression was induced during the early stages following R. solanacearum infection and played a key role in defence against this bacterium. This research uncovers the plant RBOH as an interacting target of a pathogen's effector, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ming Su
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Liao
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chiu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hsiang Chu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Li
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Fen Wang
- Bacteriology Unit, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsin Chang
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Cheng
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Global Agriculture Technology and Genomic Science Master Program, International College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, College of Bio-Resources & Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Cong S, Li JZ, Xiong ZZ, Wei HL. Diverse interactions of five core type III effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum with plants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:341-352. [PMID: 35597445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type III effectors (T3Es) to cause disease. In this study, we isolate a pathogenic R. solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhizosphere. Five out of 12 core T3Es of strain P380 are introduced into Pseudomonas syringae DC3000D36E separately to determine their functions in interacting with plants. DC3000D36E that harbors each effector suppresses FliC-triggered Pti5 and ACRE31 expression, ROS burst, and callose deposition. RipAE, RipU, and RipW elicit cell death as well as upregulate the MAPK cascades in Nicotiana benthamiana. The derivatives RipC1ΔDXDX(T/V) and RipWΔDKXXQ but not RipAEK310R fail to suppress ROS burst. Moreover, RipAEK310R and RipWΔDKXXQ retain the cell death elicitation ability. RipAE and RipW are associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, respectively. RipAE and RipAQ significantly promote the propagation of DC3000D36E in plants. The five core T3Es localize in diverse subcellular organelles of nucleus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi network. The suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 is required for RipAE but not RipU-triggered cell death in N. benthamiana. These results indicate that the core T3Es in R. solanacearum play diverse roles in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Cong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Zhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng-Zhong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Lei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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3
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Jose J, Éva C, Bozsó Z, Hamow KÁ, Fekete Z, Fábián A, Bánfalvi Z, Sági L. Global transcriptome and targeted metabolite analyses of roots reveal different defence mechanisms against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in two resistant potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065419. [PMID: 36733596 PMCID: PMC9889091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in an unusually wide range of host plants, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), is one of the most destructive phytopathogens that seriously reduces crop yields worldwide. Identification of defence mechanisms underlying bacterial wilt resistance is a prerequisite for biotechnological approaches to resistance breeding. Resistance to Rs has been reported only in a few potato landraces and cultivars. Our in vitro inoculation bioassays confirmed that the cultivars 'Calalo Gaspar' (CG) and 'Cruza 148' (CR) are resistant to Rs infection. Comparative transcriptome analyses of CG and CR roots, as well as of the roots of an Rs-susceptible cultivar, 'Désirée' (DES), were carried out two days after Rs infection, in parallel with their respective noninfected controls. In CR and DES, the upregulation of chitin interactions and cell wall-related genes was detected. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways were induced only in CR, as confirmed by high levels of lignification over the whole stele in CR roots six days after Rs infection. At the same time, Rs infection greatly increased the concentrations of chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives in CG roots as it was detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Characteristic increases in the expression of MAP kinase signalling pathway genes and in the concentrations of jasmonic, salicylic, abscisic and indoleacetic acid were measured in DES roots. These results indicate different Rs defence mechanisms in the two resistant potato cultivars and a different response to Rs infection in the susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny Jose
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Éva
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Fekete
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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4
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Denne NL, Hiles RR, Kyrysyuk O, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Mitra RM. Ralstonia solanacearum Effectors Localize to Diverse Organelles in Solanum Hosts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2213-2226. [PMID: 33720750 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0483-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effector (T3E) proteins directly into host plant cells. T3Es can interact with plant proteins and frequently manipulate plant host physiological or developmental processes. The proper subcellular localization of T3Es is critical for their ability to interact with plant targets, and knowledge of T3E localization can be informative for studies of effector function. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of 19 T3Es from the phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum. Approximately 45% of effectors in our library localize to both the plant cell periphery and the nucleus, 15% exclusively to the cell periphery, 15% exclusively to the nucleus, and 25% to other organelles, including tonoplasts and peroxisomes. Using tomato hairy roots, we show that T3E localization is similar in both leaves and roots and is not impacted by Solanum species. We find that in silico prediction programs are frequently inaccurate, highlighting the value of in planta localization experiments. Our data suggest that Ralstonia targets a wide diversity of cellular organelles and provides a foundation for developing testable hypotheses about Ralstonia effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Denne
