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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Targeting host tyrosine kinase receptor EphA2 signaling via small-molecule ALW-II-41-27 inhibits macrophage pro-inflammatory signaling responses to Pneumocystis carinii β-glucans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0081123. [PMID: 38206037 PMCID: PMC10848750 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00811-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, the fungus that causes Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. We have previously shown that lung epithelial cells can bind Pneumocystis spp. β-glucans via the EphA2 receptor, resulting in activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Herein, we show that in vivo Pneumocystis spp. β-glucans activation of the inflammatory signaling cascade in macrophages can be pharmacodynamically inhibited with the EphA2 receptor small-molecule inhibitor ALW-II-41-27. In vitro, when ALW-II-41-27 is administrated via intraperitoneal to mice prior to the administration of highly proinflammatory Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucans in the lung, a significant reduction in TNF-alpha release was noted in the ALW-II-41-27 pre-treated group. Taken together, our data suggest that targeting host lung macrophage activation via EphA2 receptor-fungal β-glucans interactions with ALW-II-41-27 or other EphA2 receptor kinase targeting inhibitors might be an attractive and viable strategy to reduce detrimental lung inflammation associated with PJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva M. Carmona
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kottom TJ, Schaefbauer K, Carmona EM, Yi ES, Limper AH. Preclinical and Toxicology Studies of BRD5529, a Selective Inhibitor of CARD9. Drugs R D 2022; 22:165-173. [PMID: 35486318 PMCID: PMC9167333 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-022-00389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) inhibitor BRD5529 has been shown to be an effective in vitro inhibitor of Pneumocystis β-glucan-induced proinflammatory signaling, suggesting its viability as a candidate for preliminary anti-Pneumocystis drug testing in the rodent Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) model. METHODS Mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) daily with either vehicle or BRD5529 at 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg for 2 weeks. Mouse weights were taken daily. At day 14, mice were euthanized, weighed, and analyzed by flexiVent™ for lung stiffness. Lungs, liver, and kidney were then harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and pathology scoring. Lung samples were further analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and extracellular matrix generation via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Blood collection postmortem was performed for blood chemistry analysis. Furthermore, administration of BRD5529 prior to the intratracheal inoculation of fungal β-glucans, which are known proinflammatory mediators via the Dectin-1-CARD9 pathway, resulted in significant reductions in lung tissue interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, suggesting the exciting possibility of the use of this CARD9 inhibitor as an additional therapeutic tool in fungal infections. RESULTS BRD5529 at both IP doses resulted in no significant changes in daily or final weight gain, and analysis of lung stiffness by flexiVent™ showed no significant differences between the groups. Furthermore, ELISA results of proinflammatory cytokines showed no major differences in the respective groups. qPCR analysis of extracellular matrix transcripts were statistically similar. Examination and pathology scoring of H&E slides from lung, liver, and kidney in all groups, as well as subsequent pathology scoring, showed no significant change. Blood chemistry analysis revealed similar, non-significant patterns. CONCLUSIONS In our initial general safety and toxicology assessments, BRD5529 displayed no inherent safety concerns in the analyzed parameters. These data support broader in vivo testing of the inhibitor as a timed adjunct therapy to the deleterious proinflammatory host immune response often associated with anti-Pneumocystis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, 8-23 Stabile, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Kyle Schaefbauer
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, 8-23 Stabile, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, 8-23 Stabile, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, 8-23 Stabile, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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韦 莉, 陈 光, 孙 潮, 张 涛, 管 俊, 金 齐. [Immune Modulatory Effect of Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Salmonella on Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:948-953. [PMID: 34841760 PMCID: PMC10408817 DOI: 10.12182/20210860201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on the ultrastructural features and immune function of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS Mice bone marrow cells were collected aseptically, and myeloid DC were generated by the combined induction and amplification with recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant mouse interleukin-4 (rm IL-4). Cell morphology was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope and the phenotype was identified with flow cytometry. ST-OMVs were isolated through ultracentrifugation. The survival rate of DC was assessed with CCK-8 assay, and the stimulus concentration of OMVs was henceforth determined. The ultrastructural characteristics of DC loaded with OMVs were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The cytokine secretion, surface molecule expression and phagocytic capacity of DC were examined with