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Dec M, Zomer A, Webster J, Nowak T, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Urban-Chmiel R. Integrative and Conjugative Elements and Prophage DNA as Carriers of Resistance Genes in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Strains from Domestic Geese in Poland. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4638. [PMID: 38731857 PMCID: PMC11083093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Goose erysipelas is a serious problem in waterfowl breeding in Poland. However, knowledge of the characteristics of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains causing this disease is limited. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of four E. rhusiopathiae strains from domestic geese were determined, and their whole-genome sequences (WGSs) were analyzed to detect resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophage DNA. Sequence type and the presence of resistance genes and transposons were compared with 363 publicly available E. rhusiopathiae strains, as well as 13 strains of other Erysipelothrix species. Four strains tested represented serotypes 2 and 5 and the MLST groups ST 4, 32, 242, and 243. Their assembled circular genomes ranged from 1.8 to 1.9 kb with a GC content of 36-37%; a small plasmid was detected in strain 1023. Strains 1023 and 267 were multidrug-resistant. The resistance genes detected in the genome of strain 1023 were erm47, tetM, and lsaE-lnuB-ant(6)-Ia-spw cluster, while strain 267 contained the tetM and ermB genes. Mutations in the gyrA gene were detected in both strains. The tetM gene was embedded in a Tn916-like transposon, which in strain 1023, together with the other resistance genes, was located on a large integrative and conjugative-like element of 130 kb designated as ICEEr1023. A minor integrative element of 74 kb was identified in strain 1012 (ICEEr1012). This work contributes to knowledge about the characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae bacteria and, for the first time, reveals the occurrence of erm47 and ermB resistance genes in strains of this species. Phage infection appears to be responsible for the introduction of the ermB gene into the genome of strain 267, while ICEs most likely play a key role in the spread of the other resistance genes identified in E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dec
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.-P.); (R.U.-C.)
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinaty Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Webster
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Diagnostic Veterinary Laboratory “Vet-Lab Brudzew Dr. Piotr Kwieciński”, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.-P.); (R.U.-C.)
| | - Renata Urban-Chmiel
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.-P.); (R.U.-C.)
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Nishikawa S, Ogawa Y, Shiraiwa K, Nozawa R, Nakayama M, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Rational Design of Live-Attenuated Vaccines against Genome-Reduced Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0377622. [PMID: 36453908 PMCID: PMC9769512 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop safe and highly effective live vaccines, rational vaccine design is necessary. Here, we sought a simple approach to rationally develop a safe attenuated vaccine against the genome-reduced pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We examined the mRNA expression of all conserved amino acid biosynthetic genes remaining in the genome after the reductive evolution of E. rhusiopathiae. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that half of the 14 genes examined were upregulated during the infection of murine J774A.1 macrophages. Gene deletion was possible only for three proline biosynthesis genes, proB, proA, and proC, the last of which was upregulated 29-fold during infection. Five mutants bearing an in-frame deletion of one (ΔproB, ΔproA, or ΔproC mutant), two (ΔproBA mutant), or three (ΔproBAC mutant) genes exhibited attenuated growth during J774A.1 infection, and the attenuation and vaccine efficacy of these mutants were confirmed in mice and pigs. Thus, for the rational design of live vaccines against genome-reduced bacteria, the selective targeting of genes that escaped chromosomal deletions during evolution may be a simple approach for identifying genes which are specifically upregulated during infection. IMPORTANCE Identification of bacterial genes that are specifically upregulated during infection can lead to the rational construction of live vaccines. For this purpose, genome-based approaches, including DNA microarray analysis and IVET (in vivo expression technology), have been used so far; however, these methods can become laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we used a simple in silico approach and showed that in genome-reduced bacteria, the genes which evolutionarily remained conserved for metabolic adaptations during infection may be the best targets for the deletion and construction of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rieko Nozawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Duarte-Benvenuto A, Borges JCG, Rebelo VA, Díaz-Delgado J, Borges Keid L, Catão-Dias JL. Erysipelas in a stranded common bottlenose dolphin: first report in a South American odontocete. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2199-2203. [PMID: 35962226 PMCID: PMC9679089 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas is a zoonotic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In cetaceans, this disease has two main clinical forms: a cutaneous one, grossly characterized by rhomboid lesions, and a septicemic and often fatal form. Erysipelas is considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality in captive cetaceans; however, information in free-ranging cetaceans is limited. An adult common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found dead and in advanced autolysis in Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil, on July 19th, 2020. Upon gross examination, 80% of the body surface presented disseminated rhomboid cutaneous lesions ranging from 4 to 6 cm-width, characterized by well-defined edges and occasional ulceration, consistent with erysipelas. Additionally, anthropic-made postmortem linear cuts and partial mechanical removal of the flank musculature were noted. Skin samples were collected for histopathologic and molecular analyses. Microscopically, it was possible to observe multifocal dermatitis with vasculitis. Erysipelothrix sp. was detected by PCR. Despite previous reports of human consumption of cetacean meat in northeastern Brazil, the observed marks and advanced carcass autolysis suggested that the animal was most likely used as bait for fishing instead of human intake. This case highlights the value of postmortem examination and PCR even in poorly preserved cadavers and contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of cutaneous erysipelas in free-ranging cetaceans (first report in an odontocete from the Southern Hemisphere). Due to the zoonotic potential of certain Erysipelothrix species (i.e., E. rhusiopathiae), active public health policies are required to inform field professionals and the general public about the health threats associated with marine mammal manipulation and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain.
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica María Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aricia Duarte-Benvenuto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Gomes Borges
- Fundação Mamíferos Aquáticos, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49.100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Araújo Rebelo
- Fundação Mamíferos Aquáticos, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49.100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zautner AE, Tersteegen A, Schiffner CJ, Ðilas M, Marquardt P, Riediger M, Delker AM, Mäde D, Kaasch AJ. Human Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection via bath water – case report and genome announcement. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:981477. [PMID: 36353709 PMCID: PMC9637936 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.981477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative anaerobic, environmentally stable, Gram-positive rod that causes swine and avian erysipelas as a zoonotic pathogen. In humans, the main manifestations described are circumscribed erysipeloid, generalized erysipeloid, and endocarditis. Here, we report a 46-year-old female patient who presented to the physician because of redness and marked functio laesa of the hand, in terms of a pain-related restricted range of motion, and was treated surgically. E. rhusopathiae was detected in tissue biopsy. The source of infection was considered to be a pond in which both swine and, later, her dog bathed. The genome of the isolate was completely sequenced and especially the presumptive virulence associated factors as well as the presumptive antimicrobial resistance genes, in particular a predicted homologue to the multiple sugar metabolism regulator (MsmR), several predicted two-component signal transduction systems, three predicted hemolysins, two predicted neuraminidases, three predicted hyaluronate lyases, the surface protective antigen SpaA, a subset of predicted enzymes that potentially confer resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), several predicted phospholipases that could play a role in the escape from phagolysosomes into host cell cytoplasm as well as a predicted vancomycin resistance locus (vex23-vncRS) and three predicted MATE efflux transporters were investigated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Zautner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas E. Zautner,
| | - Aljoscha Tersteegen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conrad-Jakob Schiffner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Milica Ðilas
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Marquardt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Riediger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Delker
- Universitätsklinik für Plastische, Ästhetische und Handchirurgie Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mäde