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
| | - Rachel R Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raka M Mitra
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
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5
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Steidl OR, Truchon AN, Hayes MM, Allen C. Complete Genome Resources for Ralstonia Bacterial Wilt Strains UW763 (Phylotype I); Rs5 and UW700 (Phylotype II); and UW386, RUN2474, and RUN2279 (Phylotype III). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1212-1215. [PMID: 34232701 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0086-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We share whole genome sequences of six strains from the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, a diverse group of Betaproteobacteria that cause plant vascular wilt diseases. Using single-molecule real-time technology, we sequenced and assembled full genomes of Rs5 and UW700, two phylotype IA-sequevar 7 (IIA-7) strains from the southeastern United States that are closely related to the R. solanacearum species type strain, K60, but were isolated >50 years later. Four sequenced strains from Africa include a soil isolate from Nigeria (UW386, III-23), a tomato isolate from Senegal (UW763, I-14), and two potato isolates from the Madagascar highlands (RUN2474, III-19 and RUN2279, III-60). This resource will support studies of the genetic diversity, ecology, virulence, and microevolution of this globally distributed group of high-impact plant pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Steidl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Alicia N Truchon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Madeline M Hayes
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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6
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Schachterle JK, Huang Q. Implication of the Type III Effector RipS1 in the Cool-Virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum Strain UW551. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:705717. [PMID: 34367225 PMCID: PMC8339923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.705717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex cause a variety of wilting diseases across a wide range of hosts by colonizing and blocking xylem vessels. Of great concern are race 3 biovar 2 strains of R. solanacearum capable of causing brown rot of potato at cool temperatures, which are select agents in the United States. To gain a better understanding of cool-virulence mechanisms, we generated libraries of transposon mutants in the cool-virulent R. solanacearum strain UW551 and screened 10,000 mutants using our seedling assay for significantly reduced virulence at 20°C. We found several mutants that exhibited reduced virulence at 28 and 20°C and also mutants that were only affected at the cooler temperature. One mutant of the latter chosen for further study had the transposon inserted in an intergenic region between a type III secretion system effector gene ripS1 and a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein gene. Gene expression analysis showed that expression of ripS1 was altered by the transposon insertion, but not the MFS protein gene. An independent mutant with this insertion upstream of ripS1 was generated and used to confirm virulence and gene expression phenotypes. The effector, RipS1, has unknown function and is part of a family of effectors belonging to the largest known type III effectors. The functional connection between RipS1 and cool-virulence of R. solanacearum UW551 suggests that RipS1 (and/or its upstream promoter element) may serve as a potential target for development of cool-virulence-specific diagnostic tools to differentiate the highly regulated cool-virulent strains from non-cool-virulent strains of R. solanacearum. Our results provide important information for continued work toward a better understanding of cool-virulence of R. solanacearum and development of proper control strategies to combat this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Huang
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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7
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Tano J, Ripa MB, Tondo ML, Carrau A, Petrocelli S, Rodriguez MV, Ferreira V, Siri MI, Piskulic L, Orellano EG. Light modulates important physiological features of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum during the colonization of tomato plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14531. [PMID: 34267245 PMCID: PMC8282871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum GMI1000 (Rpso GMI1000) is a soil-borne vascular phytopathogen that infects host plants through the root system causing wilting disease in a wide range of agro-economic interest crops, producing economical losses. Several features contribute to the full bacterial virulence. In this work we study the participation of light, an important environmental factor, in the regulation of the physiological attributes and infectivity of Rpso GMI1000. In silico analysis of the Rpso genome revealed the presence of a Rsp0254 gene, which encodes a putative blue light LOV-type photoreceptor. We constructed a mutant strain of Rpso lacking the LOV protein and found that the loss of this protein and light, influenced characteristics involved in the pathogenicity process such as motility, adhesion and the biofilms development, which allows the successful host plant colonization, rendering bacterial wilt. This protein could be involved in the adaptive responses to environmental changes. We demonstrated that light sensing and the LOV protein, would be used as a location signal in the host plant, to regulate the expression of several virulence factors, in a time and tissue dependent way. Consequently, bacteria could use an external signal and Rpsolov gene to know their location within plant tissue during the colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Tano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (IBR-FBIOyF), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Belén Ripa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (IBR-FBIOyF), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Tondo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Analía Carrau
