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Behairi N, Samer A, Sahraoui L, Mataam DH, Trari R, Flissi B, Belguendouz H, Amir ZC, Touil-Boukoffa C. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and alteration of spatial memory in BALB/c mice through ampicillin-induced gut dysbiosis; NOS2 and NFL involvement in a microbiota-gut-brain axis model. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 392:578374. [PMID: 38797060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate ampicillin (AMP) mechanisms in microbiota-gut-brain axis. We evaluated its effect on two gut and brain regions and behavioral performances. We administred AMP (1 g/l) to BALB/c mice for 21 days. Then, we analyzed body weigth change, stool consistency scoring, gut length, intestinal microbiota composition, nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and tissue integrity. We subsequently evaluated NOS2, GFAP, CD68 and NFL cerebral expression and spatial memory.Interestingly, our data showed gut microbiota disruption, NOS2 upregulation and tissue damage, associated to cerebral NOS2, GFAP, CD68 and NFL over-expression and behavioral alteration. Antiobiotic therapy should be prescribed with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Behairi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Arezki Samer
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lynda Sahraoui
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Production, Higher National Veterinary School of Issad-Abbes Oued-Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djehane Houria Mataam
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ryad Trari
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Billel Flissi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Houda Belguendouz
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zine-Charaf Amir
- Department of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, University Hospital Center Mustapha Pacha, 1945 Pl. May 1st, Sidi M'Hamed, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
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Smith AB, Specker JT, Hewlett KK, Scoggins TR, Knight M, Lustig AM, Li Y, Evans KM, Guo Y, She Q, Christopher MW, Garrett TJ, Moustafa AM, Van Tyne D, Prentice BM, Zackular JP. Liberation of host heme by Clostridioides difficile-mediated damage enhances Enterococcus faecalis fitness during infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0165623. [PMID: 38078767 PMCID: PMC10790701 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01656-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile and Enterococcus faecalis are two pathogens of great public health importance. Both bacteria colonize the human gastrointestinal tract where they are known to interact in ways that worsen disease outcomes. We show that the damage associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) releases nutrients that benefit E. faecalis. One particular nutrient, heme, allows E. faecalis to use oxygen to generate energy and grow better in the gut. Understanding the mechanisms of these interspecies interactions could inform therapeutic strategies for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Smith
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Katharine K. Hewlett
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Troy R. Scoggins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Montana Knight
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail M. Lustig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kirsten M. Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingchan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qianxuan She
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boone M. Prentice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph P. Zackular
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Dong Q, Lin H, Allen MM, Garneau JR, Sia JK, Smith RC, Haro F, McMillen T, Pope RL, Metcalfe C, Burgo V, Woodson C, Dylla N, Kohout C, Sundararajan A, Snitkin ES, Young VB, Fortier LC, Kamboj M, Pamer EG. Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112861. [PMID: 37523264 PMCID: PMC10627504 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile produces toxins that damage the colonic epithelium, causing colitis. Variation in disease severity is poorly understood and has been attributed to host factors and virulence differences between C. difficile strains. We test 23 epidemic ST1 C. difficile clinical isolates for their virulence in mice. All isolates encode a complete Tcd pathogenicity locus and achieve similar colonization densities. However, disease severity varies from lethal to avirulent infections. Genomic analysis of avirulent isolates reveals a 69-bp deletion in the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator for binary toxin expression. Deleting the 69-bp sequence in virulent R20291 strain renders it avirulent in mice with reduced toxin gene transcription. Our study demonstrates that a natural deletion within cdtR attenuates virulence in the epidemic ST1 C. difficile isolates without reducing colonization and persistence. Distinguishing strains on the basis of cdtR may enhance the specificity of diagnostic tests for C. difficile colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marie-Maude Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Julian R Garneau
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Sia
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rita C Smith
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fidel Haro
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tracy McMillen
- Infection Control, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rosemary L Pope
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carolyn Metcalfe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Victoria Burgo
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Che Woodson
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicholas Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Claire Kohout
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Evan S Snitkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infection Control, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Wang R. Clostridioides difficile infection: microbe-microbe interactions and live biotherapeutics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182612. [PMID: 37228365 PMCID: PMC10203151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that infects the colon. C. difficile is estimated to cause nearly half a million cases in the United States annually, with about 29,000 associated deaths. Unfortunately, the current antibiotic treatment is not ideal. While antibiotics can treat the infections, they also disrupt the gut microbiota that mediates colonization resistance against enteric pathogens, including C. difficile; disrupted gut microbiota provides a window of opportunity for recurrent infections. Therefore, therapeutics that restore the gut microbiota and suppress C. difficile are being evaluated for safety and efficacy. This review will start with mechanisms by which gut bacteria affect C. difficile pathogenesis, followed by a discussion on biotherapeutics for recurrent C. difficile infections.
