1
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Boukthir S, Common H, Arvieux C, Cattoir V, Patrat-Delon S, Jolivet-Gougeon A. A recurrent prosthetic joint infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: case report and literature review. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36094891 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic knee joint infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is uncommon and only one case of recurrent infection has previously been described. Here, we describe the case of a 77-year-old male patient who was admitted to the teaching hospital of Rennes (France) with bilateral and nocturnal gonalgia evolving for 1 month. He had bilateral knee prosthesis 10 years ago, and a history of large B-cell lymphoma in remission. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with prosthetic knee infection, was made, with positive cultures of synovial fluids and blood; colonies of E. rhusiopathiae were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Initial treatment involved debridement, implant retention surgery and intravenous amoxicillin (12 g day-1) for 6 weeks with gentamicin 3 mg kg-1 day-1 added for the first 4 days. One year later, a second episode of E. rhusiopathiae infection occurred, suggesting a recurrence or reinfection due to the same bacterial species. The patient was finally cured after a two-stage exchange with a cemented articulated spacer and a 3 month course of amoxicillin (12 g day-1, iv). Different characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae infection were discussed, with a review of all cases of prosthetic joint infections caused by Erysipelothrix species. This case highlights the need for a long-term survey of patients, and a good knowledge of their environment to avoid any risk of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Boukthir
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Harold Common
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 11 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Arvieux
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital of Rennes, Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Rennes University Hospital, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.,CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Inserm U1230 BMR, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Solène Patrat-Delon
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital of Rennes, Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Rennes University Hospital, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.,CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), U1241 Microbiology, F-35000 Rennes, France
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2
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Guan LJ, Pei SX, Song JJ, Zhan PF, Han YN, Xue Y, Ding K, Zhao ZQ. Screening immune adjuvants for an inactivated vaccine against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922867. [PMID: 35958306 PMCID: PMC9360596 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we screened adjuvants for an inactivated vaccine against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae). Inactivated cells of E. rhusiopathiae strain HG-1 were prepared as the antigen in five adjuvanted inactivated vaccines, including a mineral-oil-adjuvanted vaccine (Oli vaccine), aluminum-hydroxide-gel-adjuvanted vaccine (Alh vaccine), ISA201-biphasic-oil-emulsion-adjuvanted vaccine (ISA201 vaccine), GEL02-water-soluble-polymer-adjuvanted vaccine (GEL vaccine), and IMS1313-water-soluble-nanoparticle-adjuvanted vaccine (IMS1313 vaccine). The safety test results of subcutaneous inoculation in mice showed that Oli vaccine had the most severe side effects, with a combined score of 35, followed by the ISA201 vaccine (25 points), Alh vaccine (20 points), GEL vaccine (10 points), and IMS1313 vaccine (10 points). A dose of 1.5LD50 of strain HG-1 was used to challenge the mice intraperitoneally, 14 days after their second immunization. The protective efficacy of Oli vaccine and Alh vaccine was 100% (8/8), whereas that of the other three adjuvanted vaccines was 88% (7/8). Challenge with 2.5LD50 of strain HG-1 resulted in a 100% survival rate, demonstrating the 100% protective efficacy of the Oli vaccine, followed by the GEL vaccine (71%, 5/7), IMS1313 vaccine (57%, 4/7), ISA201 vaccine (43%, 3/7), and Alh vaccine (29%, 2/7). Challenge with 4LD50 of strain HG-1 showed 100% (7/7) protective efficacy of the Oli vaccine and 71% (5/7) protective efficacy of the GEL vaccine, whereas the protective efficacy of other three adjuvanted vaccine was 14% (1/7). The Alh and GEL vaccines were selected for comparative tests in piglets, and both caused minor side effects. A second immunization with these two adjuvanted vaccines conferred 60 and 100% protective efficacy, respectively, after the piglets were challenged via an ear vein with 8LD100 of strain HG-1. After challenge with 16LD100 of strain HG-1, the Alh and GEL vaccines showed 40% and 100% protective efficacy, respectively. Our results suggested that GEL is the optimal adjuvant for an inactivated vaccine against E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Guan