flow cytometry. RESULTS The DC induced and amplified in vitro displayed typical DC phenotype in morphological analysis and the purity of DC exceeded 85%. Transmission electron microscopy showed that there were large numbers of protrusions on the cell surface. After stimulation with ST-OMVs, it was observed that the dendritic structures on the surface of DC were reduced and a large number of phagolysosomes were found in the cytoplasm. In addition, increased numbers of mitochondria, swelling and typical apoptosis were observed. After treatment with ST-OMVs at 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) of DC increased significantly ( P<0.05). Furthermore, the immature DC could differentiate into mature DCs after stimulation with ST-OMVs, which were characterized by a decrease in phagocytic capacity ( P<0.05) and an upregulation of phenotypic markers ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION ST-OMVs can stimulate DC to produce TNF-α and IL-1β and promote DC maturation and antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 莉 韦
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 光璋 陈
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 潮 孙
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 涛 张
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 俊昌 管
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 齐力 金
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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First case of low-dose umbilical cord blood therapy for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:100. [PMID: 34454624 PMCID: PMC8397599 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to present the case of a boy with acute distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with low-dose umbilical cord blood (UCB) therapy and explore the underlying possible mechanism. Methods A 7-year-old boy with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and severe ARDS was treated with allogeneic UCB as salvage therapy. Results The patient did not improve after being treated with lung protective ventilation, pulmonary surfactant replacement, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 30 days. However, his disease reversed 5 days after allogeneic UCB infusion, and he weaned from ECMO after 7 days of infusion. Bioinformatics confirmed that his Toll-like receptor (TLR) was abnormal before UCB infusion. However, after the infusion, his immune system was activated and repaired, and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was recovered. Conclusion Allogenic UCB could treat ARDS by repairing the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby achieving stability of the immune system.
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Survey of the Transcription Factor Responses of Mouse Lung Alveolar Macrophages to Pneumocystis murina. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050569. [PMID: 34066663 PMCID: PMC8151842 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in individuals who are immunocompromised. Acquired via inhalation, upon entering the respiratory tract, the fungi first encounter innate immune cells such as alveolar macrophages (AMs). Relatively little is known about the AM cellular responses to the organism, and particularly transcription factor (TF) profiles leading to early host responses during infection. Utilizing the Mouse Transcription Factors RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array, we report an initial TF survey of these macrophage and Pneumocystis interactions. Expression levels of a panel of mouse TFs were compared between unstimulated and Pneumocystis murina-stimulated AMs. Interestingly, a number of TFs previously implicated in pathogen–host cell interactions were highly up- or downregulated, including hif1a and Pparg. qPCR experiments were further conducted to verify the results of these surveyed transcripts. Furthermore, with immunoblotting, we show that HIF-1A and PPAR-γ are indeed significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Lastly, and importantly, we report that in the mouse model of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which mimics human Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), qPCR analysis of Pneumocystis murina lungs also mimic the initial TF profile analysis, suggesting an importance for these TFs in immunocompromised hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia. These data demonstrate the use of TF profiling in host AMs and Pneumocystis organism interactions that may lead to a better understanding of the specific inflammatory responses of the host to Pneumocystis pneumonia and may inform novel strategies for potential therapeutics.
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Targeting CARD9 with Small-Molecule Therapeutics Inhibits Innate Immune Signaling and Inflammatory Response to Pneumocystis carinii β-Glucans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01210-20. [PMID: 32839216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01210-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, the opportunistic fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Given the profound deleterious inflammatory effects of the major β-glucan cell wall carbohydrate constituents of Pneumocystis through Dectin-1 engagement and downstream caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) immune activation, we sought to determine whether the pharmacodynamic activity of the known CARD9 inhibitor BRD5529 might have a therapeutic effect on macrophage innate immune signaling and subsequent downstream anti-inflammatory activity. The small-molecule inhibitor BRD5529 was able to significantly reduce both phospho-p38 and phospho-pERK1 signaling and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release during stimulation of macrophages with Pneumocystis cell wall β-glucans.