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5
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Dong Q, Lin H, Allen MM, Garneau JR, Sia JK, Smith RC, Haro F, McMillen T, Pope RL, Metcalfe C, Burgo V, Woodson C, Dylla N, Kohout C, Sundararajan A, Snitkin ES, Young VB, Fortier LC, Kamboj M, Pamer EG. Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523823. [PMID: 36711955 PMCID: PMC9882218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) , a leading cause of nosocomial infection, produces toxins that damage the colonic epithelium and results in colitis that varies from mild to fulminant. Variation in disease severity is poorly understood and has been attributed to host factors (age, immune competence and intestinal microbiome composition) and/or virulence differences between C. difficile strains, with some, such as the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 (MLST1) strain, being associated with greater virulence. We tested 23 MLST1(ST1) C. difficile clinical isolates for virulence in antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. All isolates encoded a complete Tcd pathogenicity locus and achieved similar colonization densities in mice. Disease severity varied, however, with 5 isolates causing lethal infections, 16 isolates causing a range of moderate infections and 2 isolates resulting in no detectable disease. The avirulent ST1 isolates did not cause disease in highly susceptible Myd88 -/- or germ-free mice. Genomic analysis of the avirulent isolates revealed a 69 base-pair deletion in the N-terminus of the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator for binary toxin (CDT) expression. Genetic deletion of the 69 base-pair cdtR sequence in the highly virulent ST1 R20291 C. difficile strain rendered it avirulent and reduced toxin gene transcription in cecal contents. Our study demonstrates that a natural deletion within cdtR attenuates virulence in the epidemic ST1 C. difficile strain without reducing colonization and persistence in the gut. Distinguishing strains on the basis of cdtR may enhance the specificity of diagnostic tests for C. difficile colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marie-Maude Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julian R. Garneau
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan K. Sia
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Rita C. Smith
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fidel Haro
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tracy McMillen
- Infection Control, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rosemary L. Pope
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carolyn Metcalfe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria Burgo
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Che Woodson
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Claire Kohout
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Evan S Snitkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vincent B. Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infection Control, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric G. Pamer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Enterococci enhance Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis. Nature 2022; 611:780-786. [PMID: 36385534 PMCID: PMC9691601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enteric pathogens are exposed to a dynamic polymicrobial environment in the gastrointestinal tract1. This microbial community has been shown to be important during infection, but there are few examples illustrating how microbial interactions can influence the virulence of invading pathogens2. Here we show that expansion of a group of antibiotic-resistant, opportunistic pathogens in the gut-the enterococci-enhances the fitness and pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile. Through a parallel process of nutrient restriction and cross-feeding, enterococci shape the metabolic environment in the gut and reprogramme C. difficile metabolism. Enterococci provide fermentable amino acids, including leucine and ornithine, which increase C. difficile fitness in the antibiotic-perturbed gut. Parallel depletion of arginine by enterococci through arginine catabolism provides a metabolic cue for C. difficile that facilitates increased virulence. We find evidence of microbial interaction between these two pathogenic organisms in multiple mouse models of infection and patients infected with C. difficile. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of pathogenic microbiota in the susceptibility to and the severity of C. difficile infection.