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Achim J. Kaasch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Jaeger A, Lebarbenchon C, Bourret V, Bastien M, Lagadec E, Thiebot JB, Boulinier T, Delord K, Barbraud C, Marteau C, Dellagi K, Tortosa P, Weimerskirch H. Avian cholera outbreaks threaten seabird species on Amsterdam Island. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197291. [PMID: 29847561 PMCID: PMC5976148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases may be particularly critical for the conservation of endangered species. A striking example is the recurrent outbreaks that have been occurring in seabirds on Amsterdam Island for the past 30 years, threatening populations of three Endangered seabird species and of the endemic, Critically Endangered Amsterdam albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis. The bacteria Pasteurella multocida (avian cholera causative agent), and to a lesser extent Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (erysipelas causative agent), were both suspected to be responsible for these epidemics. Despite this critical situation, demographic trends were not available for these threatened populations, and the occurrence and characterization of potential causative agents of epizootics remain poorly known. The aims of the current study were to (i) provide an update of population trends for four threatened seabird species monitored on Amsterdam Island, (ii) assess the occurrence of P. multocida, and E. rhusiopathiae in live birds from five species, (iii) search for other infectious agents in these samples and, (iv) isolate and genotype the causative agent(s) of epizooties from dead birds. Our study shows that the demographic situation has worsened substantially in three seabird species during the past decade, with extremely low reproductive success and declining populations for Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses Thalassarche carteri, sooty albatrosses Phoebetria fusca, and northern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes moseleyi. Pasteurella multocida or E. rhusiopathiae were detected by PCR in live birds of all five investigated species, while results were negative for eight additional infectious agents. A single strain of P. multocida was repeatedly cultured from dead birds, while no E. rhusiopathiae could be isolated. These results highlight the significance of P. multocida in this particular eco-epidemiological system as the main agent responsible for epizootics. The study stresses the urgent need to implement mitigation measures to alter the course of avian cholera outbreaks threatening the persistence of seabird populations on Amsterdam Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jaeger
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, GIP CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Université de la Réunion, UMR ENTROPIE, UR, IRD, CNRS, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, GIP CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Vincent Bourret
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, GIP CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372CNRS – Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier UMR 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372CNRS – Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372CNRS – Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Cédric Marteau
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, rue Gabriel Dejean, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, GIP CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, GIP CYROI, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l’Océan Indien, GIP CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372CNRS – Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
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Pomaranski EK, Reichley SR, Yanong R, Shelley J, Pouder DB, Wolf JC, Kenelty KV, Van Bonn B, Oliaro F, Byrne B, Clothier KA, Griffin MJ, Camus AC, Soto E. Characterization of spaC-type Erysipelothrix sp. isolates causing systemic disease in ornamental fish. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:49-60. [PMID: 28708262 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2012, low-to-moderate mortality associated with an Erysipelothrix sp. bacterium has been reported in ornamental fish. Histological findings have included facial cellulitis, necrotizing dermatitis and myositis, and disseminated coelomitis with abundant intralesional Gram-positive bacterial colonies. Sixteen Erysipelothrix sp. isolates identified phenotypically as E. rhusiopathiae were recovered from diseased cyprinid and characid fish. Similar clinical and histological changes were also observed in zebrafish, Danio rerio, challenged by intracoelomic injection. The Erysipelothrix sp. isolates from ornamental fish were compared phenotypically and genetically to E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum isolates recovered from aquatic and terrestrial animals from multiple facilities. Results demonstrated that isolates from diseased fish were largely clonal and divergent from E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum isolates from normal fish skin, marine mammals and terrestrial animals. All ornamental fish isolates were PCR positive for spaC, with marked genetic divergence (<92% similarity at gyrB, <60% similarity by rep-PCR) between the ornamental fish isolates and other Erysipelothrix spp. isolates. This study supports previous work citing the genetic variability of Erysipelothrix spp. spa types and suggests isolates from diseased ornamental fish may represent a genetically distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S R Reichley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - R Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, IFAS/University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
| | - J Shelley
- 5D Tropical Inc., Plant City, FL, USA
| | - D B Pouder
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, IFAS/University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
| | - J C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, VA, USA
| | - K V Kenelty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B Van Bonn
- A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - F Oliaro
- A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Byrne
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K A Clothier
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M J Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - A C Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of swine erysipelas, and it causes great economic losses in Japan and worldwide. In meat inspection, it is very important to distinguish E. rhusiopathiae from other bacteria showing similar clinical signs of disease or similar bacterial characteristics. To distinguish E. rhusiopathiae from Erysipelothrix tonsillarum, 2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems were combined. The primer sets ERY-1F and ERY-2R were designed to amplify 2,210 base pairs (bp) of nucleotide sequence specific for E. rhusiopathiae chromosomal DNA, and the primer sets MO101 and ERS-1R were designed to amplify 719 bp of nucleotide sequence including a highly conserved region of genus Erysipelothrix 16S rRNA. Two fragments were amplified when E. rhusiopathiae was used as the PCR template using the primer sets, whereas a single fragment was amplified when E. tonsillarum was used as the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Yamazaki
- Ibaraki Western District Meat Inspection Office 584 Ichinobe, Chikusei, Ibaraki 308-0027, Japan
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Opriessnig T, Hoffman LJ, Harris DL, Gaul SB, Halbur PG. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: Genetic Characterization of Midwest US Isolates and Live Commercial Vaccines using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:101-7. [PMID: 15053359 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of molecular characterization of US erysipelas field isolates and vaccine strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Erysipelas in pigs is mainly caused by E. rhusiopathiae serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2. In 2001, erysipelas reemerged as a clinical problem in pigs in the midwestern United States. In this work 90 erysipelas isolates (58 recent and 28 archived field isolates as well as 4 live-vaccine strains) were genetically characterized. Because of the limited availability of antiserum, 74/90 isolates (44/58 recent isolates) were serotyped. The serotype of the majority (79.6%) of the 44 recent isolates tested was determined to be 1a, 13.6% were serotype 1b, and 6.8% of recent isolates were serologically untypeable. Among all 90 isolates, 23 different PFGE patterns were identified. There were 43 isolates identified as serotype 1a with 4 genetic patterns: 38/43, 1A(I); 3/43, 1A(III); 1/43, 1B(V); and 1/43, 3B. Sixteen serotype 1b isolates had 11 unique genetic patterns: 4/16 were genotype 1B(III), 2/16 were genotype 3A(I), and 1/16 was in genotype groups 1A(V), 1A(VI), 1A(VII), 1B(I), 1B(IV), 1B(VII), 2, 4, and 5. Six genetic patterns were distinguished among the 10 serotype 2 isolates: 1A(IV) (1/10), 1A(V) (1/10), 1B(VI) (1/10), 2 (4/10), 7 (1/10), and 8 (2/8). Erysipelas vaccine strains (modified live) were similar to each other but different from current field strains, sharing 78.6% identity with the most prevalent genotype 1A(I) based on the PFGE- SmaI pattern. Compared with serotyping, PFGE genotyping is a more distinguishing technique, easy to perform and not dependent on the limited availability of antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Nazierbieke W, Xiao D, Yang Z, Ahan J, Borrathybay E. [Identifying immunogenic proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C43065 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and cloning their encoding genes]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2016; 56:283-290. [PMID: 27373076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify immunogenic proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C43065. METHODS Antigens were extracted from E. rhusiopathiae C43065 by the alkaline extraction method. Proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and then Western blotting was performed with rabbit antiserum against the NaOH-extracted antigens. The immunogenic protein bands were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The genes encoding 5 major immunogenic proteins was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of E. rhusiopathiae C43065, and inserted into the pMD18-T vector and then sequenced. RESULTS A total of 9 immunogenic surface proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen from E. rhusiopathiae C43065 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Four of the proteins were putative virulence-associated proteins: enolase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class-II. The genes encoding the chaperone protein GroEL, enolase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class-II were 1614, 1296, 1260, 1005 and 867 bp in length, and the nucleotide sequences homologies of the genes between the C43065 strain and the previously reported E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa strain was more than 98%. CONCLUSION Several putative virulence-associated proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen of E. rhusiopathiae C43065 will be useful for elucidating the roles of these proteins in the pathogenesis of the organism.
