1
|
Wu Z, Liu H, Wang X. Advancements in understanding bacterial enteritis pathogenesis through organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:512. [PMID: 38622483 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial enteritis has a substantial role in contributing to a large portion of the global disease burden and serves as a major cause of newborn mortality. Despite advancements gained from current animal and cell models in improving our understanding of pathogens, their widespread application is hindered by apparent drawbacks. Therefore, more precise models are imperatively required to develop more accurate studies on host-pathogen interactions and drug discovery. Since the emergence of intestinal organoids, massive studies utilizing organoids have been conducted to study the pathogenesis of bacterial enteritis, revealing new mechanisms and validating established ones. In this review, we focus on the advancements of several bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms observed in intestinal organoid/enteroid models, exploring the host response and bacterial effectors during the infection process. Finally, we address the features that warrant additional investigation or could be enhanced in existing organoid models in order to guide future research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roodsant TJ, van der Ark KC, Schultsz C. Translocation across a human enteroid monolayer by zoonotic Streptococcus suis correlates with the presence of Gb3-positive cells. iScience 2024; 27:109178. [PMID: 38439959 PMCID: PMC10909756 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause meningitis and septicaemia. The consumption of undercooked pig products is an important risk factor for zoonotic infections, suggesting an oral route of infection. In a human enteroid model, we show that the zoonotic CC1 genotype has a 40% higher translocation frequency than the non-zoonotic CC16 genotype. Translocation occurred without increasing the permeability or disrupting the adherens junctions and tight junctions of the epithelial monolayer. The translocation of zoonotic S. suis was correlated with the presence of Gb3-positive cells, a human glycolipid receptor found on Paneth cells and targeted by multiple enteric pathogens. The virulence factors Streptococcal adhesin Protein and suilysin, known to interact with Gb3, were not essential for translocation in our epithelial model. Thus, the ability to translocate across an enteroid monolayer correlates with S. suis core genome composition and the presence of Gb3-positive cells in the intestinal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Roodsant
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees C.H. van der Ark
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yung C, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Armstrong RJ, Olyaei A, Aloia M, Scottoline B, Andres SF. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.03.556067. [PMID: 38187651 PMCID: PMC10769189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.03.556067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human milk contains extracellular vesicles (HMEVs). Pre-clinical models suggest that HMEVs may enhance intestinal function and limit inflammation; however, it is unknown if HMEVs or their cargo survive neonatal human digestion. This limits the ability to leverage HMEV cargo as additives to infant nutrition or as therapeutics. This study aimed to develop an EV isolation pipeline from small volumes of human milk and neonatal intestinal contents after milk feeding (digesta) to address the hypothesis that HMEVs survive in vivo neonatal digestion to be taken up intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Digesta was collected from nasoduodenal sampling tubes or ostomies. EVs were isolated from raw and pasteurized human milk and digesta by density-gradient ultracentrifugation following two-step skimming, acid precipitation of caseins, and multi-step filtration. EVs were validated by electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, and super-resolution microscopy. EV uptake was tested in human neonatal enteroids. HMEVs and digesta EVs (dEVs) show typical EV morphology and are enriched in CD81 and CD9, but depleted of β-casein and lactalbumin. HMEV and some dEV fractions contain mammary gland-derived protein BTN1A1. Neonatal human enteroids rapidly take up dEVs in part via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that EVs can be isolated from digestive fluid and that these dEVs can be absorbed by IECs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Perlman M, Senger S, Verma S, Carey J, Faherty CS. A foundational approach to culture and analyze malnourished organoids. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2248713. [PMID: 37724815 PMCID: PMC10512930 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2248713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium plays a major role in nutrient absorption, barrier formation, and innate immunity. The development of organoid-based methodology has significantly impacted the study of the GI epithelium, particularly in the fields of mucosal biology, immunity, and host-microbe interactions. Various effects on the GI epithelium, such as genetics and nutrition, impact patients and alter disease states. Thus, incorporating these effects into organoid-based models will facilitate a better understanding of disease progression and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic candidates. One condition that has a significant effect on the GI epithelium is malnutrition, and studying the mechanistic impacts of malnutrition would enhance our understanding of several pathologies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to begin to develop methodology to generate viable malnourished organoids with accessible techniques and resources that can be used for a wide array of mechanistic studies. By selectively limiting distinct macronutrient components of organoid media, we were able to successfully culture and evaluate malnourished organoids. Genetic and protein-based analyses were used to validate the approach and confirm the presence of known biomarkers of malnutrition. Additionally, as proof-of-concept, we utilized malnourished organoid-derived monolayers to evaluate the effect of malnourishment on barrier formation and the ability of the bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri to infect the GI epithelium. This work serves as the basis for new and exciting techniques to alter the nutritional state of organoids and investigate the related impacts on the GI epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryl Perlman