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (IBR-FBIOyF), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvana Petrocelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rodriguez
- Área Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Virginia Ferreira
- Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Inés Siri
- Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Piskulic
- Área Estadística y Procesamiento de datos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena Graciela Orellano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (IBR-FBIOyF), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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8
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Roman-Reyna V, Truchon A, Sharma P, Hand FP, Mazloom R, Vinatzer BA, Jacobs JM, Allen C. Genome Resource: Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype II Sequevar 1 (Race 3 Biovar 2) Strain UW848 From the 2020 U.S. Geranium Introduction. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:207-208. [PMID: 33175669 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1269-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II sequevar 1 (RsII-1, formerly race 3 biovar 2) causes tomato bacterial wilt, potato brown rot, and Southern wilt of geranium. Strains in RsII-1 cause wilting in potato and tomato at cooler temperatures than tropical lowland R. solanacearum strains. Although periodically introduced, RsII-1 has not established in the United States. This pathogen is of quarantine concern and listed as a Federal Select Agent. We report a rapidly sequenced (<2 days) draft genome of UW848, a RsII-1 isolate introduced to the United States in geranium cuttings in spring 2020. UW848 belongs to the near-clonal cluster of RsII-1 global pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Roman-Reyna
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alicia Truchon
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Reza Mazloom
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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9
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Thomas NC, Hendrich CG, Gill US, Allen C, Hutton SF, Schultink A. The Immune Receptor Roq1 Confers Resistance to the Bacterial Pathogens Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas syringae, and Ralstonia in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:463. [PMID: 32391034 PMCID: PMC7192161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas species, Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia species are bacterial plant pathogens that cause significant yield loss in many crop species. Generating disease-resistant crop varieties can provide a more sustainable solution to control yield loss compared to chemical methods. Plant immune receptors encoded by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes typically confer resistance to pathogens that produce a cognate elicitor, often an effector protein secreted by the pathogen to promote virulence. The diverse sequence and presence/absence variation of pathogen effector proteins within and between pathogen species usually limits the utility of a single NLR gene to protecting a plant from a single pathogen species or particular strains. The NLR protein Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1) was recently identified from the plant Nicotiana benthamiana and mediates perception of the effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1 from Xanthomonas and P. syringae respectively. Unlike most recognized effectors, alleles of XopQ/HopQ1 are highly conserved and present in most plant pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas and P. syringae. A homolog of XopQ/HopQ1, named RipB, is present in most Ralstonia strains. We found that Roq1 confers immunity to Xanthomonas, P. syringae, and Ralstonia when expressed in tomato. Strong resistance to Xanthomonas perforans was observed in three seasons of field trials with both natural and artificial inoculation. The Roq1 gene can therefore be used to provide safe, economical, and effective control of these pathogens in tomato and other crop species and reduce or eliminate the need for traditional chemical controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Thomas
- Fortiphyte Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Connor G. Hendrich
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Upinder S. Gill
- IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Alex Schultink
- Fortiphyte Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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10