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ZOU Y, ZHU X, MUHAMMAD HM, JIANG P, LI Y. Characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from acute swine erysipelas outbreaks in Eastern China. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:653-60. [PMID: 25649849 PMCID: PMC4488401 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a series of acute swine erysipelas outbreaks occurred in Eastern China. Eight strains isolated from cases of septicemia were determined as serotype 1a, and 4 of the isolates were resistant to acriflavine. One isolate strain named HX130709 was attenuated on agar media containing acriflavine dye. The 432-bp hypervariable region in spaA gene of the field and attenuated strains were amplified and sequenced. It was further compared with the vaccine strain G4T10, and thus, the eight field strains can be divided into four spaA-types. The partial spaA gene analysis also showed that no point mutations occurred among different archived passages of HX130709 during the attenuation. Results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that eight distinct patterns with 22 to 30 DNA fragment bands were produced from field strains, and twelve distinct patterns with 23 to 27 DNA fragment bands were produced from different passages of the attenuated strains. Mouse pathogenicity test showed that the mortality of the mice infected with 10(4) CFU field strains was 100% and the attenuation of strain HX130709 occurred between 46 and 50 passages. All the field and attenuated strains were highly sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines and macrolides. So, we can make conclusions that the acute swine erysipelas outbreaks in Eastern China were caused by serotype 1a E. rhusiopathiae strains with different biochemical characteristics, and the virulence of serotype 1a E. rhusiopathiae strains is unrelated with some point mutations in 432-bp hypervariable region of the spaA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao ZOU
- Key Laboratory of Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
| | - Xiaoming ZHU
- Key Laboratory of Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
| | - Hassan Mushtaq MUHAMMAD
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ping JIANG
- Key Laboratory of Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
| | - Yufeng LI
- Key Laboratory of Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China
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11
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Zhang A, Xu C, Wang H, Lei C, Liu B, Guan Z, Yang C, Yang Y, Peng L. Presence and new genetic environment of pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene lsa(E) in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of swine origin. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:162-7. [PMID: 25759293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus that causes erysipelas in swine. In recent years, erysipelas infection among swine in China has been increasing. A combined resistance phenotype to pleuromutilins, lincosamides, and streptogramin A (PLSA phenotype) was found in some E. rhusiopathiae isolates. The aim of this study was to identify the resistance genes responsible for the PLSA phenotype in E. rhusiopathiae strains and to map the genetic environment of the identified resistance gene. A total of 46 E. rhusiopathiae isolates from 31 pig farms in China were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 11 antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution method. Seven were highly resistant to tiamulin (MICs 32 μg/ml) and clindamycin (MICs 64 μg/ml). Resistance genes responsible for the PLSA phenotype were screened by PCR. The lsa(E), spw, lnu(B), aadE and aphA3 genes were detected in strains had the PLSA phenotype, whereas none was detected in susceptible strains. The genetic environment of lsa(E) gene was determined by whole-genome sequencing and overlapping PCR assays. A novel multiresistance gene cluster, orf1-aadE-apt-spw-lsa(E)-lnu(B)-rec-orf2-orf1-aadE-sat4-aphA3, was found. Horizontal gene transfer experiments and whole-genome sequencing suggested that the lsa(E)-carrying multiresistance gene cluster was located in the chromosome. This is the first molecular characterization of PLSA resistance in E. rhusiopathiae. The lsa(E), spw and lnu(B) genes were found in E. rhusiopathiae for the first time. A novel lsa(E)-carrying multiresistance gene cluster was found. The location of lsa(E) in different gene cluster facilitates its persistence and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Changwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and environment Protection of Southwestern, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Bihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Zhongbin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Linyao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
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Giménez-Lirola LG, Xiao CT, Zavala M, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. Improving ante mortem diagnosis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection by use of oral fluids for bacterial, nucleic acid, and antibody detection. J Microbiol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23201482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine erysipelas is an economically important disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Pen-based collection of oral fluids has recently been utilized for monitoring infection dynamics in swine operations. The diagnostic performance of bacterial isolation, real-time PCR, and antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay (FMIA) methods were evaluated on pen-based oral fluid samples from pigs experimentally infected with E. rhusiopathiae (n=112) and from negative controls (n=32). While real-time PCR was a sensitive method with an overall detection rate of 100% (7/7 pens) one day post inoculation (dpi), E. rhusiopathiae was successfully isolated in only 28.6% (2/7 pens). Anti-Erysipelothrix IgM and IgG antibodies in pen-based oral fluids were detected at 4 to 5 dpi by FMIA and at 5 and 8 dpi by ELISA. The number of infected animals per pen, and in particular the timing of antimicrobial treatment administration impacted bacterial isolation and ELISA results. In oral fluid field samples, E. rhusiopathiae DNA was found in 23.3% of the samples while anti-E. rhusiopathiae IgG and IgM antibodies were found in 59.6% and 5.5% of the samples, respectively. The results suggest that an algorithm integrating oral fluids as specimen and real-time PCR and FMIA as detection methods is effective for earlier detection of an erysipelas outbreak thereby allowing for a more effective treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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13
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Su Z, Zhang M, Liu X, Tong L, Huang Y, Li G, Pang Y. Comparison of bacterial diversity in wheat bran and in the gut of larvae and newly emerged adult of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) by use of ethidium monoazide reveals bacterial colonization. J Econ Entomol 2010; 103:1832-1841. [PMID: 21061987 DOI: 10.1603/ec10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to investigate the bacterial colonization within the gut of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), at the larval stage and the bacterial community of the gut of the house fly at the newly emerged adult stage. After using ethidium monoazide to inhibit recovery of nucleic acids from dead bacteria, three polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rDNA libraries from wheat bran, larvae, and newly emerged adults was constructed, analyzed, and compared. In total, 24, 11, and four phylotypes in the 16S rDNA libraries of wheat bran and the gut of larvae and adults, respectively, were found and assigned to three phylogenetic phyla of the domain Bacteria: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. In the wheat bran library, 76% of the total number of sequences were affiliated to the genera Pseudomonas, Halomonas, Providencia, and Ignatzschineria. The three genera Morganella (79.05%), Providencia (8.78%), and Ignatzschineria (9.46%) dominated the library of the larval gut. Compared with the wheat bran library, the relative abundance of Morganella morganii (Winslow) was significantly higher (79.05 versus 0.8%), whereas that of Ignatzschineria larvae and of Providencia spp. was similar. These results demonstrate that M. morganii, Providencia spp., and I. larvae colonized the gut of the house fly larvae. Live bacteria of M. morganii, Providencia spp., and Proteus spp. were found in the gut of newly emerged adults. Therefore, the bacteria M. morganii and Providencia spp. colonized the larval gut could survive in the gut from larval metamorphosis to adult eclosion of the house fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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To H, Nagai S. Genetic and antigenic diversity of the surface protective antigen proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:813-20. [PMID: 17475766 PMCID: PMC1951066 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00099-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The surface protective antigen (Spa) protein of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has been shown to be highly immunogenic and is a potential candidate for a new vaccine against erysipelas. In this study, we cloned and sequenced spa genes from all E. rhusiopathiae serovar reference strains as well as from a serovar 18 strain which was not classified as any species in the genus Erysipelothrix. Sequence analysis revealed that the Spa proteins could be classified into three molecular species, including SpaA, which was previously found in serovars 1a and 2, and the newly designated SpaB and SpaC proteins. The SpaA protein is produced by E. rhusiopathiae serovars 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, and N, the SpaB protein is produced by E. rhusiopathiae serovars 4, 6, 11, 19, and 21, and the SpaC protein is produced only by serovar 18. The amino acid sequence similarity was high among members of each Spa type (96 to 99%) but low between different Spa types ( approximately 60%). The greatest diversity in Spa proteins was found in the N-terminal half of the molecule (50 to 57% similarity), which was shown to be involved in immunoprotection. Coinciding with this, immunoblot analysis revealed that rabbit antisera specific to each Spa reacted strongly with the homologous Spa protein but weakly with heterologous Spa proteins. A mouse cross-protection study showed that the three recombinant Spa (rSpa) proteins elicited complete protection against challenge with homologous strains but that the level of protection against challenge with heterologous strains varied depending on the rSpa protein used for immunization. Our study is the first to demonstrate sequence and antigenic diversity in Spa proteins and to indicate that rSpaC may be the most promising antigen for use as a vaccine component because of its broad cross-protectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Eamens GJ, Forbes WA, Djordjevic SP. Characterisation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from pigs associated with vaccine breakdowns. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:329-38. [PMID: 16621346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Swine erysipelas vaccines are routinely used to protect pigs against peracute and acute/urticarial forms of Erysipelothrix. Between 1995 and 1998, 34 swine herds across four Australian states experienced vaccine failure. Forty-four isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serovars 2, 1a, 1b and 1bx21 were recovered from 15 of these 34 vaccine breakdown herds. These isolates were characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses using RsaI and AluI on whole cell DNA and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Results were compared with those of 20 isolates from 16 herds unaffected by vaccine breakdown and 13 isolates representing 10 reference strains. The majority of breakdown herds possessed isolates of serovar 2 (9/15 herds), followed by serovar 1a (5 herds). No geographic predominance of a single serovar was evident. The identification of 10 RsaI profiles from whole cell DNA among the 44 isolates from 15 breakdown herds indicated that a single, new clonal lineage of E. rhusiopathiae was not responsible for vaccine failure. RsaI RFLP analyses detected a further 14 distinct profiles among 20 field strains unassociated with vaccine breakdowns, and none matched profiles of the 10 serovar reference strains for serovars 1a, 1b, 2 or 21. This technique is recommended for epidemiological studies of E. rhusiopathiae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Eamens
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, Camden, NSW 2568, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) septicemia was demonstrated in a captive Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae). The bird died after a 2-week period of weakness and weight loss. At necropsy, the bird was emaciated and had reddened and wet lungs. Microscopic lesions were limited to hepatic and pulmonary congestion with focal thrombosis. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated by routine bacterial culture from several organs. Further characterization of the isolate by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the isolate has a new genotype pattern 3A(III), which is 91.7% homologous to an E. rhusiopathiae that was isolated from a pig in 2001 and 88% homologous to an isolate recovered in 2000 from a turkey with septicemia. This is the first report of E. rhusiopathiae-induced septicemia in a kookaburra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Okatani TA, Ishikawa M, Yoshida SI, Sekiguchi M, Tanno K, Ogawa M, Horikita T, Horisaka T, Taniguchi T, Kato Y, Hayashidani H. Automated ribotyping, a rapid typing method for analysis of Erysipelothrix spp. strains. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:729-33. [PMID: 15240953 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated ribotyping classified 70 Erysipelothrix species strains, previously classified into 14 RAPD patterns and into 63 PFGE patterns, into 27 ribogroups. Twenty-three strains of the 70 analyzed and classified into 13 ribogroups were previously classified into six ribotypes by the traditional ribotyping method. Moreover, automated ribotyping differentiated seven strains that were not differentiated by PFGE. Therefore, automated ribotyping was more sensitive than RAPD and traditional ribotyping, and it might be a useful method for a rapid screening in epidemiological study of strains of this genus, and more accurate results can be obtained when this method is used together with PFGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Alexandre Okatani