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Xuan Pei
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ji-Jian Song
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhan
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yi-Nong Han
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhan-Qin Zhao
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan-Qin Zhao
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3
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Lee K, Park SY, Seo HW, Cho Y, Choi SG, Seo S, Han W, Lee NK, Kwon H, Han JE, Kim JH. Pathological and Genomic Findings of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated From a Free-Ranging Rough-Toothed Dolphin Steno bredanensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) Stranded in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:774836. [PMID: 35601406 PMCID: PMC9120913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.774836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, is considered one of the most serious infectious diseases of captive and free-ranging cetaceans worldwide, as these animals are known to be highly susceptible to the bacterial infections. The potential diversity between E. rhusiopathiae isolates from captive cetaceans has been previously described; however, the microbiological features of the free-ranging cetacean isolates remain unclear. Here, we describe a case of bacteremia in a rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) caused by E. rhusiopathiae. Additionally, we present the first genomic features of the bacteria from free-ranging cetacean individuals. Histopathological and microbial examinations revealed that E. rhusiopathiae caused bacteremia and systemic infection in the dolphin. The genome of the isolated E. rhusiopathiae strain KC-Sb-R1, which was classified as Clade 1 possessing SpaB gene, was clearly differentiated from the other swine-isolated E. rhusiopathiae, and the comparison of its serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that our isolate was greatly similar to those of other previously reported serovar 2/15 isolates, including the captive-dolphin isolate. Moreover, most of the potential virulence factors in the strain KC-Sb-R1 were similar to those in the strain Fujisawa. Further, a potential cytotoxicity of the isolate was confirmed, suggesting that marine mammal-isolated E. rhusiopathiae could possess strong pathogenic potential in other animals, including humans. These results would further increase our understanding on the risk factors for controlling zoonotic pathogens of emerging infectious diseases in captive or free-ranging cetaceans, and also provide important insight into the diversity of E. rhusiopathiae in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglee Lee
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seon Young Park
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yuna Cho
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seok-Gwan Choi
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | | | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kwon
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jee Eun Han
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
- Ji Hyung Kim
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4
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Nishikawa S, Shiraiwa K, Shimoji Y. A PCR assay to specifically detect serovar 1a strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and differentiate them from serovar 2 strains possessing an intact ERH_1440 gene. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:90-93. [PMID: 34789591 PMCID: PMC8810332 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ERH_1440 gene, which encodes CDP-glycerol:poly (glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase, is conserved in serovar 1a strains. The gene
is usually missing or truncated in other serovar strains and therefore has been used for PCR detection of serovar 1a strains. We have previously reported a rare case of an E.
rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an intact ERH_1440. In this study, we analyzed three additional serovar 2 strains with an intact ERH_1440 and developed a new PCR assay
for the specific detection and differentiation of serovar 1a strains from these serovar 2 strains. PCR with primers designed based on serovar 1a-specific gene sequences upstream of ERH_1440
showed 100% specificity for four hundred thirty Erysipelothrix strains isolated from extensive origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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5
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Kovalchuk SN, Babii AV. Draft genome sequence data and comparative analysis of Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae vaccine strain VR-2. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:455. [PMID: 33088652 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae VR-2 is a commercially available live attenuated vaccine strain widely used in Russia, Kazakhstan, and a number of European countries for immunization of pigs against swine erysipelas. The draft genome sequence of E. rhusiopathiae strain VR-2 reported in this paper is 1,704,727 bp in length, has CG content of 36.5%, and contains 1680 genes, including 51 tRNA, 3 rRNA, and 1408 protein-coding genes. Comparative sequence analysis between Fujisawa (serovar 1a), VR-2 and six other serovar N strains of E. rhusiopathiae revealed wide genetic variability of the chromosomal region essential for serovar-specific antigenicity and virulence of E. rhusiopathiae strains. We have performed a BLAST search and found 12 genomic loci potentially specific for the E. rhusiopathiae VR-2 strain. These data could be helpful for developing genetic assays for differentiation of field isolates and this live attenuated vaccine strain, which is especially important for epizootical monitoring of swine erysipelas in countries, where the live vaccine strain E. rhusiopathiae VR-2 is used for pig immunization, as well as for the design of recombinant vaccines against swine erysipelas. The genome of E. rhusiopathiae VR-2 has been submitted in GenBank under accession number RJTK00000000.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Kovalchuk
- Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Dubrovitsy 60, Podolsk Municipal District, 142132 Moscow Region Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Babii
- Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Dubrovitsy 60, Podolsk Municipal District, 142132 Moscow Region Russian Federation
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6
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Taguchi Y, Shiraiwa K, Ogawa Y, Oi T, Nakamura S, Okumura J, Shimoji Y. An invasive infection with an unusual spaB-possessing Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a human. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1249-1252. [PMID: 32924920 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a variety of animals. In humans, in contrast to the cutaneous form called erysipeloid, which is an occupational disease and common in individuals who handle raw meat and fish, invasive systemic infections are unusual. E. rhusiopathiae expresses an immunogenic surface protein, Spa (surface protective antigen), which is involved in virulence. Among the antigenically different Spa proteins (SpaA, B and C), which are mostly associated with serovars, SpaA is by far the most prevalent in E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased animals. However, the Spa type has not been examined for human isolates, and it is unknown whether SpaB- or SpaC-possessing isolates can cause disease in humans. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a case of human pyogenic spondylitis was analysed. The bacterium was identified as E. rhusiopathiae by a routine biochemical test and MS, and ultimately confirmed by an E. rhusiopathiae-specific PCR assay. Spa typing by sequencing revealed the SpaB type, and the serovar of the strain was identified as untypeable by a conventional agar gel precipitation test, but determined to be serovar 6 by a serotyping PCR assay. Sequence analysis of the serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that the isolate displayed the same gene organization as the serovar 6 reference strain, but the region was disrupted by an insertion sequence element, suggesting that the isolate originated from a serovar 6 strain. These results highlight that unusual, spaB-possessing E. rhusiopathiae strains can potentially pose serious risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Taguchi
- Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Oi
- Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Söderlund R, Formenti N, Caló S, Chiari M, Zoric M, Alborali GL, Sørensen Dalgaard T, Wattrang E, Eriksson H. Comparative genome analysis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from domestic pigs and wild boars suggests host adaptation and selective pressure from the use of antibiotics. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32735209 PMCID: PMC7641416 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is a major concern in pig production. In the present study the genomes of ER from pigs (n=87), wild boars (n=71) and other sources (n=85) were compared in terms of whole-genome SNP variation, accessory genome content and the presence of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants. The aim was to investigate if genetic features among ER were associated with isolate origin in order to better estimate the risk of transmission of porcine-adapted strains from wild boars to free-range pigs and to increase our understanding of the evolution of ER. Pigs and wild boars carried isolates representing all ER clades, but clade one only occurred in healthy wild boars and healthy pigs. Several accessory genes or gene variants were found to be significantly associated with the pig and wild boar hosts, with genes predicted to encode cell wall-associated or extracellular proteins overrepresented. Gene variants associated with serovar determination and capsule production in serovars known to be pathogenic for pigs were found to be significantly associated with pigs as hosts. In total, 30 % of investigated pig isolates but only 6 % of wild boar isolates carried resistance genes, most commonly tetM (tetracycline) and lsa(E) together with lnu(B) (lincosamides, pleuromutilin and streptogramin A). The incidence of variably present genes including resistance determinants was weakly linked to phylogeny, indicating that host adaptation in ER has evolved multiple times in diverse lineages mediated by recombination and the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. The presented results support the occurrence of host-adapted ER strains, but they do not indicate frequent transmission between wild boars and domestic pigs. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Caló
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mate Zoric
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eva Wattrang
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Shiraiwa K, Ogawa Y, Nishikawa S, Nakayama M, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Genetic analysis of an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae swine isolate determined to be serovar 2 by a gel double diffusion test but serovar 1a/2 by a serotyping PCR assay. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1376-1378. [PMID: 32713892 PMCID: PMC7538323 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a multiplex PCR assay for the differentiation of serovar 1a, 1b,
2 and 5 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In this study, we
analyzed the serovar-defining chromosomal region of a serovar 2 swine isolate, which was
PCR-positive for both serovars 1a and 2 by the multiplex PCR assay. Genetic analysis of
the chromosomal region revealed that, as in serovar 1a strains, the ERH_1440 gene, which
is usually truncated or missing in serovar 2 strains, was intact in this strain. This
paper first shows an E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an
intact ERH_1440 gene and suggests that care may be needed when determining the serovar of
such rare strains by PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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9
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Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Assay for Rapid Serotyping of Erysipelothrix Species. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00315-20. [PMID: 32269099 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00315-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a wide range of mammalian and avian species. Historically, E. rhusiopathiae has been differentiated from other Erysipelothrix species by serotyping. Among 28 serovars of Erysipelothrix species, specific serovars, namely, 1a, 1b, and 2 of E. rhusiopathiae, are associated mainly with the disease in pigs, poultry, and humans; however, other serovar strains are often simultaneously isolated from diseased and healthy animals, indicating the importance of isolate serotyping for epidemiology. The traditional serotyping protocol, which uses heat-stable peptidoglycan antigens and type-specific rabbit antisera in an agar-gel precipitation test, is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To develop a rapid serotyping scheme, we analyzed sequences of the 12- to 22-kb chromosomal region, which corresponds to the genetic region responsible for virulence of serovar 1a and 2 strains of E. rhusiopathiae, of the 28 serovars of Erysipelothrix species. We confirmed that the serovar 13 strain lacks the genomic region and that some serovar strains possess very similar or the same genetic structure, prohibiting differentiation of the serovars. We created 4 multiplex PCR sets allowing the simultaneous detection and differentiation of the majority of Erysipelothrix serovars. Together with a previously reported multiplex PCR that can differentiate serovars 1a, 1b, 2, and 5, the multiplex PCR-based assay developed in this study covers all but one (serovar 13) of the reported serovars of Erysipelothrix species and should be a valuable tool for etiological as well as epidemiological studies of Erysipelothrix infections.
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10
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Opriessnig T, Forde T, Shimoji Y. Erysipelothrix Spp.: Past, Present, and Future Directions in Vaccine Research. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:174. [PMID: 32351978 PMCID: PMC7174600 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix spp. comprise a group of small Gram-positive bacteria that can infect a variety of hosts including mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and insects. Among the eight Erysipelothrix species that have been described to date, only Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae plays a major role in farmed livestock where it is the causative agent of erysipelas. E. rhusiopathiae also has zoonotic potential and can cause erysipeloid in humans with a clear occupational link to meat and fish industries. While there are 28 known Erysipelothrix serovars, over 80% of identified isolates belong to serovars 1 or 2. Vaccines to protect pigs against E. rhusiopathiae first became available in 1883 as a response to an epizootic of swine erysipelas in southern France. The overall vaccine repertoire was notably enlarged between the 1940s and 1960s following major outbreaks of swine erysipelas in the Midwest USA and has changed little since. Traditionally, E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a or 2 isolates were inactivated (bacterins) or attenuated and these types of vaccines are still used today on a global basis. E. rhusiopathiae vaccines are most commonly used in pigs, poultry, and sheep where the bacterium can cause considerable economic losses. In addition, erysipelas vaccination is also utilized in selected vulnerable susceptible populations, such as marine mammals in aquariums, which are commonly vaccinated at regular intervals. While commercially produced erysipelas vaccines appear to provide good protection against clinical disease, in recent years there has been an increase in perceived vaccine failures in farmed animals, especially in organic outdoor operations. Moreover, clinical erysipelas outbreaks have been reported in animal populations not previously considered at risk. This has raised concerns over a possible lack of vaccine protection across various production species. This review focuses on summarizing the history and the present status of E. rhusiopathiae vaccines, the current knowledge on protection including surface antigens, and also provides an outlook into future directions for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Taya Forde
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Forde TL, Kollanandi Ratheesh N, Harvey WT, Thomson JR, Williamson S, Biek R, Opriessnig T. Genomic and Immunogenic Protein Diversity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated From Pigs in Great Britain: Implications for Vaccine Protection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32231655 PMCID: PMC7083082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas, caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, is re-emerging in swine and poultry production systems worldwide. While the global genomic diversity of this species has been characterized, how much of this genomic and functional diversity is maintained at smaller scales is unclear. Specifically, while several key immunogenic surface proteins have been identified for E. rhusiopathiae, little is known about their presence among field strains and their divergence from vaccines, which could result in vaccine failure. Here, a comparative genomics approach was taken to determine the diversity of E. rhusiopathiae strains in pigs in Great Britain over nearly three decades, as well as to assess the field strains’ divergence from the vaccine strain most commonly used in British pigs. In addition, the presence/absence and variability of 13 previously described immunogenic surface proteins was determined, including SpaA which is considered a key immunogen. We found a high diversity of E. rhusiopathiae strains in British pigs, similar to the situation described in European poultry but in contrast to swine production systems in Asia. Of the four clades of E. rhusiopathiae found globally, three were represented among British pig isolates, with Clade 2 being the most common. All British pig isolates had one amino acid difference in the immunoprotective domain of the SpaA protein compared to the vaccine strain. However, we were able to confirm using in silico structural protein analyses that this difference is unlikely to compromise vaccine protection. Of 12 other known immunogenic surface proteins of E. rhusiopathiae examined, 11 were found to be present in all British pig isolates and the vaccine strain, but with highly variable degrees of conservation at the amino acid sequence level, ranging from 0.3 to 27% variant positions. Moreover, the phylogenetic incongruence of these proteins suggests that horizontal transfer of genes encoding for antigens is commonplace for this bacterium. We hypothesize that the sequence variants in these proteins could be responsible for differences in the efficacy of the immune response. Our results provide the necessary basis for testing this hypothesis through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taya L Forde
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nichith Kollanandi Ratheesh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William T Harvey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Thomson
- Disease Surveillance Centre, SAC Veterinary Services, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Williamson
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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12
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Shimoji Y, Ogawa Y, Tsukio M, Shiraiwa K, Nishikawa S, Eguchi M. Genome-Wide Identification of Virulence Genes in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Use of a Mutant Deficient in a tagF Homolog as a Safe Oral Vaccine against Swine Erysipelas. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00673-19. [PMID: 31548316 PMCID: PMC6867862 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00673-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine erysipelas is caused by the Gram-positive pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae The swine erysipelas live vaccine in Japan, the E. rhusiopathiae Koganei 65-0.15 strain (Koganei), has been reported to cause arthritis and endocarditis. To develop a vaccine with increased safety, we used a virulent Fujisawa strain to construct transposon mutants for a total of 651 genes, which covered 38% of the coding sequence of the genome. We screened the mutants for attenuation by inoculating mice with 108 CFU of each mutant and subsequently assessed protective capability by challenging the surviving mice with 103 CFU (102 times the 50% lethal dose) of the Fujisawa strain. Of the 23 attenuated mutants obtained, 6 mutants were selected and evaluated for protective capability in pigs by comparison to that of the Koganei strain. A mutant in the ERH_0432 (tagF) gene encoding a putative CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase was found to be highly attenuated and to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in conventional pigs. An in-frame deletion mutant of the gene, the Δ432 mutant, was constructed, and attenuation was further confirmed in germfree piglets; three of four piglets subcutaneously inoculated with 109 CFU of the Δ432 mutant showed no apparent clinical symptoms, whereas all four of the Koganei-inoculated piglets died 3 days after inoculation. It was confirmed that conventional pigs inoculated orally or subcutaneously with the Δ432 strain were almost completely protected against lethal challenge infection. Thus, the tagF homolog mutant of E. rhusiopathiae represents a safe vaccine candidate that can be administered via the oral and subcutaneous routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manae Tsukio
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Shimoji Y, Bito M, Shiraiwa K, Ogawa Y, Nishikawa S, Eguchi M. Disassociation of Spa type and serovar of an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serovar 6 strain isolated from a diseased pig. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:488-491. [PMID: 30852953 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719835883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface protective antigen (Spa) protein of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is an important component in protecting pigs against swine erysipelas. The Spa protein has been antigenically divided into 3 types: SpaA, SpaB, and SpaC. Swine erysipelas vaccines are formulated with strains of serovar 1 and/or 2, both of which are SpaA-possessing serovars. The association of Spa type with E. rhusiopathiae serovar has been reported, and therefore, the determination of the Spa type and the serovar of clinical isolates are important to assess vaccine efficacy. An E. rhusiopathiae strain, designated Ireland, was isolated from a diseased pig and identified as serovar 6 by a conventional agar gel precipitation test. Sequence analysis of the chromosomal locus presumably defining the serovar antigenicity of E. rhusiopathiae revealed that the gene content and organization of the chromosomal regions of the Ireland strain were identical to those of the serovar 6 reference strain (Tuzok). Sequence analysis of the spa gene and dot blots using a SpaA-specific monoclonal antibody confirmed that, unlike the Tuzok strain possessing SpaB, the Ireland strain expressed SpaA, indicating that the Spa type is not associated with the serovar in this strain. Thus, further investigation into the association between Spa type and serovar of clinical swine isolates is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
| | - Makiko Bito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Shimoji, Shiraiwa, Ogawa, Nishikawa, Eguchi).,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (Shimoji).,Animal Quarantine Service Haneda Airport Branch, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (Bito)
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14
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Shiraiwa K, Ogawa Y, Nishikawa S, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Identification of serovar 1a, 1b, 2, and 5 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by a conventional gel-based PCR. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:101-104. [PMID: 30322520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the four species of the genus Erysipelothrix, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the main species that causes disease in swine and poultry and has also been isolated from human patients. Recently, E. rhusiopathiae infections in domesticated animals have increased in many countries and are also the cause of emerging wildlife disease in arctic and boreal ecosystems. Historically, E. rhusiopathiae has been differentiated from other Erysipelothrix species by their serovars, which are determined based on cell wall antigens. Serotyping of Erysipelothrix is important, as specific E. rhusiopathiae serovars (1a, 1b, and 2) are associated with disease in pigs, poultry, and humans. However, serotyping is laborious and time-consuming and requires a full set of serovar reference strains and strain-specific antiserum. In this study, to develop a conventional gel-based PCR assay that can detect the main disease-associated serovars of E. rhusiopathiae, the draft genome sequences of E. rhusiopathiae strains of serovars 1a, 1b, 2, and 5, the last of which is often isolated from wild animals, were analyzed. Primers were designed based on the serovar-specific sequences of the strains and tested for field strains isolated from extensive origins. Among two hundred and ninety-seven isolates of various serovar strains of E. rhusiopathiae and other Erysipelothrix species, the PCR assay identified serovar 1a, 1b, 2, and 5 strains of E. rhusiopathiae. This conventional gel-based PCR assay should be useful for serovar surveillance of E. rhusiopathiae isolates in domesticated and wild animals as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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