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Addy HS, Ahmad AA, Huang Q. Molecular and Biological Characterization of Ralstonia Phage RsoM1USA, a New Species of P2virus, Isolated in the United States. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30837978 PMCID: PMC6389784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Ralstonia-infecting bacteriophage from soil of the United States, designated RsoM1USA, was isolated from a tomato field in Florida. Electron microscopy revealed that phage RsoM1USA is member of the genus P2virus in the family Myoviridae with an icosahedral head of about 66 nm in diameter, a contractile tail of about 152 nm in length, and a long “neck.” Phage RsoM1USA infected 12 of the 30 tested R. solanacearum species complex strains collected worldwide in each of the three Ralstonia species: R. solanacearum, R. pseudosolanacearum, and R. syzygii. The phage completed its infection cycle 180 min post infection with a burst size of about 56 particles per cell. Phage RsoM1USA has a genome of 39,309 nucleotides containing 58 open reading frames (ORFs) and is closely related to Ralstonia phage RSA1 of the species Ralstonia virus RSA1. The genomic organization of phage RsoM1USA is also similar to that of phage RSA1, but their integrases share no sequence homology. In addition, we determined that the integration of phage RsoM1USA into its susceptible R. solanacearum strain K60 is mediated by the 3′ 45-base portion of the threonine tRNA (TGT), not arginine tRNA (CCG) as reported for phage RSA1, confirming that the two phages use different mechanism for integration. Our proteomic analysis of the purified virions supported the annotation of the main structural proteins. Infection of a susceptible R. solanacearum strain RUN302 by phage RsoM1USA resulted in significantly reduced growth of the infected bacterium in vitro, but not virulence in tomato plants, as compared to its uninfected RUN302 strain. Due to its differences from phage RSA1, phage RsoM1USA should be considered the type member of a new species with a proposed species name of Ralstonia virus RsoM1USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardian Susilo Addy
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States.,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Abdelmonim Ali Ahmad
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-minia, Egypt
| | - Qi Huang
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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11
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Baldeweg F, Hoffmeister D, Nett M. A genomics perspective on natural product biosynthesis in plant pathogenic bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:307-325. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes findings from genomics-inspired natural product research in plant pathogenic bacteria and discusses emerging trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baldeweg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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Eckshtain‐Levi N, Weisberg AJ, Vinatzer BA. The population genetic test Tajima's D identifies genes encoding pathogen-associated molecular patterns and other virulence-related genes in Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2187-2192. [PMID: 29660239 PMCID: PMC6638162 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is an essential part of plant immunity. Until recently, elf18, an epitope of elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu), was the sole confirmed PAMP of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, limiting our understanding of R. solanacearum-plant interactions. Therefore, we set out to identify additional R. solanacearum PAMPs based on the hypothesis that genes encoding PAMPs are under selection to avoid recognition by plant PRRs. We calculated Tajima's D, a population genetic test statistic which identifies genes that do not evolve neutrally, for 3003 genes conserved in 37 R. solanacearum genomes. The screen flagged 49 non-neutrally evolving genes, including not only EF-Tu but also the gene for Cold Shock Protein C, which encodes the PAMP csp22. Importantly, an R. solanacearum allele of this PAMP was recently identified in a parallel independent study. Genes coding for efflux pumps, some with known roles in virulence, were also flagged by Tajima's D. We conclude that Tajima's D is a straightforward test to identify genes encoding PAMPs and other virulence-related genes in plant pathogen genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Eckshtain‐Levi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburg VA 24061USA
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburg VA 24061USA
| | - Boris A. Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburg VA 24061USA
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Thano P, Akarapisan A. Phylotype and sequevar of Ralstonia solanacearum which causes bacterial wilt in Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:384-393. [PMID: 29446102 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt of Curcuma alismatifolia (Patumma) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major disease affecting the quality of rhizome exports. Traditionally, R. solanacearum is classified into five races based on differences in host range and six biovars based on biochemical properties. Recently a classification scheme based on phylotypes and sequevars was presented by the scientific community as a tool for determining phylogenetic relationships within R. solanacearum. This study used traditional and molecular methods to identify R. solanacearum strains from Patumma. All the strains were identified as biovar 4. A phylotype-specific multiplex PCR-based phylotyping of all the isolates detected the phylotype I-specific amplicon of 144 bp and the R. solanacearum-specific 281 bp amplicon. Phylogenetic analyses of endoglucanase (egl) sequences clustered all three strains of Patumma into phylotype I, sequevar 48 with reference strains M2 and M6. The study determined that the R. solanacearum strains from Patumma belong to biovar 4, phylotype I that originated from Asia, and sequevar 48. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Phylotype and sequevar of Ralstonia solanacearum were associated with geographic region and geographic distribution. This is the first study to identify phylotype and sequevar of R. solanacearum from Patumma in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This will be useful for study of disease epidemiology and could help management for control of bacterial wilt diseases in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thano
- Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A Akarapisan
- Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (Ag-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
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