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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Imada Y, Takase A, Kikuma R, Iwamaru Y, Akachi S, Hayakawa Y. Serotyping of 800 strains of Erysipelothrix isolated from pigs affected with erysipelas and discrimination of attenuated live vaccine strain by genotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2121-6. [PMID: 15131179 PMCID: PMC404604 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2121-2126.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight hundred Erysipelothrix strains isolated between 1992 and 2002 from swine with erysipelas in Japan were serotyped. Thirty-seven, 47, 73, and 643 strains were isolated from animals with acute septicemia, urticaria, chronic endocarditis, and chronic arthritis, respectively, of which 381, 146, 254, and 19 isolates belonged to serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2b and other serotypes, respectively. All serotype 1a isolates were further examined for acriflavine resistance and their genotypes to discriminate them from the attenuated live vaccine strain, defined as serotype 1a, which is resistant to 0.02% acriflavine and which shows low levels of pathogenicity in mice. Of the serotype 1a isolates, 64.6% were acriflavine resistant, with 98.4% of these acriflavine-resistant strains having been isolated from animals with chronic arthritis. By randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, almost all the acriflavine-resistant serotype 1a strains showed the 253-bp band characteristic of vaccine strains and were easily discriminated from all 113 strains of acriflavine-sensitive serotype 1a strains from animals with acute and subacute swine erysipelas. The incidence of acriflavine-resistant strains of the distinctive RAPD type 1-2 was markedly higher than that of the other RAPD types and serotypes. RAPD type 1-2 strains also included a specific group identifiable by restriction fragment length polymorphism DNA analysis. Furthermore, the pathogenicities of 29 isolates of RAPD type 1-2 for mice were lower than those of the 21 isolates of other RAPD types. Our results indicate that RAPD type 1-2 strains are live vaccine strains and that 37% of the cases of chronic swine erysipelas detected in the past 11 years in Japan have occurred as a side effect of live vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Imada
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans, causing erysipelas in swine and erysipeloid in humans. In swine, disease may be either acute or chronic, resulting in the development of arthritis and endocarditis. In Japan, erysipelas remains an animal hygiene problem causing great economic loss as infected swine are disused. Human infection closely resembles that seen in swine, with both acute and chronic forms also. The most common presentation is erysipeloid, a localized cutaneous infection. In Western Australia, an erysipeloid-like infection referred to as "crayfish poisoning" occurs in lobster fishermen and handlers. A second type of presentation is a generalized cutaneous form involving lesions that progress from the initial site of infection or appear in remote areas. The third and most serious form of disease is a septicemia that is almost always linked to endocarditis. The mortality rate in Erysipelothrix endocarditis is still high (38%) and can be explained by the use of vancomycin (to which Erysipelothrix spp. are inherently resistant) as empirical therapy. Therefore, it is critical to have an early diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infection.Unfortunately, several problems exist with the diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infections by conventional cultural procedures, and these infections are often incorrectly diagnosed. First, because of their very small colony size and slow growth rates, it is difficult to isolate E. rhusiopathiae from heavily contaminated specimens. Various selective media have been described to improve the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae from contaminated specimens; however, not all contaminants are inhibited. The development of two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods has created an opportunity to greatly improve the efficiency with which these organisms are detected and identified. Makino et al. designed a PCR method that amplifies a 407-bp DNA fragment derived from the 16S rRNA coding sequence. The primers in this method are specific for the genus Erysipelothrix and do not differentiate between the species. A second set of primers designed by Shimoji et al. amplifies a 937-bp DNA fragment which is derived from a sequence associated with virulence of E. rhusiopathiae. These primers are specific for E. rhusiopathiae only. Shimoji et al. also utilized a selective enrichment medium based on tryptic soy broth containing ethidium bromide and sodium azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana G Fidalgo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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Abstract
On June 25, 2002, aquarium veterinarians treated a 5-year-old, male little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) that was acutely recumbent and dull, with inappetence of 24-hour duration. The penguin died within 10 minutes of presentation despite emergency resuscitation efforts. Gross pathologic findings consisted of pulmonary congestion and intestinal hemorrhage. Histopathologic findings included necrosis of tips of intestinal villi, increased numbers of mononuclear cells in pulmonary interstitium and hepatic sinusoids, and gram-positive bacteria in systemic microvasculature. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed short gram-positive bacilli located in lumina of glomerular capillaries and in cytoplasm of mononuclear phagocytic cells in the lung and liver. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was recovered from the lung, liver, and intestine by bacteriologic culture. Amplicons from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests using Erysipelothrix genus-specific primers and total genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of lung and intestine demonstrated 99% nucleotide sequence identity with 16S small-subunit ribosomal DNA of E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum. The source of infection was speculated to be fish in the diet; however, repeated attempts to detect Erysipelothrix spp. from the mucous layer of food fish using bacteriologic culture and PCR were unsuccessful. This is the first report of erysipelas in a captive aquatic bird. Details of the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae and the application of molecular testing to identify Erysipelothrix DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Boerner
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, One Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
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Yamamoto K, Sasaki Y, Ogikubo Y, Noguchi N, Sasatsu M, Takahashi T. Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 48:293-301. [PMID: 15129584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of tet(M) in naturally occurring isolates of tetracycline-resistant Erysipelothrix rbusiopathiae, which causes swine erysipelas. The tet(M) gene was isolated from E. rhusiopathiae strain KY5-42. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence were 99% identical to the tet(M) gene from Enterococcus faecalis. The gene was necessary and sufficient for the expression of tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli. The presence of the tet(M) gene in the 114 tetracycline-resistant E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased pigs was detected by the polymerase chain reaction assay. The specific amplified DNA fragment was obtained from all 114 tetracycline-resistant strains. It was suggested that the tet(M) gene was widely present in the field isolates of E. rhusiopathiae resistant to tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8511, Japan
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Verbarg S, Rheims H, Emus S, Frühling A, Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E, Schumann P. Erysipelothrix inopinata sp. nov., isolated in the course of sterile filtration of vegetable peptone broth, and description of Erysipelotrichaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:221-225. [PMID: 14742484 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, an isolate that was detected in sterile-filtered vegetable broth was classified as a novel member of theErysipelothrixline of descent of theFirmicutes. Strain MF-EP02Tresembles members of the two species ofErysipelothrixwith validly published names,Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeandErysipelothrix tonsillarum, in morphology, fatty acid composition, lack of menaquinones in aerobically and anaerobically grown cultures, DNA G+C content and peptidoglycan amino acid composition. Distinct differences in physiological characteristics, however, support the allocation of this isolate to a novel species of the genusErysipelothrix, for which the nameErysipelothrix inopinatasp. nov. (type strain, MF-EP02T=DSM 15511T=CIP 107935T) is proposed. Members of theErysipelothrixline of descent are included in the familyErysipelotrichaceaefam. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Verbarg
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Holger Rheims
- Bayer Healthcare AG, Bayerwerk, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Sabine Emus
- Bayer Healthcare AG, Bayerwerk, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Anja Frühling
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reiner M Kroppenstedt
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erko Stackebrandt
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Schumann
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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23
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Abstract
For 79 isolates from the tonsils of healthy cattle identified as Erysipelothrix by cultivation, biochemical and serological tests, genotypic identification was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using four species-specific sets of oligonucleotide primers (ER1F-ER1R, ER2F-ER2R, ER3F-ER3R and ER4F-ER4R). The results of PCR for 79 bovine isolates were compared with those of serological typing. For 19 isolates, serotyping and genotyping results were the same. PCR allowed for the identification of 36 untypable isolates as Erysipelothrix species, strain 1. Serotyping and genotyping results of the remaining 24 isolates were different. Supplemental tests are frequently needed for Erysipelothrix identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Hassanein
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 7-1 Kyonan-cho, 1 Chome, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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24
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Shimoji Y, Ogawa Y, Osaki M, Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Mikami T, Sekizaki T. Adhesive surface proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bind to polystyrene, fibronectin, and type I and IV collagens. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2739-48. [PMID: 12700253 PMCID: PMC154401 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.9.2739-2748.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram-positive bacterium that causes erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans. We found two adhesive surface proteins of E. rhusiopathiae and determined the nucleotide sequences of the genes, which were colocalized and designated rspA and rspB. The two genes were present in all of the serovars of E. rhusiopathiae strains examined. The deduced RspA and RspB proteins contain the C-terminal anchoring motif, LPXTG, which is preceded by repeats of consensus amino acid sequences. The consensus sequences are composed of 78 to 92 amino acids and repeat 16 and 3 times in RspA and RspB, respectively. Adhesive surface proteins of other gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes adhesin-like protein, Streptococcus pyogenes protein F2 and F2-like protein, Streptococcus dysgalactiae FnBB, and Staphylococcus aureus Cna, share the same consensus repeats. Furthermore, the N-terminal regions of RspA and RspB showed characteristics of the collagen-binding domain that was described for Cna. RspA and RspB were expressed in Escherichia coli as histidine-tagged fusion proteins and purified. The recombinant proteins showed a high degree of capacity to bind to polystyrene and inhibited the binding of E. rhusiopathiae onto the abiotic surface in a dose dependent manner. In a solid-phase binding assay, both of the recombinant proteins bound to fibronectin, type I and IV collagens, indicating broad spectrum of their binding ability. It was suggested that both RspA and RspB were exposed on the cell surface of E. rhusiopathiae, as were the bacterial cells agglutinated by the anti-RspA immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-RspB IgG. RspA and RspB were present both in surface-antigen extracts and the culture supernatants of E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa-SmR (serovar 1a) and SE-9 (serovar 2). The recombinant RspA, but not RspB, elicited protection in mice against experimental challenge. These results suggest that RspA and RspB participate in initiation of biofilm formation through their binding abilities to abiotic and biotic surfaces.