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Abstract
The severity of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) has increased over the last few decades. Patient age, white blood cell count, and creatinine levels as well as C. difficile ribotype and toxin genes have been associated with disease severity. However, it is unclear whether specific members of the gut microbiota are associated with variations in disease severity. The gut microbiota is known to interact with C. difficile during infection. Perturbations to the gut microbiota are necessary for C. difficile to colonize the gut. The gut microbiota can inhibit C. difficile colonization through bile acid metabolism, nutrient consumption, and bacteriocin production. Here, we sought to demonstrate that members of the gut bacterial communities can also contribute to disease severity. We derived diverse gut communities by colonizing germfree mice with different human fecal communities. The mice were then infected with a single C. difficile ribotype 027 clinical isolate, which resulted in moribundity and histopathologic differences. The variation in severity was associated with the human fecal community that the mice received. Generally, bacterial populations with pathogenic potential, such as Enterococcus, Helicobacter, and Klebsiella, were associated with more-severe outcomes. Bacterial groups associated with fiber degradation and bile acid metabolism, such as Anaerotignum, Blautia, Lactonifactor, and Monoglobus, were associated with less-severe outcomes. These data indicate that, in addition to the host and C. difficile subtype, populations of gut bacteria can influence CDI disease severity.
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Li P, Zhang J, Liu X, Gan L, Xie Y, Zhang H, Si J. The Function and the Affecting Factors of the Zebrafish Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903471. [PMID: 35722341 PMCID: PMC9201518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has become a topical issue in unraveling the research mechanisms underlying disease onset and progression. As an important and potential "organ," gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolic function and immune response, angiogenesis and host growth. More recently, zebrafish models have been used to study the interactions between gut microbiota and hosts. It has several advantages, such as short reproductive cycle, low rearing cost, transparent larvae, high genomic similarity to humans, and easy construction of germ-free (GF) and transgenic zebrafish. In our review, we reviewed a large amount of data focusing on the close relationship between gut microbiota and host health. Moreover, we outlined the functions of gut microbiota in regulating intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, metabolic function, and immune response. More, we summarized major factors that can influence the composition, abundance, and diversity of gut microbiota, which will help us to understand the significance of gut microbiota in regulating host biological functions and provide options for maintaining the balance of host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
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Łukawska A, Mulak A. Impact of Primary and Secondary Bile Acids on Clostridioides difficile Infection. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:11-18. [PMID: 35635171 PMCID: PMC9152914 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bile acids (BAs), synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, after their secretion with bile into the intestinal lumen, are transformed by gut microbiota to secondary BAs. As natural detergents, BAs play a key role in the digestion and absorption of lipids and liposoluble vitamins. However, they have also been recognized as important signaling molecules involved in numerous metabolic processes. The close bidirectional interactions between BAs and gut microbiota occur since BAs influence microbiota composition, whereas microbiota determines BA metabolism. In particular, it is well established that BAs modulate Clostridioides difficile life cycle in vivo. C. difficile is a cause of common nosocomial infections that have become a growing concern. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of BAs on the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of C. difficile infection. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Łukawska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
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10
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Antimicrobial Stewardship Program: Reducing Antibiotic's Spectrum of Activity Is not the Solution to Limit the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010070. [PMID: 35052947 PMCID: PMC8772858 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of antibiotics in hospitals has led to policy implementation, including the control of antibiotic prescriptions. The impact of these policies on the evolution of antimicrobial resistance remains uncertain. In this work, we review the possible limits of such policies and focus on the need for a more efficient approach. Establishing a causal relationship between the introduction of new antibiotics and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms is difficult. Several studies have demonstrated that many resistance mechanisms existed before the discovery of antibiotics. Overconsumption of antibiotics has worsened the phenomenon of resistance. Antibiotics are responsible for intestinal dysbiosis, which is suspected of being the source of bacterial resistance. The complexity of the intestinal microbiota composition, the impact of the pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics, and the multiplicity of other factors involved in the acquisition and emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, lead us to think that de-escalation, in the absence of studies proving its effectiveness, is not the solution to limiting the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. More studies are needed to clarify the ecological risk caused by different antibiotic classes. In the meantime, we need to concentrate our efforts on limiting antibiotic prescriptions to patients who really need it, and work on reducing the duration of these treatments.