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Carey
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina S. Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lindberg SK, Willsey GG, Mantis NJ. Flagellar-based motility accelerates IgA-mediated agglutination of Salmonella Typhimurium at high bacterial cell densities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193855. [PMID: 37275888 PMCID: PMC10232770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Secretory IgA (SIgA) protects the intestinal epithelium from enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) through a process known as immune exclusion, where invading bacteria are aggregated via antibody cross-linking, encased in mucus, and then cleared from the intestinal tract via peristalsis. At high cell densities, the STm aggregates form a tightly packed network that is reminiscent of early bacterial biofilms. However, the underlying mechanism of how SIgA mediates this transition from a motile and invasive state to an avirulent sessile state in STm is currently unknown. Methods In this report, we developed and validated a methodology known as the "snow globe" assay to enable real-time imaging and quantification of STm agglutination by the mouse monoclonal IgA Sal4. Results We observed that agglutination in the snow globe assay was dose-dependent, antigen-specific, and influenced by antibody isotype. We determined that flagellar-based motility was a prerequisite for rapid onset of agglutination, even at high cell densities where cell-cell contacts are expected to be frequent. We also investigated the roles of individual cyclic-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes previously implicated in motility and biofilm formation in Sal4 IgA-mediated agglutination. Discussion Taken together, our results demonstrate that IgA-mediated agglutination is a dynamic process influenced by bacterial motility and cell-cell collisions. We conclude that the snow globe assay is a viable platform to further decipher the molecular and genetic determinants that drive this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Lindberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JI, Cho SW, Kang JH, Park TE. Intestinal Peyer's Patches: Structure, Function, and In Vitro Modeling. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:341-353. [PMID: 37079198 PMCID: PMC10117255 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGOUND Considering the important role of the Peyer's patches (PPs) in gut immune balance, understanding of the detailed mechanisms that control and regulate the antigens in PPs can facilitate the development of immune therapeutic strategies against the gut inflammatory diseases. METHODS In this review, we summarize the unique structure and function of intestinal PPs and current technologies to establish in vitro intestinal PP system focusing on M cell within the follicle-associated epithelium and IgA+ B cell models for studying mucosal immune networks. Furthermore, multidisciplinary approaches to establish more physiologically relevant PP model were proposed. RESULTS PPs are surrounded by follicle-associated epithelium containing microfold (M) cells, which serve as special gateways for luminal antigen transport across the gut epithelium. The transported antigens are processed by immune cells within PPs and then, antigen-specific mucosal immune response or mucosal tolerance is initiated, depending on the response of underlying mucosal immune cells. So far, there is no high fidelity (patho)physiological model of PPs; however, there have been several efforts to recapitulate the key steps of mucosal immunity in PPs such as antigen transport through M cells and mucosal IgA responses. CONCLUSION Current in vitro PP models are not sufficient to recapitulate how mucosal immune system works in PPs. Advanced three-dimensional cell culture technologies would enable to recapitulate the function of PPs, and bridge the gap between animal models and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung In Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Seung Woo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Joo H Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva-Pedrosa R, Salgado AJ, Ferreira PE. Revolutionizing Disease Modeling: The Emergence of Organoids in Cellular Systems. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060930. [PMID: 36980271 PMCID: PMC10047824 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular models have created opportunities to explore the characteristics of human diseases through well-established protocols, while avoiding the ethical restrictions associated with post-mortem studies and the costs associated with researching animal models. The capability of cell reprogramming, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology, solved the complications associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESC) usage. Moreover, iPSCs made significant contributions for human medicine, such as in diagnosis, therapeutic and regenerative medicine. The two-dimensional (2D) models allowed for monolayer cellular culture in vitro; however, they were surpassed by the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system. The 3D cell culture provides higher cell-cell contact and a multi-layered cell culture, which more closely respects cellular morphology and polarity. It is more tightly able to resemble conditions in vivo and a closer approach to the architecture of human tissues, such as human organoids. Organoids are 3D cellular structures that mimic the architecture and function of native tissues. They are generated in vitro from stem cells or differentiated cells, such as epithelial or neural cells, and are used to study organ development, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Organoids have become a powerful tool for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human physiology, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of cancer, metabolic diseases, and brain disorders. Although organoid technology is up-and-coming, it also has some limitations that require improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Eduardo Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|