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25
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the occurrence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and other Erysipelothrix spp. in abattoir and meat samples in Western Australia. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples were collected from various parts of pig and sheep carcasses, as well as different sections of slaughtering line, pen soil and effluent. Previously evaluated culture methods were applied for the isolation of Erysipelothrix spp., in conjunction with phenotypic and genotypic detection and identification procedures. Of 109 samples from the two abattoirs, 35 (32.1%) were Erysipelothrix genus-specific PCR-positive. These came from swabs of animal exterior surfaces and joints, slaughtering areas, pig pen soil and abattoir effluent. Four samples (3.7%) from sheep arthritic joints and pig abattoir effluent were also E. rhusiopathiae species-specific PCR-positive. Of 123 carcass washing samples, 12 (9.8%) were genus-specific PCR-positive, and these came from all five kinds of meat samples tested, including beef, lamb, mutton, pork and chicken. Four of them (3.3%) were also species-specific PCR-positive. A total of 25 isolates was recovered from the samples, of which seven were identified as E. rhusiopathiae, seven were consistent with E. tonsillarum, and the remaining 11 were other species of Erysipelothrix. CONCLUSIONS Erysipelothrix spp. can still be isolated and identified from specimens of animal origin with relative ease, provided that appropriate cultural and molecular procedures are used. Clinical microbiology laboratories may need to improve their diagnostic protocols. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study confirms that E. rhusiopathiae and other species of Erysipelothrix continue to colonize and contaminate farmed animals and animal products. Erysipelothrix infection still poses a potential threat to the economy of the farmed animal industry, as well as being a potential human public health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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26
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Abstract
A flock of 810 pheasants experienced 6.2% mortality over 6 days. Affected birds were weak and lethargic for up to 24 hr before death. Examined birds were thin, and gross lesions consisted of thick opaque crops and cecal cores. Histologically, there was capillariasis of the crop and multifocal ulcerative typhlitis with Heterakis spp. infection, and numerous systemic intravascular monocytes were filled with clusters of blue rod-shaped organisms. The organisms were gram-positive bacilli by Brown and Brenn staining and ultrastructural analysis. Liver bacterial cultures were negative for pathogenic bacteria. Erysipelas septicemia was diagnosed by an Erysipelothrix species-specific polymerase chain reaction method with the substrate DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hennig
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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27
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Shimoji Y, Asato H, Sekizaki T, Mori Y, Yokomizo Y. Hyaluronidase is not essential for the lethality of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:173-6. [PMID: 11913558 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of hyaluronidase in the pathogenicity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, transposon Tn916 was transferred from Enterococcus faecalis CG110 to a virulent strain of E. rhusiopathiae, and hyaluronidase-deficient mutants were isolated. A virulence assay in the mice showed that of the seven hyaluronidase-deficient mutants tested, six mutants were avirulent, but that one mutant, designated AST121, was as virulent as its parental strain. Western immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody specific to the capsule, a major virulence factor of the organism, revealed that all of the avirulent mutants had lost the capsular antigen, whereas the mutant AST121 did not. These results suggest that the lack of virulence of the six hyaluronidase-negative mutants could be due to a loss of the capsule and that hyaluronidase does not contribute to the lethality of E. rhusiopathiae infection in mice.
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Shimoji Y, Oishi E, Kitajima T, Muneta Y, Shimizu S, Mori Y. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-1 as a live vaccine vehicle for heterologous protein expression and intranasal immunization of pigs. Infect Immun 2002; 70:226-32. [PMID: 11748187 PMCID: PMC127599 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.1.226-232.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a system in which a foreign antigen is delivered and expressed on the surface of an attenuated strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae YS-1 and have examined the ability of a such recombinant E. rhusiopathiae strain to function as a mucosal vaccine vector. The C-terminal portion, including two repeat regions, R1 and R2, of the P97 adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain E-1 was successfully translocated and expressed on the E. rhusiopathiae YS-1 cell surface after it was fused to SpaA.1, a cell surface protective antigen of E. rhusiopathiae. BALB/c mice subcutaneously immunized with the E. rhusiopathiae recombinant strains developed specific antibodies against SpaA.1 protein and were protected from lethal challenge with the highly virulent homologous E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa-SmR strain, showing the efficacy of this heterologous-antigen expression system as a vaccine against E. rhusiopathiae infection. To determine whether protective immune responses are induced in target species, newborn, specific-pathogen-free piglets were immunized intranasally with a recombinant strain designated YS-19. The immunized piglets developed specific anti-SpaA.1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in their serum and were protected from death by erysipelas, showing that mucosal vaccination of piglets with YS-19 induces systemic immune responses. Furthermore, YS-19-immunized piglets showed higher levels of P97-specific IgA antibodies in the respiratory tract than did YS-1-immunized piglets. Thus, E. rhusiopathiae YS-1 appears to be a promising vaccine vector for mucosal delivery that can induce local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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29
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Okatani AT, Uto T, Taniguchi T, Horisaka T, Horikita T, Kaneko K, Hayashidani H. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in differentiation of erysipelothrix species strains. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4032-6. [PMID: 11682526 PMCID: PMC88483 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.11.4032-4036.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2001] [Accepted: 09/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the first analysis of Erysipelothrix spp. using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Seventy strains of Erysipelothrix spp. were analyzed. SmaI, AscI, and NotI were tested for the ability to cleave the DNA extracted from those strains, and among them, SmaI was the most reliable enzyme. Sixty-three distinct PFGE patterns were produced, and no DNA degradation was observed, allowing the identification of all of the strains. Based on these results and on those of a previous analysis using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and ribotyping, PFGE with SmaI might be considered to be more sensitive than those methods and to be the best method for epidemiological studies of strains of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Okatani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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30
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Kiuchi A, Hara M, Pham HS, Takikawa K, Tabuchi K. Phylogenetic analysis of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum based upon 16S rRNA. DNA Seq 2001; 11:257-60. [PMID: 11092736 DOI: 10.3109/10425170009033239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA genes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathine and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum were determined. The sequences are almost similar (99.8%) with only three nucleotides mismatched.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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31
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Okatani AT, Hayashidani H, Takahashi T, Taniguchi T, Ogawa M, Kaneko K. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Erysipelothrix spp. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4332-6. [PMID: 11101560 PMCID: PMC87601 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.12.4332-4336.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2000] [Accepted: 09/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method (RAPD) to identify each species of genus Erysipelothrix and for epidemiological analysis of this genus was studied. Eighty-one strains and 18 random primers were tested. Among the tested primers, the primers NK51 (GGTGGTGGTATC) and NK6 (CCCGCGCCCC) produced noticeable results. The primer NK51 revealed four species-specific RAPD patterns. Of the 66 strains of E. rhusiopathiae, 64 had the same unique band of 884 bp. Of the 12 strains of E. tonsillarum, 11 produced a 1,265-bp band. In addition, two strains, previously thought to be E. rhusiopathiae, produced the 1,265-bp band, suggesting that they had been misclassified. One strain of E. tonsillarum produced the 884-bp band, suggesting that it too was E. rhusiopathiae. The E. rhusiopathiae strain of serovar 13 produced a 650-bp band, and the strain of serovar 18 produced a clear 420-bp band as well as three weak bands of 1,265, 918, and 444 bp. The primer NK6 revealed 14 RAPD patterns that were not serovar specific. However, different patterns were produced among strains of the same serovar showing that the RAPD method is able to identify the genetic variations of strains of this genus and can rapidly and easily differentiate strains of the same serovar. Based on these results, we concluded that the RAPD method with primers NK51 and NK6 is a rapid and reliable method to identify the species of this genus; we also concluded that this method might be a useful tool for the epidemiological analysis of the Erysipelothrix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Okatani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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32