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11
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Takasu C, Miyazaki K, Yoshikawa K, Nishi M, Tokunaga T, Kashihara H, Yoshimoto T, Ogawa H, Morine Y, Shimada M. Effect of TU-100 on Peyer's patches in a bacterial translocation rat model. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2021; 5:683-691. [PMID: 34585053 PMCID: PMC8452476 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daikenchuto (TU-100), a Japanese herbal medicine, is widely used for various gastrointestinal diseases. We have previously reported that TU-100 suppresses CPT-11-induced bacterial translocation (BT) by maintaining the diversity of the microbiome. In this study we show that TU-100 modulates the immune response during BT by inducing PD-1 expression in Peyer's patches. METHODS Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group; a control + TU-100 group, given TU-100 1000 mg/kg orally for 5 d; a BT group, given CPT-11 250 mg/kg intra-peritoneal for 2 d; and a TU-100 group, given TU-100 1000 mg/kg orally for 5 d with CPT-11 250 mg/kg intra-peritoneal on days 4 and 5. RESULTS The size of Peyer's patch was significantly bigger in the BT group compared to the control group (9.0 × 104 µm2 vs 29.4 × 104 µm2, P < .05), but improved in the TU-100 group (15.4 × 104 µm2, P < .005). TU-100 significantly induced PD-1 expression in Peyer's patch compared to the control group and the BT group (control vs BT vs TU-100 = 4.3 ± 4.9 vs 5.1 ± 10.3 vs 17.9 ± 17.8). The CD4+ cells were increased in the BT group (P < .05) compared to the control group but decreased in the TU-100 group. The Foxp3+ cells were increased in the BT group compared to the control group (P < .05), and further increased in the TU-100 group compared to the BT group. CPT-11 significantly increased TLR4, NF-κβ, TNF-α mRNA expressions in the BT group. TU-100 cotreatment significantly reversed these mRNA expressions. CONCLUSION TU-100 may have a protective effect against BT through PD-1 expression in Peyer's patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takasu
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Health BiosciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
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Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1854. [PMID: 33473148 PMCID: PMC7817673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Escherichia coli (rE.coli) infections can spread rapidly. Further they are associated with high morbidity and mortality from treatment failure. Therapy involves multiple rounds of ineffective antibiotics alongside unwanted side effects, alternative treatments are crucial. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural, vegan product that has been shown to have powerful antimicrobial activity hence we investigated whether ACV could ameliorate these resistant bacteria. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition was comparable for both bacteria (1/25 dilution of ACV liquid and ACV tablets at 200 µg/ml were effective against rE. coli and MRSA). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in an increase in monocyte phagocytosis by 21.2% and 33.5% compared to non-ACV treated but MRSA or rE. coli stimulated monocytes, respectively. Label free quantitative proteomic studies of microbial protein extracts demonstrated that ACV penetrated microbial cell membranes and organelles, altering the expression of key proteins. This resulted in significant reductions in total protein expression, moreover we could only detect ribosomal proteins; 50 s 30 s, enolase, phosphenol pyruvate and the ATP synthase subunit in rE. coli. Elongation factor iNOS and phosphoglycerate kinase OS were the only proteins present in MRSA samples following ACV treatment.
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Pace F, Watnick PI. The Interplay of Sex Steroids, the Immune Response, and the Intestinal Microbiota. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:849-859. [PMID: 33257138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex steroids in mammalian maturation is well established. Recently, it has been increasingly appreciated that sex steroids also play an important role in the propensity of adults to develop a myriad of diseases. The exposure and responsiveness of tissues to sex steroids varies among individuals and between the sexes, and this has been correlated with gender-specific differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and in susceptibility to metabolic, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Here we focus on recent studies that demonstrate an interplay between sex steroids, the intestinal immune response, and the intestinal microbiota. While correlations between biological sex, the intestinal innate immune response, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal microbiota have been established, many gaps in our knowledge prevent the emergence of an overarching model for this complex interaction. Such a model could aid in the development of prebiotic, probiotic, or synthetic therapeutics that decrease the risk of autoimmune, metabolic, neoplastic, and infectious diseases of the intestine and mitigate the particular health risks faced by individuals receiving sex steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pace
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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