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Kottom TJ, Hebrink DM, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii Major Surface Glycoprotein Dampens Macrophage Inflammatory Responses to Fungal β-Glucan. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1213-1221. [PMID: 32363390 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis major surface glycoprotein (Msg) is a 120-kD surface protein complex on the organism with importance in adhesion and immune recognition. In this study, we show that Msg significantly impairs tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion by macrophages induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) β-glucans. METHODS Major surface glycoprotein was shown to greatly reduce β-glucan-induced Dectin-1 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) phosphorylation. Major surface glycoprotein also down regulated Dectin-1 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the macrophages. It is interesting that Msg incubation with macrophages resulted in significant mRNA upregulation of both C-type lectin receptors (CLR) Mincle and MCL in Msg protein presence alone but to even greater amounts in the presence of Pc β-glucan. RESULTS The silencing of MCL and Mincle resulted in TNF-α secretions similar to that of macrophages treated with Pneumocystis β-glucan alone, which is suggestive of an inhibitory role for these 2 CLRs in Msg-suppressive effects on host cell immune response. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that the Pneumocystis Msg surface protein complex can act to suppress host macrophage inflammatory responses to the proinflammatory β -glucan components of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deanne M Hebrink
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kottom TJ, Hebrink DM, Monteiro JT, Lepenies B, Carmona EM, Wuethrich M, Santo Dias LD, Limper AH. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors that recognize fungal mannans interact with Pneumocystis organisms and major surface glycoprotein. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1649-1654. [PMID: 31609198 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are innate immune recognition molecules that bind to microorganisms via their carbohydrate recognition domains. In this study, we utilized a library of CLRs that recognize fungal mannans. We used this library to screen against Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) homogenates or purified Pc major surface glycoprotein (Msg) present on Pneumocystis. The results demonstrated that all of the mammalian CLR hFc-fusions tested displayed significant interaction/binding with Pc organisms, and furthermore to isolated Msg. Highest Pc organism and Msg binding activities were with CLR members Mincle, Dectin-2, DC-SIGN and MCL. An immunofluorescence assay with the respective CLR hFc-fusions against whole Pc life forms corroborated these findings. Although some of these CLRs have been implicated previously as important for Pneumocystis pathogenesis (Dectin-1/Dectin-2/Mincle), this is the first analysis of head-to-head comparison of known fungal mannan binding CLR-hFc fusions with Pc. Lastly, heat treatment resulted in reducted CLR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Deanne M Hebrink
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joao T Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany, Hannover
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany, Hannover
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucas Dos Santo Dias
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Otieno-Odhiambo P, Wasserman S, Hoving JC. The Contribution of Host Cells to Pneumocystis Immunity: An Update. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020052. [PMID: 31010170 PMCID: PMC6631015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a ubiquitous atypical fungus that is distributed globally. The genus comprises morphologically similar but genetically heterogeneous species that have co-evolved with specific mammalian hosts as obligate intra-pulmonary pathogens. In humans, Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative organism of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals, a serious illness frequently leading to life-threatening respiratory failure. Initially observed in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, PCP is increasingly observed in immunocompromised non-AIDS patients. The evolving epidemiology and persistently poor outcomes of this common infection will require new strategies for diagnosis and treatment. A deeper understanding of host immune responses and of the cells that mediate them will improve the chance of developing new treatment strategies. This brief review provides an update on recent studies on the role of host immunity against Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Otieno-Odhiambo
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Jiao Q, Luo Y, Scheffel J, Zhao Z, Maurer M. The complex role of mast cells in fungal infections. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:749-755. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - ZuoTao Zhao
- Department of DermatologyFirst HospitalPeking University Beijing China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Claire Hoving
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Hoving JC, Kolls JK. New advances in understanding the host immune response to Pneumocystis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:65-71. [PMID: 29136537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii causes clinical pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Despite this, the inability to cultivate this organism in vitro has likely hindered the field in ascertaining the true impact of Pneumocystis in human infection. However the recent release of the genome as well as in advances in understanding host genetics, and other risk factors for infection and robust experimental models of disease have shed new light on the impact of this fungal pathogen as to better define populations at risk. This review will highlight these recent advances as well as highlight future needed areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Hoving
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
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