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Makino SI, Yamamoto K, Asakura H, Shirahata T. Surface antigen, SpaA, of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae binds to Gram-positive bacterial cell surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 186:313-7. [PMID: 10802190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we isolated the spaA gene encoding the surface protective antigen A, SpaA, of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and found that the N-terminal region of SpaA was responsible for protective immunity against erysipelas and that the C-terminal region contained eight repeat units consisting of 20 amino acids comprising the binding domain on the Erysipelothrix cell surface. In this study, using recombinant SpaA proteins, we showed that the repeat region bound to the cell surfaces of various Gram-positive bacterial cells, SpaA was a membrane-associated protein, this association depended on the interaction with choline residues in teichoic acid, and SpaA bound to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. These results showed that LTA was required for the surface association of SpaA in E. rhusiopathiae and that such an association might be common among Gram-positive bacterial cells. We suggested that an LTA-SpaA complex might have an important role in the E. rhusiopathiae infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Makino
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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33
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Takahasi T, Fujisawa T, Yamamoto K, Kijima M, Takahashi T. Taxonomic evidence that serovar 7 of Erysipelothrix strains isolated from dogs with endocarditis are Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2000; 47:311-3. [PMID: 10861200 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The levels of relatedness among strains of Erysipelothrix serovar 7 isolated from dogs with endocarditis were estimated by performing DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with the type strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. All the canine strains exhibited more than 81% hybridization with the type strain of E. tonsillarum but less than 13% hybridization with the type strain of E. rhusiopathiae. Based on DNA-DNA hybridization results we confirmed that serovar 7 of the isolates from dogs with endocarditis were conclusively identified as E. tonsillarum. These results strongly indicate that some strains of genomic E. tonsillarum are a canine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahasi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Takeshi K, Makino S, Ikeda T, Takada N, Nakashiro A, Nakanishi K, Oguma K, Katoh Y, Sunagawa H, Ohyama T. Direct and rapid detection by PCR of Erysipelothrix sp. DNAs prepared from bacterial strains and animal tissues. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:4093-8. [PMID: 10565937 PMCID: PMC85888 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.12.4093-4098.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR method for rapid screening of Erysipelothrix spp. in the slaughterhouse was carried out by using four species-specific sets of oligonucleotide primers after initial amplification with the primer set MO101-MO102, which amplifies the 16S rRNA sequences of all four Erysipelothrix species. The DNA sequences coding for the rRNA gene cluster, including 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and the noncoding region downstream of 5S rRNA, were determined in order to design primers for the species-specific PCR detection system. The homology among the 4.5-kb DNA sequences of the rRNA genes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serovar 2 (DNA Data Bank of Japan accession no. AB019247), E. tonsillarum serovar 7 (accession no. AB019248), E. rhusiopathiae serovar 13 (accession no. AB019249), and E. rhusiopathiae serovar 18 (accession no. AB019250) ranged from 96.0 to 98.4%. The PCR amplifications were specific and were able to distinguish the DNAs from each of the four Erysipelothrix species. The results of PCR tests performed directly with tissue specimens from diseased animals were compared with the results of cultivation tests, and the PCR tests were completed within 5 h. The test with this species-specific system based on PCR amplification with the DNA sequences coding for the rRNA gene cluster was an accurate, easy-to-read screening method for rapid diagnosis of Erysipelothrix sp. infection in the slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeshi
- Department of Food Science, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo 060, Japan.
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35
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Imada Y, Goji N, Ishikawa H, Kishima M, Sekizaki T. Truncated surface protective antigen (SpaA) of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotype 1a elicits protection against challenge with serotypes 1a and 2b in pigs. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4376-82. [PMID: 10456877 PMCID: PMC96755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4376-4382.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causal agent of swine erysipelas, which is of economic importance in the swine industry by virtue of causing acute septicemia, chronic arthritis, and endocarditis. However, little is known about the genetic properties of its protective antigens. Recently, a surface protective antigen (SpaA) gene was identified from serotype 2 in a mouse model. We cloned spaA from virulent strain Fujisawa (serotype 1a) and determined that the N-terminal 342 amino acids without C-terminal repeats of 20 amino acids have the ability to elicit protection in mice. Fusions of 342 amino acids of Fujisawa SpaA and histidine hexamer (HisSpa1.0) protected pigs against challenge with both serotype 1 and serotype 2, the most important serotypes in the swine industry. Pigs immunized with HisSpa1.0 reacted well with both HisSpa1.0 and intact SpaA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Serum collected at the time of challenge from a pig immunized with HisSpa1. 0 markedly enhanced the in vitro phagocytic and killing activity of pig neutrophils against the bacteria. DNA sequences of protective regions of spaA genes from five strains of serotypes 1 and 2 were almost identical. The full DNA sequences also seemed to be conserved among strains of all 12 serotype reference strains harboring the spaA gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR products. These results indicates that SpaA is a common protective antigen of serotypes 1 and 2 of E. rhusiopathiae in swine and will be a useful tool for development of new types of vaccines and diagnostic tools for effective control of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Chromatography, Affinity
- DNA, Bacterial
- Erysipelothrix/genetics
- Erysipelothrix/immunology
- Erysipelothrix/isolation & purification
- Erysipelothrix Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- Histidine/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Phagocytosis
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serotyping
- Swine
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imada
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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36
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Makino SI, Katsuta K, Shirahata T. A novel protein of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that confers haemolytic activity on Escherichia coli. Microbiology (Reading) 1999; 145 ( Pt 6):1369-1374. [PMID: 10411263 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-145-6-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the cause of swine erysipelas and human erysipeloid, produces a haemolysin. A recombinant plasmid, pHLY, conferring haemolytic activity on Escherichia coli was isolated from a genomic library of Ery. rhusiopathiae strain Tama-96. This plasmid was stable in RecA- E. coli, but unstable in a RecA+ strain. A spontaneous deletion plasmid, pMini-HLY, also conferring haemolytic activity was derived from pHLY. Two ORFs were detected in pHLY. Analysis of pMini-HLY and other deletion clones established that ORF2 was associated with haemolytic activity. The sequence of ORF1 was highly homologous to those of transposases in the IS30 family. The deletion which generated pMini-HLY was between two short direct repeat (DR) sequences flanking the ORF1 sequence, and there were inverted repeat sequences inside the two DR sequences, suggesting an insertion element. No sequence homology to the deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 was detected in the databases, but its sequence was characteristic of a surface lipoprotein. Western blot analysis, using antiserum against the 16 kDa protein produced from ORF2, found the protein to be commonly distributed in all Erysipelothrix species.
