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Fears AC, Klimstra WB, Duprex P, Hartman A, Weaver SC, Plante KS, Mirchandani D, Plante JA, Aguilar PV, Fernández D, Nalca A, Totura A, Dyer D, Kearney B, Lackemeyer M, Bohannon JK, Johnson R, Garry RF, Reed DS, Roy CJ. Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Aerosol Suspensions. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2168-2171. [PMID: 32568661 PMCID: PMC7454081 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.201806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We aerosolized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and determined that its dynamic aerosol efficiency surpassed those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Although we performed experiment only once across several laboratories, our findings suggest retained infectivity and virion integrity for up to 16 hours in respirable-sized aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Fears
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Paul Duprex
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Amy Hartman
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Divya Mirchandani
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Jessica Ann Plante
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Diana Fernández
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Aysegul Totura
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - David Dyer
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Brian Kearney
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Matthew Lackemeyer
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - J. Kyle Bohannon
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Reed Johnson
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (A.C. Fears, R.F. Garry, C.J. Roy):
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (W.B. Klimstra, P. Duprex, A. Hartman, D.S. Reed)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver, K.S. Plante, D. Mirchandani, J.A. Plante, P.V. Aguilar, D. Fernández)
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, B. Kearney)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA (M. Lackemeyer, J.K. Bohannon, R. Johnson)
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Fears AC, Klimstra WB, Duprex P, Hartman A, Weaver SC, Plante KC, Mirchandani D, Plante JA, Aguilar PV, Fernández D, Nalca A, Totura A, Dyer D, Kearney B, Lackemeyer M, Bohannon JK, Johnson R, Garry RF, Reed DS, Roy CJ. Comparative dynamic aerosol efficiencies of three emergent coronaviruses and the unusual persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol suspensions. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.13.20063784. [PMID: 32511433 PMCID: PMC7217084 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.13.20063784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergent coronavirus, designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a zoonotic pathogen that has demonstrated remarkable transmissibility in the human population and is the etiological agent of a current global pandemic called COVID-191. We measured the dynamic (short-term) aerosol efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 and compared the efficiencies with two other emerging coronaviruses, SARS-CoV (emerged in 2002) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV; emerged starting in 2012). We also quantified the long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its ability to maintain infectivity when suspended in aerosols for up to 16 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Fears
- Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - W B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - P Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Hartman
- Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - S C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - K C Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - D Mirchandani
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - J A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - P V Aguilar
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - D Fernández
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - A Nalca
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - A Totura
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - D Dyer
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - B Kearney
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - M Lackemeyer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - J K Bohannon
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - R Johnson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - R F Garry
- Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - D S Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C J Roy
- Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA
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