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37
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Shimoji Y, Mori Y, Fischetti VA. Immunological characterization of a protective antigen of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: identification of the region responsible for protective immunity. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1646-51. [PMID: 10084998 PMCID: PMC96508 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.1646-1651.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding a protective protein antigen of the gram-positive bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, an important veterinary pathogen responsible for erysipelas in swine and a variety of diseases in animals, was cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 597 amino acids plus a putative signal sequence of 29 amino acids, resulting in a mature protein with a molecular mass of 69,017 Da. Sequence analysis of the gene product revealed a C-terminal region composed of nine tandem repeats of 20 amino acids and a total sequence that is nearly identical to that of the 64-kDa cell surface protein (SpaA) of the bacterium. Because of this similarity, the protein was designated SpaA.1. In this study, we examined whether the SpaA.1 protein could induce protective antibodies and whether we could identify the region involved in protective immunity. Both the mature SpaA.1 protein and its C-terminal repeat region, but not the N-terminal segment, were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a histidine-tagged fusion recombinant protein. Rabbit antiserum raised against the mature SpaA.1 protein passively protected mice from lethal challenge with a virulent homologous strain, Fujisawa-SmR, suggesting that protection is mediated by humoral antibodies. To determine which domain of the SpaA.1 protein is responsible for the observed protection, mice were actively immunized with either the mature SpaA. 1 protein or the C-terminal repeat region and then challenged with Fujisawa-SmR. The result showed that mice immunized with the mature SpaA.1 protein, but not the C-terminal repeat region, were protected, suggesting that the protection-eliciting epitope(s) is located within the N-terminal two-thirds of the SpaA.1 molecule. This was confirmed by passive immunization experiments in which the protective activity of rabbit antiserum, raised against mature SpaA. 1 protein, was not abolished by absorption with the purified recombinant C-terminal repeat region. In addition, antibodies specific for the C-terminal repeat region were unable to protect mice from lethal challenge. These results show that the N-terminal two-thirds of the SpaA.1 molecule may constitute a good vaccine candidate against erysipelas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimoji
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Makino S, Ishizaki H, Shirahata T, Fujiwara S, Sawada T. Isolation of acriflavine resistant Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from slaughter pigs in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:1017-9. [PMID: 9795903 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of swine erysipelas. Although an attenuated vaccine is used in Japan, recent increases in disease occurrence have cast doubts on its efficacy. We investigated the similarity between the vaccine strain and E. rhusiopathiae field isolates by the analysis of acriflavine resistance (the vaccine strain marker), serotype, DNA fingerprinting and pathogenicity to mice. Although 7 acriflavine resistant E. rhusiopathiae isolates were separated from arthritic lesions of slaughter pigs, we were unable to prove that they were identical to the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Makino
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
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Makino S, Yamamoto K, Murakami S, Shirahata T, Uemura K, Sawada T, Wakamoto H, Morita H, Morita Y. Properties of repeat domain found in a novel protective antigen, SpaA, of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Microb Pathog 1998; 25:101-9. [PMID: 9712689 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1998.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small gram-positive rod bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine and a variety of diseases in other animals and humans. Although live-attenuated or bacterin vaccines are effective in protecting against erysipelas, the genetic construction of their active antigen has not been identified. To clarify the surface antigen(s) involved in protective and arthritic response, using monoclonal antibody I2A against the surface proteins of E. rhusiopathiae, we identified a protective antigen, which consists of 606 amino acids. Analysis of deletion derivatives of the gene, spaA(surface protective antigen), showed that the SpaA protein binds tightly to the bacterial cell surface via eight repeat units with a GW-module consisting of 20 amino acids at the C-terminus. Although DeltaSpaA lacking their repeat units lost its ability to induce protection against E. rhusiopathiae infection, intact SpaA protein showed the protection. We conclude that the presence of repeat units is essential both for the binding of SpaA to the bacterial cell surface and for protection. We believe that the repeat region at the C-terminus should be a candidate for a subunit vaccine against erysipelas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Makino
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
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Shimoji Y, Mori Y, Sekizaki T, Shibahara T, Yokomizo Y. Construction and vaccine potential of acapsular mutants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: use of excision of Tn916 to inactivate a target gene. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3250-4. [PMID: 9632592 PMCID: PMC108339 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3250-3254.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1998] [Accepted: 04/07/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that acapsular transposon Tn916 mutants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are avirulent for mice. In this study, we constructed nonreverting acapsular mutants and examined the vaccine potential of the mutants in mice. A representative acapsular transposon mutant, 33H6, was plated on selective agar containing autoclaved chlortetracycline and quinaldic acid, and two tetracycline-sensitive mutants were obtained. Sequence analysis of chromosomal regions of the mutants in which Tn916 had flanked revealed that Tn916 had spontaneously excised from the region and that the six new nucleotides, which were presumably inserted with Tn916 into 33H6 chromosome, substituted for those present at the insertion site. The mutants were confirmed to be devoid of capsular antigen by Western immunoblotting and were nonvirulent for mice (subcutaneous 50% lethal dose [LD50], >10(9) CFU). The safety and efficacy of acapsular mutants for live vaccines was further studied by using one mutant strain, named YS-1. The YS-1 bacteria were cleared from the skin sites of inoculation, livers, and spleens of the inoculated mice by 7 days after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation. Mice immunized s.c. with doses ranging from 2 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(8) CFU of strain YS-1 were completely protected against challenge with 100 LD50 of the homologous, highly virulent strain Fujisawa-SmR 21 days postimmunization, and protective immunity conferred by immunization with 2 x 10(8) CFU of the strain lasted for as long as the 3 months of the observation period. In passive immunization experiments, sera collected from mice immunized with strain YS-1 at days 14 and 21 postimmunization provided protection against challenge with Fujisawa-SmR, whereas sera collected at days 4 and 7 did not. Furthermore, specific spleen cell responses to E. rhusiopathiae antigens were observed in mice immunized with strain YS-1, and cross-protection against the antigenically heterologous bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was observed at 7 days after immunization in the mice, suggesting that cell-mediated immunity had been induced. These results suggest that E. rhusiopathiae YS-1 may be a suitable choice for further studies of vaccine efficacy in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305, Japan.
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Shimoji Y, Yokomizo Y, Mori Y. Intracellular survival and replication of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae within murine macrophages: failure of induction of the oxidative burst of macrophages. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1789-93. [PMID: 8613392 PMCID: PMC173993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.5.1789-1793.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of a virulent wild-type parent strain and acapsular avirulent transposon mutants to enter and survive intracellularly within murine peritoneal macrophages. In the presence of normal or immune serum, the parent and mutant strains were both ingested; however, the number of ingested bacteria was three- to fourfold greater in the case of mutant strains than in the case of the parent strain. The parent strain, but not the mutant strains, survived and replicated intracellularly when ingested in the presence of normal serum, whereas both the parent and the mutant strains were readily killed when ingested in the presence of immune serum. To further investigate the mechanism by which the parent strain can survive and replicate within macrophages, we studied the oxidative burst response of macrophages to these strains by measuring chemiluminescence and intracellular reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium dye. Challenge exposure of macrophages with either the parent strain preopsonized with immune serum or the mutant strains preopsonized with normal or immune serum induced a strong oxidative burst, whereas the level was very low when the parent strain was preopsonized with normal serum. Phagocytosis of either the parent strain, in the presence of immune serum, or the mutant strains, in the presence of normal or immune serum, by macrophages reduced large amounts of intracellular Nitro Blue Tetrazolium, whereas minimal amounts were reduced by the parent strain in the presence of normal serum. These results suggest that virulent E. rhusiopathiae can survive and subsequently replicate within murine macrophages when ingested in the presence of normal serum and that the reduced production of reactive oxidative metabolites by macrophages may, in part, be responsible for this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Pomerantsev AP, Manzeniuk IN, Svetoch TE, Stepanshin IG, Kondruk EK, Gusev VV, Svetoch EA. [Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: plasmids, resistance to antibacterial drugs]. Antibiot Khimioter 1996; 41:30-5. [PMID: 8967808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasmid profile, virulence and antibacterial drug susceptibility of various strains of E. rhusiopathiae were determined. No correlations between the virulence of the strains, their antibiotic resistance and the plasmid content were detected. Structural and functional analysis of one of the isolated plasmids was carried out to use the plasmid as a vector in the genetic study of E. rhusiopathiae.
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Ahrné S, Stenström IM, Jensen NE, Pettersson B, Uhlén M, Molin G. Classification of Erysipelothrix strains on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45:382-5. [PMID: 7537073 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-45-2-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the 16S rRNA genes of Erysipelothrix strains were studied by cleavage of the chromosomal DNA with restriction endonuclease EcoRI, followed by hybridization to a 420-bp internal fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Thirty-two Erysipelothrix type and reference strains were classified, together with seven field strains. Reference strains of all serotypes and the type strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum were included. Nine ribopatterns were observed. Pattern A was represented by 16 strains and included strains of serotypes 1b, 2 to 8, 11 to 13, 15 to 17, 19, and 23. Pattern B was represented by two strains (serotypes 1a and 9). Pattern C was represented by five strains (serotypes 5, 6, and 21). Pattern D was represented by one strain of serotype 4. Pattern E was represented by 11 strains of serotypes 2, 7, 10, 20, 22, 24, and 25. Patterns F, G, H, and I were each represented by a single strain of serotypes 26, 2, 18, and 3, respectively. All the different ribopatterns had some bands in common. Patterns B, C, and D were most similar to pattern A, while patterns F, G, H, and I resembled pattern E. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of nine selected strains resulted in three different sequences, i.e., the typical E. rhusiopathiae sequence, the E. tonsillarum sequence, and a third sequence found for two strains. Strains of the same serotype were found to have different ribopatterns as well as different partial 16S rDNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahrné
- Department of Food Technology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Three avirulent insertional mutants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were obtained by the technique of transposon mutagenesis with the self-conjugative transposon Tn916. The interactions between murine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and parent and mutant strains were studied in vitro. In the presence of normal serum, the virulent parent strain was resistant to phagocytosis, whereas the avirulent mutant strains were efficiently phagocytosed. In the presence of immune serum, the parent and the mutant strains were both efficiently phagocytosed. Electron microscopic examination of the parent strain demonstrated the presence of a structure resembling a capsule which was absent on the mutant strains, suggesting that a capsule may be involved in virulence. This was confirmed in studies in which an avirulent mutant strain reverted to virulence following acquisition of a capsule when the transposon was lost by spontaneous excision. These results strongly suggest that virulence of E. rhusiopathiae is associated, at least in part, with resistance to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and that this antiphagocytic ability of the bacterium results from its possession of a capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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Makino S, Okada Y, Maruyama T, Ishikawa K, Takahashi T, Nakamura M, Ezaki T, Morita H. Direct and rapid detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae DNA in animals by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1526-31. [PMID: 7521358 PMCID: PMC264031 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.6.1526-1531.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram-positive rod capable of causing erysipelas in swine. To establish a method for specifically detecting E. rhusiopathiae for practical applications, such as for the inspection of slaughterhouses, the feasibility of using primers derived from the DNA sequence coding for 16S rRNA in a PCR-specific detection system was investigated. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 407-bp DNA fragment by PCR. The amplification was specific to the Erysipelothrix DNA but not to that of other bacterial genera tested. This PCR-based method efficiently and specifically detected the Erysipelothrix DNA sequence in joint and spleen samples from mice within 6 h, and application of the 407-bp DNA segment from samples containing very low numbers of bacteria (< 20 bacteria per spleen from mice) was possible. Although this PCR amplification is specific for the Erysipelothrix genus, which contains at least two species, E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum, it can be concluded that all Erysipelothrix strains detected by this PCR system in diseased pigs are E. rhusiopathiae because only E. rhusiopathiae is virulent for pigs. These results show that this PCR amplification system using the DNA sequence coding for 16S rRNA is very rapid and reliable and avoids cumbersome and lengthy cultivation steps, demonstrating that this system could be used for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Makino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Chooromoney KN, Hampson DJ, Eamens GJ, Turner MJ. Analysis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:371-6. [PMID: 8150944 PMCID: PMC263038 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.2.371-376.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 74 Australian field isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and 22 reference strains for serovars of E. rhusiopathiae or Erysipelothrix tonsillarum was examined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Four serovar reference strains of E. tonsillarum (strains KS 20 A, Wittling, Lengyel-P, and Bano 107 for serovars 25, 3, 10, and 22, respectively) were genetically distinct from E. rhusiopathiae. However, the E. tonsillarum reference strain for serovar 14 (Iszap-4) and the reference strain for serovar 13 (Pecs-56), which has been said to represent a new genomic species, were found to cluster with typical isolates and reference strains of E. rhusiopathiae. Our reference strain for serovar 7 (Rotzunge) was also genetically typical of E. rhusiopathiae, thus indicating that these serotype reactivities cannot be relied upon as a means of identifying isolates as E. tonsillarum. Australian field isolates of E. rhusiopathiae were genetically diverse. Those recovered from sheep or birds were more diverse than those isolated from pigs, and isolates of serovar 1 were more diverse than those of serovar 2. The diversity found among isolates of the same serovar and the presence of isolates of different serovars in the same electrophoretic types (ETs) indicated that serotyping of E. rhusiopathiae was unreliable for use as an epidemiological tool. Some ETs contained isolates recovered from different animal species. ET 41 contained 32.2% of the field isolates and two reference strains, indicating that this clone of E. rhusiopathiae is both widespread and commonly associated with disease in various species of animals.
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Rockabrand D, Partridge J, Krska J, Blum P. Nucleotide sequence analysis and heterologous expression of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae dnaJ gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 111:79-85. [PMID: 8359682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sequence analysis of chromosomal DNA from the Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has identified a dnaJ heat shock gene homolog. A 1109-bp open reading frame encoding dnaJ is located immediately 3' to the E. rhusiopathiae dnaK gene. The deduced DnaJ amino acid sequence exhibits the modular structure of other members of the DnaJ protein class including a glycine-rich region and the repeating consensus sequence CXXCXGXGX. Heterologous expression of the dnaJ sequence in Escherichia coli resulted in accumulation of a unique 38.9-kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 8.0. Deletion analysis of the dnaJ gene was used to confirm that the overproduced protein was encoded by the dnaJ sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rockabrand
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0118
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Noguchi N, Sasatsu M, Takahashi T, Ohmae K, Terakado N, Kono M. Detection of plasmid DNA in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs with chronic swine erysipelas. J Vet Med Sci 1993; 55:349-50. [PMID: 8513023 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.55.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-three strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, isolated from pigs with chronic swine erysipelas, were examined for the presence of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Seven of these strains were found to contain plasmids of which number were varied from 1 to 6. The plasmids ranged from 1.4 to 86 kb in size. This is the first reported evidence for plasmid DNA in E. rhusiopathiae. The functions of the plasmids are unknown at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Partridge J, King J, Krska J, Rockabrand D, Blum P. Cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae DnaK protein. Infect Immun 1993; 61:411-7. [PMID: 8423071 PMCID: PMC302744 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.2.411-417.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dnaK (hsp70) gene from the facultative intracellular pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was cloned by heterologous DNA hybridization of a genomic library using the Escherichia coli dnaK gene as a probe. A 3.2-kb fragment which encoded an 1,800-bp open reading frame was recovered. The deduced amino acid sequence of this open reading frame shares 56% identity with the E. coli DnaK protein. Expression of the encoded protein in E. coli by using the phage T7 promoter/polymerase system resulted in accumulation of a unique 65-kDa protein. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of extracts from a recombinant E. coli strain using anti-E. coli DnaK polyclonal antibodies confirmed that the cloned gene encodes a DnaK homolog. The recombinant E. rhusiopathiae DnaK protein was purified to 80% homogeneity by ATP affinity chromatography. The purified material hydrolyzed ATP with a specific activity of 100 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Analysis of total protein extracts from E. rhusiopathiae indicates that DnaK is a highly expressed protein in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Partridge
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0118
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Takahashi T, Fujisawa T, Tamura Y, Suzuki S, Muramatsu M, Sawada T, Benno Y, Mitsuoka T. DNA relatedness among Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains representing all twenty-three serovars and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42:469-73. [PMID: 1503975 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-42-3-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The levels of relatedness among strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (serovars 1 through 23 and type N) were estimated by performing DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with the type strains of E. rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum, which are the two Erysipelothrix species that have been described. Two distinct DNA relatedness groups were identified. The group 1 strains, representing serovars 1, 2, 4 through 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15 through 17, 19, and 21 and type N, exhibited more than 73% hybridization with the type strain of E. rhusiopathiae but less than 24% hybridization with the type strain of E. tonsillarum. Group 2 included serovar 3, 7, 10, 14, 20, 22, and 23 strains, and these strains exhibited more than 66% hybridization with the type strain of E. tonsillarum but less than 27% hybridization with the type strain of E. rhusiopathiae. Strains representing serovars 13 and 18 exhibited low levels of hybridization (16 to 47%) with both of the type strains, indicating that these serovars may be members of a new genomic species. The members of the E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum groups resembled each other in many phenotypic characteristics, but differed in their ability to produce acid from saccharose and in their pathogenicity for swine. Our results confirm that the genus Erysipelothrix contains two main genomic species, E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum, which can be differentiated into serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
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